Publications
 

Proceedings of The Seventh International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 
Please click on the publication cover to download the table of contents in pdf file

 

VOLUME I
Coastal Management
Mediterranean Issues and Governance
Training & Education
Economic Issues
Coastal & Marine Tourism & Recreation
Urban & Coastal Planning & Development
Wind Energy
Management of Living Resources
Coastal and Marine Biology, Ecology, Ecosystems and their Management

 

VOLUME II
Marine Trade & Transportation
Coastal Water Quality Protection & Management
Pollution
Waste Management
Coastal Lagoons
Beaches & Shoreline Management
Coastal Engineering
Modelling
Water Level Changes
Coastal Geology, Geomorphology & Geophysics
Remote Sensing

 

 

ABSTRACTS

 

VOLUME I


Coastal Management

 

ICZM Some Ten Years after RIO:
Where do We Stand and Which Way to Go?

Frank van der Meulen

National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management
POBox 20907, 2500 EX The Hague, Netherlands
Email: f.vdmeulen@rikz.rws.minvenw.nl
UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education
Delft, the Netherlands
Email: f.vandermeulen@unesco-ihe.org

Abstract

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) aims at sustainable development of coastal zones. Since UNCED at RIO ’92, many ICZM programmes have been initiated in coastal nations. This paper looks at the present position of ICZM. It indicates directions in the future way forward. The paper ends pointing at some attractive tools for the development and assessment of more efficient future ICZM programs.

 

COZIP: An Intensive Programme in European Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Anthony Gallagher(1), Steve Fletcher(1), David Johnson(1), Allan Williams(1), Habib Muhammetoglu(2), Veli  Ortacesme(2), Selçuk Sayan(2), Ayşe Muhammetoglu(2), Niyazi Demircan(2), Valerie Cummins(3), Vicki O’Donnell(3), Jeremy Gault(3), Michael Phillips(4), Christopher House(4), Elizabeth May(4) and Ayşen Ergin(5)

(1)   Southampton Institute, Faculty of Technology, School of Maritime and Coastal Studies, East Park Terrace, Southampton, SO14 0RD, UK      Tel: (44) 2380319748  Fax: (44) 2380319739
Email: Anthony.Gallagher@solent.ac.uk, steve.fletcher@solent.ac.uk, david.johnson@solent.ac.uk, allan.williams@virgin.net.
(2)Akdeniz University, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2423102477  Fax: (90) 2422274564
Email: muhammetoglu@usa.net, ortacesme@akdeniz.edu.tr, sayan@akdeniz.edu.tr, aysemuh@akdeniz.edu.tr', niyazidemircan@yahoo.co.uk
(3)   University College Cork, Coastal and Marine Resources Centre, Ireland
Tel: (353) 21 4703100   Fax: (353) 214703132
Email: v.cummins@ucc.ie, v.odonnell@ucc.ie, J.Gault@ucc.ie.
(4)   Swansea Institute, School of Built and Natural Environment, Wales, UK
Tel: (44) 1792481106   Fax: (44) 1792651760
Email: M.phillips@sihe.ac.uk', chris.house@sihe.ac.uk, elizabeth.may@sihe.ac.uk.
(5)   Middle East Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, Ankara, Turkey 
Email: ergin@metu.edu.tr.

Abstract

Erasmus represents the higher education section of Socrates II; the European Commission programme supporting European cooperation in education and training.  Through this programme, COZIP has been established and funded as an Intensive Programme (IP), the aim of which is to enhance knowledge transfer with regard the European dimensions of Integrated Coastal Zone Management.  More specifically, COZIP has considered the European coastal management strategy, and reviewed the implications of this for the EU candidate country of Turkey.

 

In order to achieve this, the IP promoted the mobility and exchange of higher education staff and students from a number of European establishments: these being Southampton Institute (UK), Swansea Institute (UK), Akdeniz University (Turkey), and University College Cork (Ireland).  A mix of undergraduate and postgraduate Masters degree students from these partner organisations underwent an intensive fieldwork programme based at Akdeniz University, Antalya, which enabling greater capacity in cross boundary perspectives and understandings of European ICZM to be developed.  In the case of Akdeniz University, it should be noted; this was the first time organisations in Turkey have been eligible for such Erasmus funding.

 

Prior to the fieldwork element, the students were provided with the contextual academic materials and logistical information through a dedicated COZIP website.  The IP was conducted using a participatory approach to teaching and learning, with particular emphasis on field-based study and problem-based learning.  Whilst on the fieldtrip, students were tasked with undertaking a specific research project, which they were then required to present at a concluding conference. 

 

The research outputs of this IP were used to compile an online virtual field course, which thus represents an ongoing learning resource for both participants and non-participants.  This mix of online learning and experiential field-based work represents a major outcome of the IP and should lead to a cost effective means of enhancing teaching and learning in the future.  The pedagogic aspects of the IP were evaluated and in themselves provide a significant research output, particularly with respect to its role in enhancing capacity-building programmes.  This latter point may be particularly significant with regard to Turkey in the light of its moves to EU compliance.

 

COZIP could also be considered significant in the sense that this is the first time such an IP has focussed on coastal management, and in order to maximise the perceived benefits, the programme is intended to be ongoing, with the location of the IP rotating between partner counties over a three-year funding period.

 

The Role of Social Perception in the ICZM

Luísa Pinho(1), Filomena Martins(2) and Elisabete Figueiredo(3)

Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro – Portugal
Tel: (351) 234370831  Fax: (351) 234429290
(1)  Email: lpinho@dao.ua.pt
(2)  Email: filo@dao.ua.p
(3)  Email: elisa@dao.ua.pt

Abstract

The coexistence of human activities and pressures on the dynamics of coastal areas are a challenge for the land use management, understood as the interaction of Human/Environment management. The multidisciplinary and diversity of agents that request land in the coastal areas, lead to the necessity of a management based on integrated studies.

 

In this context, coastal zone management should integrate economic, social, cultural, technical and political aspects. It is also important to integrate the different subjects, and particularly to integrate spatial and socio-economic analyses, considering the different spatial levels and time analysis. This integration is the basis of success to the policy-making process, which will have to involve all the stakeholders.

 

Therefore, it is important to understand that each place has its own experience, so it is necessary to assess the inherent dynamic for its understanding, without any damage to global sustainable development.

 

This work intends on enhancing the importance that the studies of social perception can have in an integrated management of the coastal areas. The involvement and participation of local populations is crucial in the coastal planning and management.

 


Functional Connected Areas: Sea and Land Uses Interaction

Leon Gosar(1), Primoz Banovec(2), Alenka Poljsak(3) and Franci Steinman(4)

 (1,2,4)  University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Ljubljana,  Slovenia
Tel: (386) 14253460  Fax: (386) 14269163
Email: lgosar@fgg.uni-lj.si
Email: pbanovec@ fgg.uni-lj.si
Email: fsteinma@ fgg.uni-lj.si

(3) Municipality of Koper, Koper,  Slovenia
Tel: (386) 56646100  Fax: (386) 6271602
Email: alenka.poljsak@ koper.si

Abstract

The regulations and the competence related to the sea often define various, decision-making levels and institutions. Joining the land and the marine (water) areas into a uniform planning instrument is a prerequisite for bridging the gap between the water management planning and spatial planning in the coastal areas.

 

To a great extent, the land use planning indirectly dictated and still dictates the use of the sea in the narrow coastal belt (since these are the so-called functionally connected lands) (Burbridge, 1999). The discussion about the sea related issues will have to focus also on the consequences brought by the authorized uses and the applicable legislation on the individual (spatially defined) areas. Regarding the recognised notion of the use of the sea and the water rights, it is first necessary to record and present the actual state of the use of the sea, the rights and the obligations associated to the obtained water rights arising from the national regulations and regulations of the local communities, which relate to an individual area of the authorised use or to the performance of activities.



In order to manage the rights, obligations and limitations, it is necessary to analyze, the legal regimes of the areas related to these uses, as they are defined in the legislation. Border conditions imposed by the legislation have to be taken into consideration with equal attention as those of physical environment. They namely stand for a necessary bond connecting socio-economic environment and complexity of its relations with physical environment. Modelling of the entire system to achieve its predefined objective status in the next step required above all by the EU legislation - Water Framework Directive.

 

In the article methodology is presented by which a turn from qualitative assessments (e.g. how the sea is problematic) to the suitable conceptual and quantitative solutions could be performed. The proposed system of marine area use cadastre integrates uses determined by different segments of legislation. With an application of modelling tools this works as a modulus in the development of river basin management plan that includes also coastal zone. Definition of the objective status and foreseen measures could be defined, elaborated and gradually implemented.

 


MedWetCoast: Management Planning for Protected Areas

Sylvie Goyet

MedWetCoast Regional Coordinator, Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, Arles 13200, France
Tel: (33) 490972013  Fax: (33) 490972019
Email: sgoyet@aol.com 

Abstract

Management plans are being prepared for protected areas all over the world. In particular, each large international environmental project focusing on protection of sites usually proposes, as one of its main components, the production of a site management plan. Taking this in mind, the writer reviews the experience of the MedWetCoast (MWC) UNDP-GEF project in that area, drawing from the initial results of a Management Plan Peer Review (MPPR) exercise conducted in 2005 (UNDP-GEF MedWetCoast, 2005). Acknowledging the results of the MWC approach and the substantial scientific and technical basis that it has generated, she proposed an alternative scenario whereby future site interventions focus rather on building a solid local ownership and participation in the management of the protected area. The enabled local managing unit would then develop a succinct management plan that would be sufficient to facilitate the implementation of priority actions and guide the conduct of specific diagnosis studies, when necessary.

 

Optimum Role Allocation for Management of Beach Environment

Kazumi Wakita(1) and Pedro Fernández(2)

(1)Foundation Systems Research and Development Institute of Japan,
16-5, Tomihisa-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0067, Japan
Tel: (813) 53795915   Fax: (813) 53795924
Email: wakita@srdi.or.jp
(2)   Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Tel: (34) 913366757 ext 20   Mobile: (34) 620115854
Email: pfernandez@caminos.upm.es

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to clarify the optimum role of various actors for better management of beach environment in accordance with the beach type. In principle, beach is under the control of public administration. At the same time, many actors practically contribute to keep beach environment good in many ways, such as beach cleanup. Therefore, it would be efficient if public administration and other actors collaborate for better management of beach environment standing on the proper role allocation. In view of these points, authors categorize beaches and prospect the optimum actor for management of beach environment suitable for the beach type. Authors also study the possibility of utilization of private sector vitality in management of beach environment, in terms of decreasing the management cost of public administration. Through the comparison of beach characteristics and of many beach environmental activities by various actors in Japan and in Spain, authors clarify the appropriate role of each actor for better management of beach environment.

 

 

Coastal Zone Management for Cyprus:
Implementation Phase-Experience and Benefits

Nikos G. Iakovou(1) and Stelios Zervos(2)

Coastal Section, Public Works Department,
Ministry of Communications and Works, Cyprus
Tel: (357) 22806620  Fax: (357) 22498934
(1)   Email: niacovou@pwd.mcw.gov.cy
(2)   Email: szervos@pwd.mcw.gov.cy

Abstract

Under the framework of MEDSPA Program of the EU, the Government of Cyprus (Ministry of Communications and Works, Public Works Department) and Delft Hydraulics carried out the project “Coastal Zone Management for Cyprus” (1993-96) (Delft Hydraulics, 1995, 1996).

 

The main task of this project was to find proper methods to protect the coastline and improve the quality of the beach, where necessary, without any serious consequences for the environment At the end of this project, Master Plans for selected coastal sections, as well as conceptual and detailed designs were prepared for proposed coastal and/or improvement works, with due care for the environmental aspects.   

 

In 1998, the Cyprus Government started the implementation of these Master Plans and detailed designs. It is expected that the implementation of the Master Plans will take several years but the results from the work done so far are very encouraging.

 

In this paper, the measures that were taken for the protection of the coastline in certain areas (construction of coastal defence structures, removal of illegal structures e.t.c.) and their results will be presented.

 

Having Master Plans enabled the Government to proceed with the appropriate decision for the protection, management and monitoring of the coast.  The experience and benefits gained from the implementation of the Master Plan and its effects on the decisions to be taken in other areas are also presented.

 

 

Integrated Coastal Zone Management in
South Antalya - Turkey

Ayse Muhammetoglu(1), Hakan Oguz(2), Emre Karakoç(3) and İ. Ethem Karadirek(3)

(1) Akdeniz University, Environmental Pollution & Control Program, Antalya, Turkey
Tel: (90)2422274780   Fax: (90)2422274785   
Email: aysemuh@akdeniz.edu.tr
(2)   Akdeniz University, Environmental Pollution & Control Program, Antalya, Turkey     
Email: hknoguz@akdeniz.edu.tr
(3)   Akdeniz University, Environmental Engineering Dept., Antalya, Turkey

Abstract

Antalya province is a very famous tourism destination which lies on the Turkish Mediterranean coast. The number of tourists visiting Antalya was about eight million in the year 2004 and this number increases each year with the construction of new tourism facilities. The rapid tourism development in Antalya has big affect on the development of small towns in the region which requires improvements and revisions in infrastructural services. South Antalya Tourism Infrastructure Union, GATAB, being established in 1989, is a product of South Antalya Tourism Development Project realized in Antalya after Tourism Incentives Law of Ministry of Tourism after 1980s.  GATAB works for the regional management of infrastructure and tourism development where the private sector, mainly tourism investors in the region, has a share of 49% in the Union. This successful Union has been the first application in Turkey being responsible mainly for domestic water supply; wastewater collection, treatment and disposal; solid waste collection and disposal. The service area of the Union covers Kemer town, Beldibi, Göynük, Çamyuva and Tekirova districts. This study presents an efficient coastal zone management model for small regions where the development is mainly based on tourism.

 

 

Investigation of Zonguldak Coasts for Coastal Management

İsmail Hakkı Özölçer(1), Yılmaz Yıldırım(2),
Gürcan Büyüksalih(3), Ömer Faruk Çapar(4)
and Berna Öztürk(5)

Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey
Tel: (90) 3722574010  Fax: (90) 3722574023
(1)Email: ozolcer@hotmail.com
(2)Email: yildirim@karaelmas.edu.tr                     
(3)Email: gbuyuksalih@yahoo.com
(4)Email: ofcapar@karaelmas.edu.tr
(5)Email: berna_ozturk1@hotmail.com

 Abstract

Zonguldak is located on the Northwest coast of Turkey on the Black Sea. The population of the city is 106 000 and it is a coastal city which has got natural beauty and econemically influenced coal and steal. Zonguldak region is confronted with problems of the coastal engineering and management from Ereğli to Filyos province. Main problems are shipyards and filling area, uncontrolled solid waste area on the sea side, damages result from sea storm, and getting shallow and polluted basin and increasing of ship traffic at Zonguldak Harbor. At the Zonguldak coasts, pollution comes from domestic wastes and Çatalağzı Thermal Power Plant. In this study, these problems have been investigated from point of coastal management and suitable solutions are presented.

 

 

Mediterranean Issues and Governance


Mediterranean Environmental Programme

Şule Güneş

Middle East Technical University, Department of International Relations, 06531, Ankara, Turkey
Tel: (90) 3122102037  Fax: (90) 3122101245    
Email: gunes@metu.edu.tr

Abstract

Meditterranean environmental programme was launched in 1975 as the first Regional Seas Programme of UNEP and inspires now the subsequent thirteen regional seas programmes with regard to institutional and operational model it developed.  The regime is now in the mid way of MAP Phase II which was started in 1996. This new phase considers the problems encountered in the region from point of socio economic parameters which require activities beyond pollution control. This development  signifies a shift from sectoral approach towards integrated planning and management. The purpose of this study is to make an overall survey and analysis of these developments in the Mediterranean mainly focusing on the institutional and legal aspects.

 


The Prospective Analysis by Blue Plan as a Base for a Sustainable Mediterranean Coastal Strategy

Elisabeth Coudert

UNEP / MAP / Blue Plan RAC, 15 rue Beethoven – Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
Tel: (33) 4 92387130
Fax: (33) 4 92387131
Email: ecoudert@planbleu.org

Abstract

Coastal areas are subjected to a convergence of pressures, resulting in a general trend of increasing urbanisation. Under the baseline scenario, some 20 million additional urban dwellers and 130 million additional tourists are expected by 2025, the high concentration of roads, ports, airports, industrial and power facilities will intensify, half of the area will have some form of artificial land cover, and coastal pollution will continue to have serious impacts. With more artificial land and pollution, over-fishing, erosion, salt water intrusion, invasive species and global warming, degradation of coastal ecosystems and loss of terrestrial and marine biodiversity will continue and lead to a proliferation of costs and risks. An alternative scenario would lead to a future with a stronger integration of the environment and development, strengthened policies for coastal areas, a redirection of tourism strategies and policies, implementation of new economic instruments, and an overall master plan. The Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention would give a strong encouragement if they adopted a regional strategy to achieve sustainable development in the Mediterranean coastal region.

 


Training & Education

COASTLEARN, A Multi-Modular and Multi-Lingual Distance Training Package on ICZM 

Habib Muhammetoglu(1), Mick van der Wegen(2) Irene Lucius(3), Carolina Pérez Valverde(3,4)
and Claudia Coman(5)

(1)  Akdeniz University, Faculty of Engineering, 07059 Antalya, Turkey
Tel: (90)2423236892, Fax: (90)2423232362
Email: muhammetoglu@usa.net
(2)   UNESCO-IHE, Coastal Engineering and Port Development, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands
Tel: (31)(0)152151811
Email:  m.vanderwegen@unesco-ihe.org
(3)   EUCC Mediterranean Centre, c/o Consorci El Far, C.Escar 6-8, Modulo 10 a, 08039 Barcelona, Spain
Tel: (34)932247340, Fax: (34)932247341
Email: i.lucius@eucc.net, Internet: www.eucc.net,
(4) Email: c.perez@eucc.net
(5) NGO Oceanic and National Inistitute for Marine Research and Development, Mamaia Boulevard 300, 8700 Constanta, Romania
Tel: (40) 41543288, Fax: (40) 41 831274
Email:claudiac@datanet.ro

 Abstract

Coastlearn is a multi-lingual, free of charge, distance training package on ICZM. The package addresses professionals such as coastal managers, territorial planners, NGOs and university students. The package was developed by a group of specialized international partners led by EUCC – The Coastal Union. CoastLearn has a modular structure. Each module can be studied independently, is illustrated with figures, exercises and good & bad practice examples giving access through links and references to in depth information on each topic addressed. The existing modules are 1) Principles of ICZM, 2) Policy analysis, 3) Geographical information system, 4) Planning, 5) Environmental risk assessment, 6) Sustainable tourism, 7) Public participation, 8) Biodiversity conservation, and a simulation game, which allows trainees to gain experience in managing integrated decision taking processes for ICZM. Other related modules will be added in the future. The package is available in the public domain on www.coastlearn.org.

 


Economic Issues

Marine Ecosystem Thresholds – Towards an Integrated Theoretical Framework for Valuation

Anil Markandya(1), Tim Taylor(1,2), Alberto Longo(1,3)
and David Barton(4)

(1)   Department of Economics and International Development,
University of Bath,Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
Tel: (44) 1225 386954   Fax: (44)1225 383423
Email: hssam@bath.ac.uk
(2)   Email: ecstjt@bath.ac.uk
(3) Email: al224@bath.ac.uk
(4)Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Brekkeveien 19,
PO Box 173, Kjelsaas, N-0411 Oslo, Norway
Tel: (47) 2218 5100  Fax: (47) 2218 5200
Email: David.Barton@niva.no

Abstract

Marine ecosystems provide the basis for a range of industries, including tourism, fisheries and aquaculture. A number of discontinuities exist in ecological regimes: notably in the activity-environmental pressure relationship; the pressure-ambient state relationship; and the ambient state-valuation relationship. This paper draws together evidence on these discontinuities and presents a theoretical framework in which such discontinuities can be integrated and the corresponding damage functions valued and included in policy analysis. Notably, the potential for the application of different market and non-market based techniques for the valuation of threshold effects is examined. Dynamic and stochastic elements are considered within the valuation framework, to take account of non-linearities in general and particular phenomena such as hysteresis within ecosystems and the uncertainty that exists in the precise definition of thresholds.

 


Tourism and Eco-Rent: A Practical Model

Ivo Simunovic(1) and Maja Fredotovic(1,2)

(1)   Faculty of Economics, University of Split, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
Tel: (385) 21430679  Fax: (385) 21430701
Email: ivo.simunovic@efst.hr
(2)   Email: maja.fredotovic@efst.hr

Abstract

Adverse consequences of the contemporary littoralization process impose the need to maximize the use of coastal areas. Concerning the conflicts from the land-use, it can be claimed that the major risks are related to the areas dedicated to tourism. Indeed, these areas are usually treated as areas occupied by tourism constructions. However, efforts have been made in order to redefine the notion and purpose of the tourism areas, as to ensure an integral and sustainable tourism development.

 

On the other hand, as far as tourism as economics activity is concerned, there is also a lack of understanding of space (in terms of attraction factor), tourism dedicated areas in particular. Space, as tourism development factor, is often misunderstood or neglected. Consequently, this and other natural resources have eventually been devastated, resulting in the diminished attraction of the tourism destination.

 

Therefore, the authors developed a concept of tourism eco-rent as a means of protection of land/space dedicated to or used by tourism industry. It is based on the traditional rent principle related to the different value of land. It develops a spatial matrix differentiating types of land, pristine and inhabited areas, urban and rural areas etc.

 

Moreover, a practical model has been developed for calculation of the tourism eco-rent that can be applied in any tourism dedicated area. The revenues gained from this rent should be used for the protection and/or improvement of the areas dedicated to tourism development.

 


Economical Activities as Means of Coastal Nature Conservation: Estonian Experience

Üllas Ehrlich(1) and Toomas Kokovkin(2)

(1)  Centre for Economic Research at Tallinn University of Technology, 7 Estonia Blvd., 10143 Tallinn, Estonia
Tel: (372) 6455770  Fax: (372) 6998851
Email: yllase@tami.ee
(2)  NGO ‘’Arhipelaag’’, Vabriku Väljak str.1, Kärdla, Estonia
Tel: (372) 4632133
Email: toomas@hiiumaa.ee


Abstract

The content of nature protection has gone through considerable change during the last decade. The changes are especially remarkable in the case of the Estonian coastline. The semi-natural coastal plant communities that developed during thousands of years have today become a high priority for nature conservation. Continued preservation requires ongoing human activity. Current paper presents and analyses the Väinameri Project which was a cooperative effort of WWF-Sweden with Estonian partners during 1997-2004. The project originated from understanding that strict nature conservation once prevailing had outdated by the end of 20-th century so the aim of the Väinameri Project is to preserve or restore the coastal semi-natural habitats. Consequently the project makes an attempt to create a system that will maintain itself, involve active people, and be economically sound. The increasing interest of farmers in breeding beef cattle and finding a niche in the agricultural product market has led to greatly expanding natural grazing. Thus the task of the coastal farmer of the Väinamerit area includes keeping two values in balance: on one hand he has to be productive for his own business interests, and on the other, he has to help maintain an open landscape as an area of extremely high nature values for the sake of the wider society. The Väinameri Project has been successful in influencing its region and people. Around 50 enterprises and about 100 people have been indispensably involved in the project, and several new enterprises were established as a direct result of the project.

 

Cost-Benefit Analysis for Beach Nourishment Work

Paolo Lupino(1), Ciro Riccardi(2) and Piergiorgio Scaloni(3)

Osservatorio Regionale dei Litorali Laziali, Regione Lazio, Italy                   
Tel: (39) 06
51688162    Fax: (39) 06 51688316
(1) Email: paolo.lupino@tiscali.it
(2) Email: cent.monit@libero.it
(3) Email: pscaloni@tiscali.it

Abstract

The structural character of the coastal erosion phenomenon imposes to Public Administrations huge investments in order to defend beaches and the connected economic activities. Forsaken the illusion about “definitive” coastal defence jobs, which have created more problems than they have resolved, it appears more and more evident that the preserve of sandy coasts suffering by erosion,  is tied to the beach nourishment. However this technique of coastal defence, that concerns beach reconstruction or maintenance, demands the availability of significant deposits of good quality and low cost sand. The Public Administrations have the problem to face important expenses for these jobs in front of which the tourist economic activities record remarkable advantages. The shoreline defence cost sustainability is connected to the contribution that local Administrations and tourist companies are able to offer. A right cost-benefits analysis helps to verify the feasibility of a job and helps also to estimate the charge to the local companies in order to bear maintenance costs. The Lazio Region has faced the study of the nourishment cost-benefits by means of various appraisal systems, carried out in the BEACHEMD European project. Two main assessment systems of the benefits regard a first local level (beach areas direct profits) and a second more general level (global induced economy). With study of the first level it has been possible to calculate the cash flows connected to a reconstruction and maintenance activity managed in a private way. The cost-benefits analysis allows moreover characterizing project criteria as the optimal beach amplitude or the maintenance sustainable cost. New and specific analysis about this matter, are scheduled to be developed in the context of the new European project BEACHMED_e.


Costs for Construction of Coastal Defence Works

Paolo Lupino(1), Ciro Riccardi(2) and Piergiorgio Scaloni(3)

Osservatorio Regionale dei Litorali Laziali, Regione Lazio, Italy
Tel: (39) 0651688162  Fax: (39) 0651688316
Email: paolo.lupino@tiscali.it
Email: cent.monit@libero.it
Email: pscaloni@tiscali.it

Abstract

The necessity of inserting a coastal defence system implies a careful analysis of all aspects that make this intervention useful for community. The authorities choose, among different typologies of intervention, the one that satisfy, at the same time, requirements of efficacy, economy, quickness of operation and less environmental impact. These qualifications can’t be often satisfied simultaneously, the achievement of one of them implies a cut of the others. An example is the necessity of building coastal defence works that are able to guarantee a good wave motion resistance with a consequent reduction of beach erosion for a long period of time. These qualifications can be satisfied by a rigid system (for example a longitudinal rock barrier) that causes an unavoidable increase of costs and times of construction (Ferrante, 1997). Indeed between the choice of a soft kind of defence (pure nourishment) and the choice of a rigid project (nourishment defended by hard structures), the economical aspect will have very different peculiarities: while the first solution involves a limited investment of money at the beginning but high costs of maintenance; the second one is characterized by great expenses at the beginning with the result of more efficacy end length of the work. The purpose of this analysis is to delineate the costs of intervention relative to four different typologies of coastal defence works and to provide an analysis of the investment by the comparison of current costs.

 

Economic Analysis of Ports by Artificial Intelligence

Can Elmar Balas(1), Lale Balas (1,2), Levent K(3)
and Alp Küçükosmanoğlu(1)

(1) Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey  
Tel: (90) 3122317400/2256   Fax: (90) 3122308434
Email: cbalas@gazi.edu.tr
(2) Email: lalebal@gazi.edu.tr
(3) Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
Tel: (90) 3462191010/1318
Email: mkoc@cumhuriyet.edu.tr

Abstract

The economical analysis model for coastal projects consists of two interrelated sub-models: 1) Artificial Intelligence to determine the rates and capacity of cargo by considering the economical development of hinterland 2) Monte Carlo to simulate ship arrivals/departures from the quays and to estimate income/expenditure parameters of coastal projects.

 

The net present values of the investments were determined by interrelating the income/expenditures of port activities in simulations with the cargo predictions of artificial intelligence for various economic scenarios. The superiorities of this proposed simulation-intelligence model to other classical investment planning methods were the inclusion of uncertainties in the investment parameters like the change of cargo and costs variables in time, and the determination of project benefit/cost with an improved accuracy when compared to classical feasibility analysis methods.

 

Coastal & Marine Tourism & Recreation


Protecting Resources While Enhancing Compatible Tourism: a Proposal for an Integrated Approach

Marco L. Bianchini(1), Nancy Spanò(2), Adriana Profeta(2), Matthew Camilleri(3), Alicia Mosteiro(3)
and Sergio Ragonese(4)

(1)  Ist. Biologia Agro‑ambientale Forestale, CNR, 00016 Monterotondo RM, Italy
Tel: (39) 0690672531  Fax: (39) 069064492
Email: imarbot@mclink.it
(2)Dip. Biologia Animale Ecol. Mar., Università, Salita Sperone, 98100 Messina, Italy
Tel: (39) 090394441
Email: spano@unime.it
(3)  Malta Centre for Fisheries Sciences, Fort San Lucian, Marsaxlokk, Malta
Tel: (356) 21655525
Email: matthew.camilleri@gov.mt
(4)  Ist. Ambiente Marino Costiero, IAMC/CNR, 91026 Mazara TP, Italy
Tel: (39) 0923948966
Email: ragonese@irma.pa.cnr.it

Abstract

Authors examine the feasibility of establishing no‑take zones (NTZ) in soft‑bottom areas, based on existing or ad hoc‑sunken shipwrecks, possibly integrating the fishery reserves with floating "atolls" as a general pleasance initiative.

 

The preliminary quali‑quantitative analysis of the fish assemblage near the wreckages seems to demonstrate the effectiveness of such interventions. The feasibility study suggests that the initiative is also economically viable. In conclusion, common, already available techniques could be integrated to produce a positive, synergic effect on the marine resources, on the environment and on the touristic fruition of the coastal sea.

 


Alternative Tourism for Sustainability of Coastal Areas

Nihal Senlier

Gebze Institute of Technology, Faculty of Architecture,
Department of City and Regional Planning, Istanbul, Turkey
Phone: (90) 2626538495-97   Fax: (90) 2626538495
Email: nsenlier@tnn.net

Abstract

Coastal regions are places where natural and cultural environment destruction has the most severe effects. One of the reasons that enhance this distraction is tourism development.

 

Advantages of tourism development, mainly its economical contributions on regional and urban scale, are obvious. Therefore, without disregarding the benefits of development of tourism, models need to be developed urgently to avoid the distraction of natural and cultural environment as a result of development of tourism in the coastal areas. In the integration period to EC, the pressure brought by tourism on the coastal areas and the sustainable development of these areas, are the most important topics for Turkey that need to be handled urgently.

 

In this study, development, importance and methodologies of alternative tourism models for the sustainability of tourism developments in the coastal areas are examined. In this context, settlements in Turkey’s Mediterranean and Aegean coasts will be sampled and proposals will be developed for alternative tourism.

 


Transformation and Planning of Coastal Tourism Regions

Ayfer Yazgan Gül(1), Ferhan Gezici (2) and Elif Alkay(2,3)

(1)   Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2122597070/2270  Fax: (90) 2122610549
Email: agul@yildiz.edu.tr          
(2)   Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2122931300/2320  Fax: (90) 2122514895
Email: gezicif@itu.edu.tr
(2,3) Email: alkayel@itu.edu.tr

Abstract

This paper focuses on the changes and development taking place in coastal regions of Turkey as influenced with the development in tourism sector. In Aegean coastal areas in particular, the changes and implications are emerging with the effect of tourism development in Bodrum peninsula. The level of insensitivity and unconsciousness in approaching the impacts of tourism upon the environment, the changes taking place in upper and lower scale plan decisions and planning implementations, the adverse changes of the environment in touristic coastal areas and the risks for the future have all been elaborated for Bodrum in particular. In this context, the intention involves discussion of planning models for transformation to take place in Bodrum peninsula, as a case where deterioration and changes of the environment are quite intense with reference to sustainability of tourism and preservation of resources.


Designing Eco-touristic Facilities for Environmental Recovery of Domitio Littoral,
Southern Italy

Marcello Marocco(1), Renata Valente(2)
and Mariachiara Catani(3)

Second University of Studies of Naples, Aversa (CE), Italy
Tel: (39) 0818141190  Fax: (39) 0818141190
(1) Email: marcello.marocco@unina2.it
(2) Email: renata.valente@unina2.it
(3) Email: maracatani@libero.it

Abstract

The paper concerns studies about domitio littoral, located north of the Naples province, area of flat and sandy coast, with dune belt, rivers and channels mouths and with vast pinewood.

 

Discontinuous, mostly illegal, urbanisation has determined shaping of a highly degraded context, since end of the Second World War; however, this area still has chances of recovery by a careful planning logic, to remedy to environmental damages.

 

The work proposes headlines for the rescue, identifying different procedures for intervention, from elimination of existing constructions, to substitution, to planned articulation of seasonal structures for beach zones. Particularly on this theme, it presents a project for eco-touristic facilities, placed in this coastal belt.

 

Times and ways to use beach littorals are changing with social evolution and cyclicity is not any more between use and abandon. There is no need of new functions to extend time of using littoral, but finding sustainable ways of intervention, depending on uses: urban and peri-urban littorals must have transformable structures, while suburban coastal areas, like this, need reversible facilities.



The proposal is about recycling of pieces to build something else nearby, in relation with inland, defined from the position of the Roman Street called “Domitiana”, up on the ancient dune barrier.

 

 

Sustainable Management Schemes for Coastal Recreational Areas
in the Antalya Region of Turkey

Meryem Atik(1) and Veli Ortaçeşme(1,2)

(1) Akdeniz University, Department of Landscape Architecture, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2423102411  Fax: (90) 2422274564
E-mail:meryematik@akdeniz.edu.tr
(2) Tel: (90) 2423102477  Fax: (90) 2422274564
E-mail:ortacesme@akdeniz.edu.tr

Abstract

Recreation is regarded all activities that realized for relaxing, spending free times and entertainment. Water-dependent recreation activities are among the most favourite attractions for tourists today. However, there may be some negative impacts of recreation on the natural environments if the recreation activities are not properly managed in a system approach.

Existing recreation management schemes of beach, picnic and camping sites in Antalya region of Turkey, which directly depend on water and other coastal properties, were examined in this study. An environmental control list that based on the previous studies and included such items as environmental management, energy, water, site design, planting were prepared and implemented in coastal recreational areas in the region. Results showed that the administrations of coastal recreational areas were quite aware of environmental conservation and the suitability of existing structures and protection of natural vegetation were satisfactory in general. However, some improvements in waste management, water and energy use are needed.

 

Tourism Activities in Bodrum, Marmaris and Datça (Southwest Turkey)

Özlem Sertkaya Doğan

 İstanbul University, Geography Department, Beyazıt, 34459, İstanbul, Turkey
Tel: (90) 212 455 57 00 /15724
Email: srtkydgn@istanbul.edu.tr

Abstract

Marmaris, Bodrum and Datça are important tourism regions placed in the southwest part of Turkey. Although, these regions are similar to each other in respect of their important physical geographical properties commonly regarding their tourism activities like location, climate, vegetation, and sea water temperature, there are differences between their economical tourism influences. For example; while tourism is the most important income source of the people in Bodrum and Marmaris, it is recently developing in Datça. What are the reasons? The main purpose of our study is to find the answer of this question and to expose the solution methods. Various auxiliary service sectors are developed in Bodrum and Marmaris depending on the boom of the tourism sector. Various service sectors directly related to tourism like hotels, motels, guesthouses, restaurants, night clubs etc. have been established and these have become one of the main income sources of the peoples in these regions. Also these two sectors are causing a lot of migration from various regions, thus especially seasonal population movements are recognized.

 

On the other hand in Datça, tourism has begun to accelerate in the last years. The required steps to be taken in Datça in order to reach the level of tourism activities in Bodrum and Marmaris shall be examined carefully and regional application studies by constituting a tourism policy shall be made.

 


Sustainability of Tourism and Ecotourism in Coastal City Amasra

Murat E. Yazgan(1), Canan Kapuci(2) and Bülent Cengiz(3)

(1)   Ankara Univesity, 06110 Dışkapı, Ankara, Turkey
Tel: (90) 3123170550  Fax: (90) 3123176467
Email: murat.yazgan@agri.ankara.edu.tr
(2)   Zonguldak Karaelmas University, 74100 Bartın, Turkey
Tel: (90) 3782277422  Fax: (90) 3782277421
Email: canankapuci@yahoo.com
(3)   Ankara Univesity, 06110 Dışkapı, Ankara, Turkey
Tel: (90) 3123170550  Fax: (90) 3123176467
Email: bulent_cengiz@yahoo.com

Abstract

Especially from the beginning of the 20th century, tourism which became a significant factor in the development of public economy by attracting masses, which alternates its’ characteristics according to the alternating and developing interest areas and needs, began to focus on the natural and cultural resources.

 

It is possible to sequence the factors which affect the tourism potential of a region as its’ natural, cultural and historical values. In these values concept, traditional residence samples, accommodations, local food characteristics, climate conditions and natural resources are the inspiring values for that touristic area. During the last years, the conservation of natural and cultural inheritance, the care of visitor and local public benefits, educative and sustainable tourism activities are defined as an alternative tourism approach; ecotourism.

 

The subject of this article, Amasra city, is located in the Western Black Sea coast of Turkey and belongs to Bartın Province. Amasra city is an important regional attractive center because of its’ whole year tourism activities. In this study, where also problems associated with tourism are investigated; when the problems associated with both the summer sea tourism and the historical, archeological, eating tourism during the winter weekend and festival holidays, are considered, the presentation and the encouragement of the ecotourism would be useful for the conservation of natural and cultural environment. In this study concept, for the determination of the ecotourism based natural and cultural characteristics of the Amasra city, especially the coastal, historical and archeological landscape values and the tourism values depending upon the gastronomy and the local handicrafts are investigated and the proposals for the prevention of the environmental effects of tourism activities are submitted. For this purpose, in this article, the strategies possible to provide the planned development and the whole year continuity of the tourism activities in the city are discussed.

 


From Nightmare to Day Dream in the Black Sea:  Prospects of Marine Tourism Development

Yılmaz Dağcı

Günyüzü 8/8 ,Villa Palmiye 34 810 ,Florya–İstanbul
Tel: (90) 21266383 08/0533 356858  Fax: (90) 2126638306
Email: ydagci@mail.koc.net, kapitanoyd@yahoo.com

Abstract

Marine tourism indicating holidays on pleasure boats (yachts) is becoming more and more popular all around the world.  The Black Sea, especially the southern Turkish coast, has reasonably high potential for rapid introduction of marine tourism by upgrading the existing shelters presently used by fishermen’s boats.  However, the success of this development rests very much on the level of acceptance by the local populations of this new type of socio-economical activity in their premises. 

 


Golf Tourism and Impacts on Coastal Environment in the Leading Golf Region of Turkey

Veli Ortaçeşme(1) and Emrah Yıldırım(2)

Akdeniz University, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2423102477  Fax: (90) 2422274564
(1) Email: ortacesme@akdeniz.edu.tr
(2) Email: eyildirim@akdeniz.edu.tr

Abstract

Among the sports played on the field, golf is the one with strongest relations with the environment. However, if it is not carefully planned and managed, some golf-related environmental problems may come into the agenda. In Turkey, golf courses are encouraged both for diversifying tourism and increasing tourism incomes. There are seven golf courses in the country and seven more are at the planning stage. 12 out of the 14 courses are either located or will be located in the Antalya province, which is called the capital city of tourism of Turkey. All of the existing and planned courses will take place along the coastal areas. However, there are valuable coastal ecosystems and environmentally sensitive areas along the coasts of the region. Existing golf courses have already damaged some dune areas, coastal forests and agricultural fields. Hundreds of trees were cut down for establishing the courses in the Belek region where the existing courses are located. Habitats of some coastal flora and fauna species were damaged. The algae growth associated with heavy fertilization of lawn areas of the courses was reported in some surface waters. Nowadays, there is a strong reaction by local people and environmental groups against the establishment of a new golf course in Side-Sorgun coastal forest, which will lead to the cut down of some 2000 pine trees. Golf tourism-environment relations will be in the agenda of the region in the following years.


New Opportunities for Lighthouses: Gran Canaria Island, Spain

Pedro Fernández(1) and Lara Hernández(2)

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Tel: (34) 913366757  Mobile: (34) 620115854
(1)     Email: pfernandez@caminos.upm.es,
(2)     Email:larahernandezrod@yahoo.es

Abstract

On the activities related with places and spaces close to the sea, the lighthouses represent a very special and appreciated land/sea mark not only like tool system navigation but in many cases like a special mark of the heritage of a costal and maritime area. They have a particular attractive for many people that simple for example enjoy a beauty of a sea sight. We pretend to introduce or add to the concept of lighthouse as possible new generator of dynamic cultural environmental activities on consensus with its physical environmental particularities inside the integrated coastal management. For this task we focus in the development of the Gran Canaria Island lighthouses, on the Canary Island in Spain, and especially in six of its lighthouses named: Punta Sardina, La Isleta, Melenera, Arinaga, Maspalomas and Castillete. We present a historical evolution of the Gran Canaria Island lighthouses through the different plans where they were projected, their evolution, the unfortunately abandon of some of them like the case of Arinaga lighthouse and in other cases the incorporation of new uses in its classical function like Maspalomas lighthouse.

 

Urban & Coastal Planning & Development

Information Systems for Participatory Coastal Planning

Francesca Santoro(1), Alessandro Bettin(2)
and Gabriele Zanetto(1,3)

(1)   Interdepartmental Centre IDEAS, 30100 Venice, Italy
Tel: (39) 041 2719565   Fax: (39) 041 2719510
Email: fsantoro@unive.it
(2)   SGI, 35030 Sarmeola di Rubano (PD), Italy
Tel:  (39) 049 8976844  Fax: (39) 049 8976784
Email: alessandro.bettin@sgi-spa.it
(3) Email: gzanetto@unive.it

Abstract

The sustainable use of coastal zone resources can be seen as the sustainable utilisation of the multiple goods and services generated by coastal and ocean resources (processes, functions and their interrelationships), together with the ‘socially equitable’ distribution of welfare gains and losses inherent in such usages (Ledoux and Turner, 2002). Coastal systems are characterised by high vulnerability mainly because of rapid and intense population growth and, as a consequence, a high concentration of economic activities, with all resulting problems of resource consumption, waste management and ecological risks.

 

This paper presents the case of Kaštela Bay in the Dalmatian County in Croatia, which represents one of the “hot spot” for marine pollution in the Adriatic Basin. Given the complexity of this coastal system and the multidisciplinary approach required for sustainable development of coastal areas computerised systems are necessary for the integration and distribution of vast amount of data and expert knowledge. At the same, time the role of a wide public participation in the decision-making process is essential for the success and the progress of any integrated coastal management programme.

 

On the Threshold of Either Rise or Fall: Development Challenges of a Coastal City, Kuşadası-Aydın

Tolga Çilingir(1), Şebnem Gökçen Dündar(2),
Neriman Yörür(3) and Ayşegül Altınörs(4)

Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2324536464  Fax: (90) 2324532986
(1) Email: tolga.cilingir@deu.edu.tr
(2) Email: sebnem.gokcen@deu.edu.tr
(3) Email: neriman.yorur@deu.edu.tr
(4) Email: aysegul.altinors@deu.edu.tr

Abstract

Urban development challenges of a coastal city tend to entail decline when touristic means of development begin to prevail to the extent that all the distinctive assets are being consumed up to their limits.  Kuşadası is a typical case for such development where the coastal areas appear to be currently under threat on the threshold of either experiencing a ‘rise’ in terms of providing the conditions for sustainable development or furthering the ‘fall’ that will particularly decrease the living quality in the coastal settlement. This paper considers Kuşadası as a very distinct case of how the urban challenges of a touristic coastal settlement can be overcome through proper planning and management. The major theme of the paper focuses on specificities of a problematic coastal area and expounds upon how planning can become local-specific as well as coast-specific through an integrated process based on new principles and criteria to be adopted. The paper also involves critiques for the existing ways of problem-solving inherent in the field of planning and proposes efforts to set out the main steps to be taken in order to provide for integrated coastal management that will determine how planning practice shall operate. The intention is not to propose any new method, but rather to consider the ways of how the adopted methods can become local- or coast-specific.


Changes in Landscape Characteristics in Coastal Towns, the Case of Tekirdağ

Murat Özyavuz(1) and Lerzan Yetim(2)

 (1) Ankara University Landscape Architecture Department, 06110 Ankara
Tel: (90) 3125961793  Fax: (90) 3123176467
Email: ozyavuz@agri.ankara.edu.tr
(2) Ankara University, Landscape Architecture Department, 06110 Ankara
Tel: (90) 3125961513  
Email: lyetim@agri.ankara.edu.tr

Abstract

This study has been carried out on to investigate the decision of present land use of Tekirdağ city which has an important geographical location and also to describe the precautions with respect to landscape architecture.      
           

 

A View from Çanakkale Coasts: Development of Gökçeada

Derya Altunbaş

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17200 Biga-Çanakkale, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2863358738  Fax: (90) 2863358736
Email: daltunbas@comu.edu.tr

Abstract

Gökçeada is an island that stays near the west of Çanakkale coast with its boundless, sand beaches, clean see has the beauty in which past times and present live together. There are churches, mosques, monastries, old Greek houses and modern examples of architecture where the different cultures come together in this island. Gökçeada which is a bridge between Anatolia and Northern Greece, has attracted various tribes ever since the prehistorical times. Island economy is depends on the agriculture, fishery and tourism. Gökçeada has a special administrative structure. According to the law decreed in1927 there is a Local Administration of Gökçeada under the presidency of the Governor of Gökçeada with its legal characteristic and special budget. This paper first of all determines the economic and social structure of the island. At the same time, historical structure of the island will be included in this study, will be determined of the structure of land use and land management. Population structure and its social reflections to the island living conditions and coastal uses for island will be criticized. Within the bounds of the possibility, among the transportation facilities, population structures, employment problems and other important factors for the development of Gökçeada’s  coastal land use relationships will be included in a certain time period.

 

Ecological Planning Strategies of Bartın River and its Environs

Selma Çelikyay(1) and Bülent Cengiz(2)

(1)   Zonguldak Karaelmas University, 74100 Bartın, TURKEY
Tel: (90) 3782277422  Fax: (90) 3782277421
Email: selma.celikyay@mynet.com
(2)   Ankara Univesity, 06110 Dışkapı-Ankara, TURKEY
Tel: (90) 3123170550     Fax: (90) 3123176467
Email: bulent_cengiz@yahoo.com

Abstract

Since the transition to settled life, all kinds of rivers which flow either through or near where human beings settled down have been of great importance. The rivers both have been a good source for settlement, recreation and tourism and have had important visual and aesthetic values.

 

While providing modern services in the process of development, urbanization and wrong usage of land have led to the construction of industrial units at various scales along the rivers, causing rivers to lose their characteristics and ecological values.

 

In this context, Bartın River has been chosen as the research area because of its specific ecological characteristics and its important role at regional and national scales.

 

In this paper Bartın River’s current ecological characteristics and the factors that affect these characteristics are introduced and the relationship between planning and ecological characteristics is highlighted. Finally ecological planning strategies for sustainability of the Bartın River is discussed.

 


Wind Energy

 

Wind Energy on the Shore Coast: Study Case on Galicia´s Coast, Spain

Pedro Fernández(1), Adrián Gómez-Aleixandre(2) and Santiago Zubillaga(3)

 E.T.S. Ingenieros de Caminos. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Profesor Aranguren,
s/n. 28040, Madrid, Spain

Tel: (34) 913366757 ext 20  Tel: (34) 620115854
(1)     Email: pfernandez@caminos.upm.es
(2)     Email: adriangac@hotmail.com
(3)     Email: santiagozubillaga80@hotmail.com

Abstract

The necessity to protect the environment is pushing harder to develop and use new energy sources less aggressive. Idea that we can read in very well know works like the in the Emission Scenario B1 or B2 of the Special Report of Emission Scenarios of the report of working group I of IPPC (2001), B1: …introduction of clean and resource-efficient technologies, and B2:… and more diverse technology changes. In this way the wind energy can help to minimize the quantity of greenhouse gases sent to the atmosphere to help to fight against the climate change.

 

But this source of energy is not completely clean and has some visual and environmental negative effect. Now offshore wind farm are beginning to get developed and the new impacts are under study. Here we present two pilot projects offshore sea energy wind farm in Galicia’s Coast in North West of Spain. These projects can save littoral space and be environmentally sustainable.

 


Management of Living Resources

The Sustainable Balanced Scorecard for the Integrated Management of Fish Farming in Sicily

Grazia Calabrò (1), Paolina Currò (1,2)
and Vincenzo Maccarrone (3)

(1)   University of Messina RIAM dep Piazza Pugliatti,1 – 98122 Messina, Italy Tel: (39) 090771548  Fax: (39) 0906764920
Email: grazia.calabro@unime.it
(2)   Email: p.curro@unime.it
(3)University of Bari DSGM dep. Via Camillo Rosalba, 53 - 70124 Bari, Italy
Tel: (39) 090771548  Fax: (39) 0906764920
Email: vincenzo.maccarrone@unime.it

Abstract

During recent years, Sicily has experienced an intense and continuous development of the activities of sea fish farming, particularly of: Sparus aurata, Diplodus puntazzo, Dentex dentex, Seriola dumerili and, recently, also Thunnus thynnus; currently, it represents an important centre of production in the Mediterranean area because of the large number of installations and production facilities. This sector is full of innovation and is becoming increasingly integrated with the fishing sector, which is more and more conditioned by the restrictive measures imposed by policies for the protection of fish stocks.

 

Due to the crisis in maritime fishing, in fact, fish farming helps to satisfy home demand for fish products, limiting the increase of imports and creating, at the same time, employment opportunities.

 

Despite consumers’ preference for Sicilian produce, the ever growing exposure to competition from emerging economies dictates the improvement of diversification policies in specific areas of production and encourages high level quality certification of products in order to protect consumers and to make a better impression on the market in comparison to competing firms. Out of 152 enterprises operating in Italy, in brackish waters, approximately 10% are situated in Sicily; where there are 22 installations, spread along the coastline of the whole island, while 16 more new installations are going to be opened.

 

The European Commission has recognized the specific role of fish farming, within reforms of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), and has considered it essential to elaborate new strategies of sustainable development. In this document, the Commission underlined the importance, also for this sector, of the preventive evaluation of the environmental impact using the formula of Evaluation of Impact Analysis (EIA).

 

In Italy, unlike other countries of the EU, there is no legal framework regarding the development of sea fish farming and integrated management of the coastline. Currently the question is left to the decentralized decision-making of the Regions, taking into account the prerogatives of the central State.

 

The guidelines laid down by the Region of Sicily to evaluate the potential environmental impact of sea fish farming activities are bound to the formulation of general indications for those who want to start up fish farming activity in the sea or freshwaters.

 

In order to measure and account for the use of natural resources indicators and statistic-accountancy tools have been developed in order to furnish information on the environment. Among these, the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, elaborated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), and the model of indicators of sectoral pressure give a measurement of environmental efficiency and of the improvement of performances fixed by development plans.

 

Together with the use of monitoring models there are tools that convert objectives into tangible measures. Taking into consideration Michael Porter’s chain-value theories, R. S. Kaplan and D. P. Norton, in the early 1990s, proposed the “Balanced Scorecard” with the aim of planning a reference model for the measurement of the performance of organizations and enterprises. In this paper, we analyse the use of the “Balanced Scorecard” and its applications to the integrated management of fish farming in the Region of Sicily.

 

Offshore Sea Farming in Turkey

Hayri Deniz

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of Agricultural Production and Development, Aquaculture Department,
Milli Müdafaa Cad. No. 20/1103, 06100 Kızılay, Ankara, Turkey
Tel: (90) 3124240580/319  Fax: (90) 3124170026
Email: hayrideniz@tr.net, hayrideniz@hotmail.com

Abstract

Aquaculture has also been faster growing food production system for the past decade in the world. World aquaculture production is growing at more than 10 % per year, compared with 3 % for terrestrial livestock and 1.5 % for capture fisheries.

 

Turkey, with its favourable geographic position between the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea, has access to the fish resources of both of these water bodies. The country is also endowed with rich inland waters and river systems with significant capture fishery and aquaculture potential.

 

Turkey is one of the main European aquaculture producers in volumes, with a production of aquacultured fish amounting to 87,210 tons in 2004. It contributes to around 12 % of the total Turkish fish production. More precisely, aquaculture represents 35 % of the production of non pelagic species. Aquaculture splits equally into mariculture and freshwater aquaculture.

 

Its contribution to employment is also important locally, both with direct and indirect employment. Especially, for coastal areas where tourism is also important, it enables to maintain non seasonal activities. It therefore contributes to the well-balanced local development of the coastal areas and production zones.

 

Turkish aquaculture reached this level of production in quite a short term (20 years) compared to the neighbouring countries. This was the result of the previous National Policy which was to increase the national aquaculture production.

 

There is a strong competition with tourism, environmental protection, recreation, urbanisation, archaeology and navigation for coastal resources in Turkey. Sea farming development is therefore being restricted by the loss of access to some of the best sites.

 

Sea farming has brought significant economic and employment benefits to both national economies and coastal people along the Turkish coastlines. Efforts to integrate aquaculture into the coastal management can contribute to improvements in selection, protection and allocation of sites and other resources for existing and future aquaculture developments.

 

There are 272 numbers marine farms. 29 numbers of them are offshore sea farms and their capacity is 32.991 tons. Inshore sea farms are 202 numbers but they have only 26.406 tons mean that less than off-shore production. Number of the farms which they operate in land based ponds are 41 and their production is 935 tons/per year.

 

 

Principles of Cetacean Monitoring in the Black Sea

Evgeny B. Gol’din(1,2) and Pavel E. Gol’din(3)

(1) Southern Branch of the National Agrarian University of Ukraine–Crimean Agricultural and Technological University, 95492 Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
Tel: (380) 652221389
Email: evgeny_goldin@mail.ru
(2) Crimean State Medical University, 95006 Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
Tel: (380) 652294965
(3)V.I. Vernadsky Tavrida National University, 95007 Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
Tel: (380) 652 572536
Email: oblako@home.cris.net

Abstract

Population status of the Black Sea cetaceans – harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758), short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis (Linnaeus, 1758) and bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) – remains unknown or unclear, though numerous research data were obtained. Little is known about abundance, population structure, dynamics and development tendencies, migration processes, local stocks, scale of anthropogenic impact. Only complex monitoring activities including intensive study of sightings and strandings along the coastline can solve the problem.

 

We propose a new non-stop monitoring system, which is based on two major logistic components: (1) “core”: regular expeditions to the sea area and coastline, field excursions and studies in observation points and (2) “periphery”: expanding of research base and gaining information through interviews with scientists, students, local authorities, NGOs and local residents, professionals in fisheries, hunting, forestry and agriculture. For this purpose, we developed and implemented a set of detailed scientific and technical protocols necessary for monitoring activities and involving a wide range of stakeholders. Implementation of the system has facilitated the progress in several directions:

 

(1) Data on hundreds of cetacean sightings and strandings at the coastline of the northern Black Sea and the Sea of Azov were obtained from a non-stop poll of university students (more than 1,100 respondents; started in 2002).
(2) We obtained numerous data on the current status, dynamics, spatial and temporary (seasonal and annual) distribution of cetacean populations in the northern Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
(3) Some respondents reported the facts of human and animal consumption of stranded or by-caught cetacean carcasses.
(4) Most respondents demonstrated awareness of and positive attitude to the conservation of marine mammals.
(5) More than 200 strandings were recorded at the coast of the Sea of Azov since 1999. Material and data for a range of biological studies were sampled from the animals found.
(6) Important findings in cetacean population biology were based on this material.

 

 

The Status of Cetaceans in the İzmir Bay:
Preliminary Results

Harun Güçlüsoy(1,2), Nuray Veryeri(2) and Şükran Cirik(1)

(1)   Dokuz Eylül University - Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology,             
Bakü Bulvrd. 32, 35340, İzmir, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2322785565   Fax: (90)2322785082
Email: harun.guclusoy@deu.edu.tr
Email:sukran.cirik@deu.edu.tr
(2)   The Underwater Research Society – Marine Mammal Research Group,   
c/o Dokuz Eylül University - Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology,       
Bakü Bulvrd. 32, 35340, İzmir, Turkey
Tel:  (90) 312 2130834   Fax: (90) 312 2138934 
E-mail: saddemag@yahoo.com

 Abstract
           
One forth (Approx. n=20) of the marine mammal species occur in the Mediterranean Basin. And they were represented by 14 species in the eastern Mediterranean Region. To date, a very few studies were carried out to determine the status of these marine mammals in this region including our main study area the İzmir Bay. Therefore, the authors carried out the present preliminary study to determine the status of the marine mammals in this Bay. The study was conducted between            

September 2001 and November 2002 via direct observations at sea, distribution/collection of the cetacean sighting questionnaires among seamen, and questionnaires applied to the fishermen. As the result of the study, three species were determined during the study period in the İzmir Bay. Two of those Tursiops truncatus and Stenella coeruleolba were determined occurring in all seasons. And the third one Delphinus delphis was determined all seasons except in winter months. T. truncatus was reported to be the most abundant species. During the study, it has been reported that except one occasion T. truncatus is the only species accidentally entangled to the fishing gears.

 


Whale Watching and the Collection of Cetacean Data: a Case Study of WhaleWatch Azores

Michael Phillips(1), Kathryn Banfield(2), Elizabeth May(3) and Rhian Jenkins(4)           

Faculty of Applied Design and Engineering, Swansea Institute, Swansea, Wales, UK SA1  6ED
Tel: (44) 1792481106  Fax: (44) 1792651760
(1)     Email: m.phillips@sihe.ac.uk
(2)    Email: kathryn.banfield@ntlworld.com
(3)     Email: e.may@sihe.ac.uk
(4)     Email: r.jenkins@sihe.ac.uk

Abstract

There is a lack of baseline data on the status of cetacean populations which constitutes a barrier to the development of management strategies. Research projects are expensive and are often unable to commit to long-term intensive search efforts. Therefore, whale watching vessels funded by tourists, provide an ideal opportunity to collect data on population dynamics of cetaceans. A case study of WhaleWatch Azores is presented, based on research as part of a European funded project undertaken during June, July and August 2004.  Data collected included a total of 362 encounters with sperm whales, with 14 different whale and dolphin species recorded.  Data forms were completed and provided information on population parameters which have been suggested in literature as being the most useful to scientists.  Analyses, which included data from previous years, enabled distribution, abundance, movement and population demographics of sperm whales to be determined. These are the parameters recognised as most useful to managers.  The study also incorporated land based data collection and found strong correlations with data collected on board the whale watching boat. With improved communication between lookouts and boat crews, opportunity for data collection from land, via expansion of the vigia network, was identified.  Whale watching provides an ideal opportunity for cetacean research and in the case of WhaleWatch Azores was extremely effective. Recommendations included: expansion of whale watching to other parts of the Azores; increased variety of species research; continued monitoring to assess long term potential impacts on whales and development of associations between research organisations and operators. Furthermore, it was suggested that only when research is concurrently undertaken in a standardised format, should whale-watching be permitted under the definition of eco-tourism.

 

 

Coastal and Marine Biology, Ecology, Ecosystems and their Management

The Barrier Reef of Posidonia in the Gulf of Tunis

Khaoula Telahigue(1), Nadia Chabbi(2), Dorsaf Ben Ismail(3) and Tarek Hajji(4)

Faculty of Sciences of Tunis 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
Tel: (216) 71453487  Fax: (216) 71453487
(1)   KHAOULA.HAJ@laposte.net
(2)   nadiachebbi2003@yahoo.fr
(3)   dorsaf.bsb@laposte.net
(4)   tarekhajji@yahoo.fr

 Abstract

This research aims to study the macro-invertebrates diversity in Gulf of Tunis. Our research covered both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the macro-invertebrates either associated with or accompanying the herbarium. To that, we undertook seasonal sampling through diving in nine stations located at various depth levels. Plots (quadrates) of 1m² each were used. In order to assess the condition of the herbarium, a phenology study was undertaken and allowed the evaluation of the herbarium vitality (cover, presence of matte, number of leaves per shoot, length of the leaves and quantity of epiphyte organisms).

 

The results revealed the existence of two distinguished sectors: the first, located to the East and characterized by the presence of a barrier reef fringing, it was found in good ecological condition. The second, located to the West, is characterized by the presence of abundant holes and channel dugs in the matte connecting it to the polluted lagoon adjacent to the barrier reef of P. oceanica.

 

In total, 84 fauna species of macro-invertebrates representing 9 phyla were recorded. The Mollusca and Annelida phylum are highly represented; whereas Sipunculida and Cnidaria are rather rare. The calculation of the diversity index (H’) and equitability index (E) shows that the studied biotopes are relatively polluted. Therefore, efforts should be deployed to ensure the conservation and the protection of this important reservoir in the Mediterranean Sea, which is unfortunately suffering from continuous process of degradation.

 

 

Interannual and Decadal Variability in Posidonia Oceanica

Maria Cristina Buia(1), Stefania Flagella(2),
Ivan Guala(3), Tara Gravina(4),
Maria Monia Flagella(5) and Maria Michela Cigliano(6)

Benthic Ecology Laboratory–Stazione Zoologica, ‘A. Dohrn’,80077 Ischia, Naples, Italy
Tel: (39) 815833521  Fax: (39) 81984201
(1) Email: mcbuia@szn.it
(2) Email: ste.flag@szn.it
(3) Email: guala@szn.it
(4) Email: gravina@szn.it
(5) Email: flagella@szn.it
(6) Email: cigliano@szn.it.

Abstract

In the framework of a project focused at mapping the Posidonia oceanica meadows all around the Sardinian Island (Central Western Mediterranean Basin), the past production of P. oceanica has been estimated in 85 stations, at shallow (5 –10 m) and deep (22-27m) stands, and at the lower limit (beyond 35m).  The role of environmental (anthropogenic disturbance) and biological (flowering) factors in the timing and magnitude of inter-annual plant production was evaluated on the decadal period 1991-1999. A potential anthropogenic pressure was relevant in decreasing rhizome production: an inter-annual average of 87 ± 4.2 mg rh-1 y-1 was recorded in unimpacted localities while a third mean value  (54.4 ± 3 mg rh –1 y-1) was recorded in impacted meadows. The same pattern was observed for the rhizome elongation rate (12 ± 0.5 mm rh-1 y-1 against 6.5 ± 0.3 mm rh-1 y-1).

 

Comparing flowering and non-flowering meadows, a significant reproductive decreasing effect was detected in the rhizome compartment. Taking into account only meadows in which anthesis was recorded, no differences in production rates were found in relation to the presence-absence of flowers in the shoots. At plant level, significant differences were found in the year after the flowering event. The results confirm that P. oceanica is a sensitive bio-indicator of environmental alterations. Furthermore, intrinsic factors (i.e. anthesis) can affect its inter-annual variability in growth patterns, suggesting, in this clonal plant, a translocation of storage products within the meadow during the reproductive process.

 


The Corsican Posidonia Monitoring Network

Gérard Pergent(1), Christine Pergent-Martini(1,2), Thomas Abiven(4), Pierre Boissery(5), Patrick Filmont(6), Sarah Hauden(4), Benoit Mimault(4), Vanina Pasqualini(1,3) and Jacques Patrone(4)

(1)   Université de Corse, EqEL, BP 52, 20250 Corte, France
Tel: (33) 495450146  Fax: (33) 495462441 
Email: pergent@univ-corse.fr
(2)   Email: pmartini@univ-corse.fr
(3)   Email: paquali@univ-corse.fr
(4)   GIS Posidonie, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
Tel: (33) 491829130  Fax: (33) 491411265 
Email: gis@com.univ-mrs.fr
(5)   Agence de l’Eau RM&C, La canebière, 13001 Marseille, France
Tel: (33) 496113636 
Email: pierre.boissery@eaurmc.fr
(6)   Office de l’environnement de la Corse,  20250 Corte, France
Tel: (33) 495450400  Fax: (33) 495450401 

Email: filmont@oec.fr

Abstract

Posidonia oceanica is a powerful biological indicator, identified in the European Water Framework Directive as a quality element to be monitored in coastal water bodies. A Corsican Posidonia Monitoring Network (CoPMoN) was set up in August 2003. Currently, 10 sites, on the North-East coasts have been studied, and by the end of 2006, the network will cover 30 sites all around the island. Monitoring of the lower limit is carried out by positioning permanent cement bollards along this limit, photographing these markers and studying several P. oceanica vitality parameters (density, covering, type of limit). Monitoring of the upper limit is based on the same methods, complemented by aerial photographs. Results show that, while the Corsican coast is not excessively affected by human activities, damage due to fishing (trawling) and sewage effluents can be observed. We propose scales for interpreting the parameters to enable sites to be compared, with the prospective of an intercalibration framework.

 

State of Posidonia Oceanica Meadowsaround the Sardinian Coast

Maria Cristina Buia(1), Giulio Giunta (2), Ivan Guala(1,3), Gianluca Iacono(1,4), Raffaele Montella(2,5),
Filippo Silvestre(1,6)and Luca Tiberti(1,7)

(1)   Benthic Ecology Lab. –Stazione Zoologica “A.Dohrn”, 80077 Ischia, Italy
Tel: (39) 815833521  Fax: (39) 81984201
Email: mcbuia@szn.it
(2)   Dipartimento Scienze Applicate – Università Parthenope, 80135 Naples, Italy
Tel: (39) 815416546  Fax: (39) 815522293
Email:giulio.giunta@uniparthenope.it
(3)   Email: guala@szn.it
(4)   Email: g.iaco@szn.it
(5)   Email:raffaele.montella@unipartheope.it
(6)  Email:f.silve@szn.it
(7)  Email:tiberti@szn.it

Abstract

In order to assess and control marine pollution along the coastal strip, a project focused at monitoring and mapping Posidonia oceanica meadows all around the Sardinian Island (Central Western Mediterranean Basin) was founded by the Italian Government in 2001. More than 300,000 biological data were collected along 1800 Km of coast line, in the bathymetric range between 5 and 40m. Due to the amount and nature of Posidonia descriptors (both structural and functional, both at  molecular and system level), a specific data warehousing approach was performed.

 

Datamining techniques allowed to choose a preliminary set of values, related to long term (1969-1998) annual plant production, derived by lepidochronology, such as rhizome production, rhizome elongation and leaf production. Selected data were analyzed by Autoclass C for determining the number of classes.


Two different classes of plant production were obtained, called ‘High’ and ‘Low’ respect to regional annual mean; their centroids did not vary between shallow and deep stands (between 5 and 10m and between 22 and 28m depths, respectively). The highest production values (90.1 mg/rhizome/y, 11.44 mm/rhizome/y, 7.7 nr. leaves/y) characterized the shallowest stations. Only one class was identified for the stands on the deepest limit (more than 35m depth) (37.32 mg/rhizome/y, 5.37mm/rhizome/y, 7.6 nr.leaves/y).

 

A class analysis for each station showed a clear regional zonation: a north-east sector, with the lowest plant production, a south-east sector with the highest ones, and a north-west sector, with intermediate plant growth rates. According to these results, a functional classification of sardinian meadows was attempted.

 

The correspondence between functional (based on production values) and structural (based on density values) classifications seemed to reflect different levels of anthropogenic disturbance forcing on Sardinian coastal line.

 


“Chronicle of a Death Foretold” - Features of a Posidonia Oceanica Bed Impacted by Sand Extraction

Maria Cristina Gambi(1), Marco Dappiano(2),
Maurizio Lorenti(3), Bruno Iacono(4),
Stefania Flagella(5) and Maria Cristina Buia(6)

Laboratorio di Ecologia del Benthos, Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", 
P.ta S. Pietro 80077 Ischia, Napoli, Italy

Tel: (39) 081991410  Fax: (39) 081984201
(1) Email: gambimc@szn.it
(2) Email: dappiano@szn.it
(3) Email: mlorenti@szn.it
(4) Email: iacono@szn.it
(5) Email: ste.flag@szn.it
(6) Email: mcbuia@szn.it

Abstract

The main ecological features of a Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile bed located in front of the sandy pocket beach of the Maronti Bay, off the island of Ischia (Gulf of Naples, Italy), are reported. This meadow, submitted to high hydrodynamic conditions, was recently strongly impacted by sand extraction for the nourishment of the front beach. The Posidonia bed in this area was distributed in the most sheltered part of the embayment, at about 600 m far from the coast-line, in a narrow belt from 16 to 25 m depth. The upper limit was patchy and partially buried in the sand, while the lower limit was sharp, eroded and in some parts with a “matte” up to 2 m of thickness. A sandy discontinuity was present along the middle part of the meadow, between its upper limit and the coast a Cymodocea nodosa prairie occurred.

 

SCUBA diving osbservations (visual census) and plant sampling were carried out in December 2000 and August 2001. The shoot density  recorded  at 18-22 m depth  in 2001 was 221.2 shoots/m2 (± 50.3) with a bottom covering from 60 to 80%. The mean number of leaves per shoot was similar in the two periods (6) while the percentage of broken leaves (the A coefficient) changed in relation to the season: lower in winter (14.7%) and higher in  summer (52%). The same trend was observed in the mean shoot biomass: 0.38 g d.w./shoot and 1.23 g d.w./shoot in the two seasons, respectively. The Leaf Area Index values ranged from 2.3 m2/m2 in December to 6.5 m2/m2 in August while the Leaf Standing Crop varied from 84.6 g/m2 in December to 272.7 g/m2 in August.

 

In March 2002 sand extraction activities (authorized by the Campania Regional Council as a civil protection action for the security of the coast) were performed in the the westernmost area of the Maronti bay, affecting a portion of the Posidonia meadow. Part of the seagrass bed was reduced to narrow strings or isolated pieces of ‘matte’ still in place, while dense deposits of uprooted rhizomes and plants were accumulated on the bottom’s pits and valleys as a consequence of sediment pumping. Most of the non-uprooted shoots were however buried over large amount of sandy sediment which, after being suspended, was re-deposited on the meadow.  One year later, the 4 impacted hectares were entirely characterized by dead “matte” while after two years, the still living meadow was reduced to a portion of about 2 hectares on the westernmost part of its previous extent, from 16 to 18 m depth.

 

The post-impact effect on seagrass functioning, analysed by measuring the plant production in the years before and after the sand extraction, revealed an increase in the plant growth rate, mainly in rhizome elongation (6.8 against 12.3 mm/y). The fate of the Maronti meadow will largely depend on the plant ability to cope with the increased erosive processes, promoted by the local hydrodynamic regime and enhanced by the fragmentation of the prairie.

 

The need for a regulation and standard protocol for sand extraction and beach nourishment  practices is urgently claimed for Italy.

 

Monitoring of Posidonia Oceanica Meadowafter Beach Nourishment

Luisa Nicoletti(1), Andrea Belluscio(2), Paola La Valle(1,3)
and Gian Domenico Ardizzone(2,4)

 (1)   ICRAM Central Institute for Marine Research - Via di Casalotti, 300-00166 Rome,Italy
Tel: (39) 06615701  Fax: (39) 0661561906
Email: l.nicoletti@icram.org
(2)   Department of “Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Viale dell’Università, 32–00185 Rome, Italy
Email: andrea.belluscio@uniroma1.it
(3)   Email: p.lavalle@icram.org
(4)   Email: giandomenico.ardizzone@uniroma1.it

Abstract

ICRAM (Central Institute for Marine Research), in cooperation with the University of Rome “La Sapienza” and the local authority “Regione Lazio”, has started a study for the monitoring of the Posidonia oceanica meadow present along the Tarquinia coast (Central Tyrrhenian sea, Latium, Italy). In this area has been carried out beach nourishment with “relict” sand in the period May - July 2004. Beach nourishment could cause a temporary increase of turbidity along the water column, burial events of P. oceanica meadows and a possible regression of their upper limit. Geophysical investigations (by means of Side Scan Sonar and Multibeam) and underwater inspections (by means of Remotely Operated Vehicle and Scuba Diving), carried out before beach replenishment, allowed us to map and characterize the meadow, identify substratum typology and the upper and lower limits. Moreover, some stations have been chosen in order to collect information about the nature of the substratum and shoots density. The same stations have been used to evaluate, over time, by means of “balisage”, the possible changes of sediment levels and the possible shift of P. oceanica limits caused by the nourishment activities.


The P. oceanica meadow present along the Tarquinia Lido coast is very articulate; being set principally on a rocky substratum in the shallow water and, with a patchy distribution, on sand, rock and “matte” moving offshore. Observations carried out 4 and 12 months after beach nourishment, did not show significant changes in the P. oceanica meadow and no burial events have been marked.

 

Restoration of Seagrass Meadows: Means and Limitations

Sylvie Gobert(1), Gilles Lepoint(1,2), Jean-Marie Bouquegneau(1,3), Denis Vangeluwe(1,4), Michael Eisinger(5), Markus Paster(5,6), Helmut Schuhmaker(5,7) and Peter van Treeck(5,8)

(1) Centre MARE. Laboratoire d’Océanologie. Institut de Chimie, B6c. Université de Liège, Belgium
Tel: (32) 43663329  Fax: (32) 43663325
Email: Sylvie.gobert@ulg.ac.be
(2) Email: G.Lepoint@ulg.ac.be
(3) Email: doyen.sciences@ulg.ac.be
(4) Email: dvangeluwe@ulg.ac.be

(5) Hydrobiologie, Institut für Ökologie, Universität Duisburg, 45117 Essen, Germany
Tel: (49) 2011833871  Fax: (49) 2011833872
Email: Michael.Eisinger@uni-essen.de
(6) Email: markus.paster@uni-essen.de
(7) Email: h.schuhmacher@uniessen.de
(8) Email: van_Treeck@uni-essen.de

Abstract

A transplantation experiment of the seagrass P oceanica was launched in September 2001. Woven bamboo grids were used as a substrate for transplantation. Biometric parameters were recorded underwater and on samples collected on the transplanted grids. In the best case, the rate of shoot multiplication is 1.4 after 27 months, which could allow to reach the natural shoot density observed in the healthy meadow after 5 years of transplantation. Growth direction shifts from a vertical growth to an horizontal growth during the transplantation. Roots biomass and length increases spectacularly, but leaf length and weight remain clearly inferior to those of reference plant. This implies that root development is of high priority for the plant and that the transplants do not have a sufficient amount of nutrient to ensure adequate leaf growth. It appears that, after two years, transplantation has very small effect (or very time-limited effect) on sediment parameters. This reflects, in one hand, the fact that sand patches are highly dynamics sedimentary environments and, in other hand, the fact that the establishment of sedimentary characteristic of P. oceanica meadow is a long term process. As a consequence of these observations, P. oceanica cuttings, even if they develop a high biomass of roots, continue to be affected by sand patch geo-chemistry a long time after their transplantation on the un-vegetated substrate. This is probably a major cause of transplantation experiment failure. It appears that P. oceanica transplants display generally lower N and P concentrations in their leaves and rhizomes than reference shoot. Storage function of these organs in winter seem to be not realised which probably diminishes the capacity of the plants to ensure an optimal growth during spring and to resist to nutrient shortage periods (summer and fall). The reason of the low elemental concentrations in transplant is more likely linked to difficulties to incorporate nutrient (i.e. lack of roots) as interstitial data shown that the availability of N and P is higher on the transplanted sand patch than on the reference meadow. The  protection of P. Oceanica meadows is essential because its restoration effort is heavy. The transplantation procedure needs divers with underwater experience, needs time for installation and needs one and half year of survey of the grids.

 


Seagrass Watch, a New Tool for Monitoring Metal Contamination?

Christine Pergent-Martini(1), Roger Kantin(2),
Gérard Pergent(1,3) and Lila Ferrat(1,4)

(1)   Université de Corse, Faculté des Sciences, Equipe Ecosystèmes Littoraux, BP 52, 20250 Corte, France
Tel: (33) 4954500  Fax: (33) 495462441
Email:pmartini@univ-corse.fr
(2)   Ifremer – DEL/PAC, Zone portuaire Brégaillon, BP 330, 83507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France
Tel: (33) 494304423  Fax: (33) 494065529
Email: Roger.Kantin@ifremer.fr
(3)  Email:pergent@univ-corse.fr
(4)   Email: ferrat@univ-corse.fr

Abstract

Since the 1970s, mussels have been commonly used to evaluate trace metal contamination, because of their ability to accumulate these contaminants. More recently, numerous seagrass studies have shown their potential for detecting trace metal contamination. We compare the potential of a “native/natural” population of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica and an “implanted” population of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (bagged). Three sites, with different levels and types of human impact (a pristine site: Calvi Bay – Corsica, a site impacted by an asbestos mine: Canari coastline – Corsica and a site impacted by human/economic development: Toulon harbour – French Riviera) were investigated, and six metals were taken into account (Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb). Samples of both organisms were taken every two weeks for four months in order to compare the contamination/decontamination kinetics. The results showed similar trends for both organisms with respect to time and to the levels of contamination of the sites. Higher levels of Cadmium were recorded along the Corsican coastlines (natural input from bedrock alteration), higher levels of Cobalt, Chromium and Nickel were observed in the vicinity of the Canari mine, whereas maximum concentrations of Mercury and Lead were found in Toulon harbour. For several metals, the concentrations measured for both organisms were in the same range. These results confirm the possibility of using Posidonia shoots when there is no native population of mussels.

 


Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Metallic Contamination in Posidonia Oceanica

Céline Lafabrie(1), Lila Ferrat(1,2), Christine Pergent-Martini(1,3), Roger Kantin(4), Gérard Pergent(1, 5) and Bruno Andral(4,6)

(1)       University of Sciences, EqEL, 20250 Corte, France
Tel: (33) 0495450055  Fax: (33) 0495462441
Email: lafabrie@univ-corse.fr
(2) Email: ferrat@univ-corse.fr
(3)  Email: pmartini@univ-corse.fr
(4) IFREMER, 83507 La  Seyne-sur-Mer, France
Tel: (33) 0494304423  Fax: (33) 0494065529
Email: Roger.Kantin@ifremer.fr
(5) Email: pergent@univ-corse.fr
(6) Email: bandral@ifreme.fr

 Abstract

The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Hg were measured in Posidonia oceanica. Shoots of this species were collected at four sites in Porto-Torres (Sardinia) following a radial since a contamination source, an old petrochemical factory. In order to evaluate past and present contaminations, metallic concentrations were measured in dead sheaths and rhizomes and in blades and sheaths of the adult leaves respectively. Some differences in tissue accumulation are put in evidence and suggest different uptake and distribution pathways for metallic elements. On and other hand, a decreasing gradient of metallic contamination, from the source of pollution and by going away towards the wide, is revealed. Furthermore, a general diminution of the contamination by Cr, Pb and Hg since the years 1999 is observed. Thus, this study confirms the interest of the use of Posidonia oceanica as tracer of spatial and temporal metallic contamination and as an indicator species for marine biomonitoring.

           

 

The Macro-invertebrates of Posidonia Oceanica in the Tunis Gulf

           

Dorsaf Ben Ismaïl(1), Khaoula Telahigue, Nadia Chebbi(3), Tarek Hajji(4) and Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine(5)

Research Unit of Biology, Ecology and Parasitology of Aquatiqc Organisms,
Sciences University of Tunis, 2092 El Manar, Tunisia
Tel: (216) 71453487  Fax: (216) 71453487
 (1)Email: dorsaf.bsb@laposte.net
(3)Email: nadiachebbi2003@yahoo.fr
(4)Email: tarekhajji@yahoo.fr
(5)Email: Kalthoum.benhassine@fst.rnu.tn

 Abstract

During this study, we have approached an analysis of the macro-invertebrates of the seagress beds of Posidnia oceanica in Port aux Princes (South of the Gulf of Tunis). We carried out four diving sampling campaigns during the period from 2003 to 2004. In order to assess the Posidonia vitality a Phenologic study has been undertaken. In addition to this we have calculated some ecological indexes that provide us on the diversity and the state of the ecological structure.

 


Biodiversity of Posidonia Herbarium in an Anthropized Site

Nadia Chebbi(1), Dorsaf Ben Ismail, Khaoula Telahigue, Tarek Hajji(2) and Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine(3)

Research Unit of Biology, Ecology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis-El Manar 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
Tel: (216) 22542823

Email: nadiachebbi2003@yahoo.fr; nadia.chebbi@gmail.com
Email: tarek.hajji@fss.rnu.tn
Email: kalthoum.benhassine@fst.rnu.tn

Abstract

The seagrass, Posidonia oceanica, bed are regarded as the most important ecosystem of the Mediterranean. This ecosystem is undergoing increasing human pressure (Augier, 1986). In order, to assess the impact of human activity on this habitat we undertook this study in the small bay of Gammarth (Northern-west part of the gulf of Tunis). In our work, we carried out seasonal sampling of the macro-invertebrates of the Posidonia herbarium in 9 stations. The samples were taken manually using a quadrate of 1 m². In the study site, posidonia is present in the form of sparse tufts. Both a phenologic and diversity studies were undertaken to assess the status of the herbarium. As for the macro-fauna of the herbarium, we listed 66 species covering 8 phyla. The estimation of ecological indexes such as the specific richness, the Simpson index, the Shannon-Weaver index, the equitability and the Sorensen index, indicates the existence of two sectors. In this regard we noted that Cape Gammarth is relatively stable compared to the relatively polluted tourist zone.

 


Qualitative Study of Molluscan Fauna in Tunis North Lagoon (Northen Tunisia)

Moctar Diawara(1), Sabiha Zouari-Tlig(2)
 and Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine(3)

Unité de Recherche d'Ecologie, de Biologie et de Parasitologie des Organismes Aquatiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis Campus Universitaire 2092, Tunis/Tunisie
Tel: (216) 71872600  Fax: (216) 71871666
(1) Email: marobr_diamoc@yahoo.com
(2) Email: SZouari.T@fst.rnu.tn
(3) Email: kalthoum.benhassine@fst.rnu.tn

Abstract

We are undertaken the qualitative study of the molluscan fauna of the Tunis north lagoon, in order to evaluate the impact of management on these lagoonal communities.

 

In all, we listed 51 mollusc species of which 26 gastropods, 23 bivalvia and 2 polyplacophora. Among these species, 43 are recorded for the first time, in the Tunis north lagoon (2 polyplacophora, 23 gastropods and 18 bivalvia).

 

The improvement of the hydrological conditions by the intensification of the exchanges with the marine water seems to explain, partially, the increase in the specific richness. Indeed, some new marine species are introduced in the lagoon, such as Nudibranchia (Calma glaucoides, Hypselodoris gracilis, Spurilla neapolitana and Doris verrucosa), the Aplysiomorpha Bursatella leachii, first recorded on the northern coasts of Tunisia and the exotic bivalvia Musculista senhousia, also for the first record in Tunisia as Pinctada radiata which starts to invade the lagoon.

 


Evolution of a Natural Tunisian Rocky Coastal Environment

Randa Mejri(1), Domia Menif (1,2), Ahmed Boujarra(1),  Tarek  Hajji(1,3) and Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine(1,4)

(1)   Research Unit of Biology, Ecology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Biology Department, University of El Manar 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
Tel: (216) 71781600 post 336  Fax: (216) 71881939
Email: ran.mej@gmail.com

University of Sciences of Bizerte, Department of Biology, University of Tunis, Carthage, Jarzouna 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia
Tél: (216) 72590906  Fax: (216) 72590566
Email: domiamenif@yahoo.fr
(3) University of Letters and Human Sciences of Sousse, Department of Geography,Erriyadh City 4029, Tunisia
Tel: (216) 73301800/73301900  Fax: (216) 73301903
Email: boujarra@yahoo.fr
(4)   Email: tarekhajji@yahoo.fr
(5)   Email: kalthoum.benhassine@fst.rnu.tn.

Abstract

Tunisian Sahel coasts are considered, since a long time, as a choice destination for local and foreign tourism. In order to estimate the impact of this human intrusion, we started a study of the geomorphological evolution of the northern Sahel shoreline. We’ve also analysed some aspects of the ecology of the benthic coastal biocenoses of some rocky substratum of the considered coast. Two stations were studied; the first one was located in the natural rocky coast of Hergla, which is slightly affected by human action. The second station lies in the coast of Sousse and more precisely in the southern spurs of El Kantaoui bay and in the artificial ripraps which are adjacent to it. The anthropic impact is very pronounced.



The study period lasted from august 2003 until august 2004 with a sampling rhythm of a campaign per season. Moreover, we started an additional sampling in July 2004 so that we can explore deeper zones, thanks to submarine diving, in the offshore in front of the prospected areas. One last inspection was done in August 2004, in order to gather GPS data. That is essential to work out the layouts of line of coast.

 

The sampling minimum area is 0, 25 m². This work allowed us to study some synthetic parameters describing the Specific Richness (S), the Shannon Index (H’) and the Equitability Index (E). These parameters allow us to the structure of the population and to inform us about the status of the environment.

 

In the end of this study, we have collected and 138 animal species belonging to the majority zoological taxa. The quantitative study that we have realized conducted us to conclude that the rocky platform of Hergla is characterized by a myriad of populations, that are rather in a stations of equilibrium (E variations are included from 0,7 recorded in autumn to 0,78 recorded in winter). The presences of sentinel species of pure or slightly polluted water confirm that the environment is quite preserved. For the southern spurs of El Kantaoui Bay and in the artificial ripraps which are adjacent for him, many signs of pollution and eutrophation can be observed. They are confirmed by the structure of populations that are slightly diversified and witness a status of disequilibrium (E varies from 0,5 recorded in summer and 0,74 recorded in winter) but also confirmed by the existence of sentinel species indicating organic pollution.

 

The layouts of coast carried out come to consolidate the biological results. This way in the cliff of Hergla, the general tendency is with stability. Only changes ordered by the seasonal variations can be recorded. As for El Kantaoui coast, we have distinguished dangerous signs of erosion found essentially after ward the tourist bay, which is considered a highly anthropised and polluted zone.

 


On the Recent Occurrences of Marine Exotic Species in the Tunisian Waters

J. Ben Souissi (1), N. Trigui El Menif (2), M. S. Mahjoub (1),
H. Méjri(1), J.P. Quignard(3), C. Capapé(3) and J. Zaouali (4)


(1) Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, cité Mahrajène 1082, Tunis Tunisie
Tel: (216) 71287110  Fax: (216) 71799391

Email: bensouissi.jamila@inat.agrinet.tn
(2) Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Laboratoire de Bio-surveillance de l’Environnement, Zarzouna, 7000 Bizerte, Tunisie Tel: (216) 72591906  Fax: (216) 72590566
Email: elmunif2004@yahoo.fr
(3) Laboratoire d’Ichtyologie, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
Tel: (33) 467544162  Fax: (33) 467143031
Email: capape@univ-montp2.fr  Email: quignard@univ-montp2.fr       
(4) 14 rue Virgile, Salammbô, 2025,Tunisie
Tel: (216) 71732852  Fax: (216) 71799391
Email: jeanne.zaouali@planet.tn

Abstract

Since 2000, thirteen exotic species, seven vertebrates and six invertebrates, were recorded in Tunisian waters. Eleven were from Red Sea (Indo-Pacific): one chondrichthyan Rhinobatos halavi, five teleost fishes Saurida undosquamis, Hemiramphus far, Atherinomorus lacunosus, Scomberomorus commerson, Upeneus pori, two Molluscs Bivalves Musculista senhousia, Ruditapes phillipinarum, and three Molluscs Gasteropods Erosaria turdus, Cerithium scabridum and Discodoris lilacina. Two allochtonous species were from eastern tropical Atlantic, one teleost Cheilopogon furcatus and one Crustacean Sphaeroma venustissimum. An annotated list of these species is presented in this paper.

 


Resource Ratios and Phytoplankton
in the Marine Lake Vlaška (NE Mediterranean)

Marina Carić(1) and Nenad Jasprica(1,2)

 Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Laboratory of Plankton Ecology,
HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia

Tel: (385) 20323484  Fax: (385) 20323872
Email: caric@labdu.izor.hr
Email: jasprica@labdu.izor.hr

Abstract

The marine Lake Vlaška (0.5 km2, max. depth 11 m) is part of the Neretva River estuary. In order to analyze hydrographic, chemical and biological parameters, monthly samplings were taken at the «Rogotin» station in the period from April 1999 to April 2000. Samplings were taken from the surface to the bottom at each meter depths. According to hydrodynamic conditions, the water column stratification was persisted throughout the year. A sharp halocline separated the water column into a brackish layer above the halocline, and a marine layer beneath it. The thermocline corresponded to the halocline due to the inflow of colder river water. The water column was well aerated up to depths of three meters throughout the year, while there was hypoxia or anoxia below eight meter depths. This paper compares the molar ratios of nutrients /Si:P,  TIN:P, Si:TIN, NO3:NH4, Si:IL (index of light), TIN:IL/ to phytoplankton abundance, both above and below the pycnocline.


The Distribution of the Plankton of the Black Sea

Daniela Petrova(1), Petya Ivanova(1),Violeta Velikova(1) and Veselina Mihneva(1)

(1)   Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
Tel: (359) 52632066  Fax: (359) 52632066
Email: danibelbg@yahoo.com

Abstract

Along the Bulgarian coast maximal concentrations of suspended matter are observed in spring and in the vicinity of river mouths, as well as in near shore zone (3 miles offshore), whereas towards the open sea particulate organic matter gradually decreased. Simultaneously, processes of antropogenic eutrophication and introduction of exotic species have a strong impact on the pelagic ecosystem in the Black sea. During the last decade great stock of comb-jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi in summer-autumn months has affected zooplankton production, leading to increased share of phytoplankton, microzooplankton  and bacteria concentration in early  90-s.

Under these settings, we aimed at linking between seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton, zooplankton and suspended matter in coastal and open-sea waters and evaluation of the Danube River influence of the Bulgarian Black Sea.

 

 

Phytoplankton Community in the Bay of Bourgas, Abiotic Ambience and Trends in Major Shifts

Radka Mavrodieva (1), Veselina Mihneva (2),
Georgiy Hiebaum (1) and Karamfilov Venzislav (1) 

(1)   Central Laboratory of General ecology, BAS, 1113 Sofia, 2 Y. Gagarin Str,
Tel: (35) 28705108    Fax: (35) 928705498
Email: rmavr@abv.bg; hiebaum@ecolab.bas.bg, vkaram@ecolab.bas.bg
(2)   Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture - Varna, Primorski blvd., 4,
P.O.Box 72     Tel/Fax: (35) 952632066   Email: vvmihneva@yahoo.com

Abstract

The Bay of Bourgas is the largest Bulgarian bay on the Western coast of the Black Sea (42◦ 30 N; 27◦27 E), situated to the South of Cape Emine. The system has a semi-enclosed water circulation (preliminary cyclonic) and relatively small river inflow into it (average flow about 0.2 x 109 m3 per year) through two large limans – Bourgas and Mandra Lakes. The Lakes and the Bay receive sewage and factory waste from the city of Bourgas, from the port of Bourgas and Bourgas Oil-Refinery, from ore-dressing and numerous resorts. A great amount of nutrients enter the basin and green-house gases go into the atmosphere due to the absence of biological treatment in many waste water treatment plants along the Bay, ecologically inefficient industrial technologies, lack of adequate policy and regulations in agriculture. Therefore, the Bay of Bourgas is famous as a “hot-spot” of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, permanently attracting the attention of scientists and experts in management.

 

Marine research in the Bourgas Bay dates back at least to 1953 and since the early 1980s the Bay has been monitored on a relatively regular basis. However, a few case-studies or overviews of investigations are available in the bibliography (Sukhanova et al., 1988; Vostokov et al., 1997; Atanasova, et al., 1995; Mee et al., 1998; 1999; Keondjian et al. 1990; Stoykov et al., 2001; Hiebaum, 1994; 2005). Especially insufficient is the published information about living communities in the Bay.



The present study is focused on characteristics of the phytoplankton community of the Bourgas Bay in a long-term aspect with respect to their alterations in parallel with the changing environment. Since 1995 decrease in algal biomass has been reported for other areas along the Bulgarian coast due to reduction in anthropogenic pressure (Moncheva et al., 2001) and similar tendency was observed in the Bay of Bourgas. Less expressed were the trends for chlorophyll_a and algal density. In 1999-2004 small-size diatoms, such as Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros socialis, Pseudonitzschia delicatissima and Nitzschia tennuirostris bloomed in densities comparable to the early 1990s. Besisdes, large size diatoms decreased their density and the algal community was often dominated in density by small flagellates or heterotrophic species.

 

Shifts in seasonal dynamics of algae, mass development of heterotrophic species in the community and the dominant type of primary producers were ultimate evidences for predomination of a “microbial loop” food chain in the Bay of Bourgas, which was confirmed by reported high densities of small-size mesozooplankton and jelly-plankton. The improvement of the ecological state of the Bay of Bourgas during the last years is still conditional since it functions in a mode of “low energy” ecosystem.    

 


The Marine Algae of Ayvalık (Aegean Sea, Turkey)

Ergun Taşkın(1) and Mehmet Öztürk(2)

Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Celal Bayar University
45140 Muradiye/Manisa, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2362412151 (405)  Fax: (90) 2362412158

(1) Email: etaskin74@yahoo.com
(2) Email: mmozturk@ttnet.net.tr


Abstract

This paper contains taxonomic studies on the red algae (Rhodophyceae), brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and green algae (Chlorophyceae) of the Ayvalik (Aegean Sea, Turkey). Sampling were done at the upper-infralittoral zone between March 2002 and August 2004. The material was collected with snorkeling and SCUBA, and specimens were preserved in 4% formaldehyde in sea water and deposited in the Department of Biology, Celal Bayar University. In this study, two species of Rhodophyceae are reported from the eastern Aegean Sea (Turkey) for the first time: Botryocladia madagascariensis Feldmann-Mazoyer (Rhodymeniales, Rhodymeniaceae) and Monosporus pedicellatus (Smith) Solier (Ceramiales, Ceramiaceae).

 


Seasonal Changes of Phytoplankton in Seaside Park Pond on
Kujyukurihama Coastal Line, Japan

Kazuhito Murakami(1), Toshio Ishii(2), Kazuo Taki(3)
and Hitomi Matsushima(4)

(1)  Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba
275-8588 Japan             Tel: (81) 474780455 Fax: (81) 474780474
Email: kaz_murakami@sky.it-chiba.ac.jp

(2) Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-8588 Japan           
Tel: (81) 474780604 Fax: (81) 474780604

Email: ishii.toshio@it-chiba.ac.jp
(3)   Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-8588 Japan           
Tel: (81) 474780452 Fax: (81) 474780474

Email: taki.kazuo@it-chiba.ac.jp
(4)  Nihon University, 1-8-14 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo101-0062 Japan
Tel: (81)302590673 Fax:(81)332590686

Email: hitomi@civil.cst.nihon-u.ac.jp

Abstract

This study was conducted to make clear the species composition of phytoplankton and its seasonal changes in seaside park pond, located in Kujyukurihama coastal line, one of the most famous coast in Japan, in a period from August 1999 to August 2004, and to obtain the basic informations which will be supplied for the environmental protection plan for the brackish water lakes and marshes. The results obtained can be concluded as follows; 1) The seasonal succession of dominant phytoplankton species was bacillariophyceae (spring), cyanophyceae (summer), bacillariophyceae (autumn), and bacillariophyceae (winter), 2) The water bloom forming phytoplankton in summer were Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena spiroides, 3) The dominant species were Auracoseir italica and Melosira varians, 4) This seaside park pond is clearly P-surplus condition, because of the rich supply of seawater from the Pacific Ocean, and 5) Cl- concentration in this pond was around 1/10 of seawater.

 

The Emiliania Huxley along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast

 Daniela Petrova and Violeta Velikova

Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Primorski 4, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
Tel: (359) 52632066   Fax: (359) 52632066 
Email: danibelbg@yahoo.com

Abstract

The blooms of Chrysophyceae are of special interest in the investigations of the phytoplankton associations because of the fact that a great number of their representatives are species with expressed toxicity. Also being an extremely small – sizes cells they are characterized with a high speed of reproduction and since the beginning of the 1980 their more and more intensive development in the Black sea ecosystem has been discussed together with the increase in their species variety and the enlargement in the area and so on.

In Bulgarian waters, for instance the species called Emiliania huxleyi (EHUX) could be discovered as a dominant one predominantly in the open waters and more seldom in the bay aquatories while in 1994-2002  It was also largely distributed in the bay (considerably less in the lakes) ecosystems from May to October.

 


Allelopathic Effect Shown by Seawater from Sargassum Horneri Bed
on the Growth of Skeletonema Costatum

Fumihiko Takeda(1), Nobuo Chiba(2), Munehiro Nomura(3),
Kazunori Nakano(4) and Osamu Nishimura(5)

 Graduate School ofTohokuUniversity, Sendai, Japan
Tel: (81) 0227957473  Fax: (81) 0227957471
(1) Email: takeda@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
(2) Email: chiba@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
(3) Email: nomu@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
(4) Email: knakano@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
(5) Email: osamura@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract

The necessary condition for bioassay of allelopathic effect using microalgae was investigated. It was found that nutrient condition of the sample seawater did not affect the growth of microalgae for a certain time when the bioassay was conducted by using microalgae collected during stationary growth phase in preculture. This finding is useful for bioassay of allelopathic effect which needs to distinguish the growth inhibition by allelopathic effect from that by nutrient condition associated with the sample. Although the time for bioassay enabling to neglect the nutrient condition of the sample was different from microalgae species, such growth characteristics were confirmed for three kinds of microalgae, Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella antiqua. A bioassay of allelopathic effect was tested for seawater obtained from inside and outside of seaweed bed of Sargassum horneri at Matsushima bay in Japan using S. costatum. Although the growth of S. costatum was not inhibited by seawater from outside of the seaweed bed, a significant inhibition effect was observed for seawater from inside of the seaweed bed. Moreover, it was found that the growth inhibitory effect of seawater from inside of the seaweed bed was disappeared by heat treatment. Similar results were also obtained for culture supernatant of S. horneri. These results indicate the excretion of allelochemicals by S. horneri, which inhibits microalgal growth in aquatic environment.

 


Assessment of the Potential Success of Asparagopsis Taxiformis

Maria Monia Flagella(1), Maurizio Lorenti(2) and Maria Cristina Buia(3)

Benthic Ecology Laboratory, Stazione Zoologica ‘Anton Dohrn’, P.ta S. Pietro 80077 Ischia, Naples, Italy
Tel: (39) 081991410  Fax: (39) 081984201
(1)  Email: flagella@szn.it
(2)  Email: lorenti@szn.it
(3)  Email: mcbuia@szn.it

Abstract

Many studies have been addressed to the threat represented by invasive algal species. In particular, the highest number of introduced macrophytes were recorded in the last years in the Mediterranean, and for some of them an invasive pattern was recognized, such as those shown by Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea and Asparagopsis taxiformis. In the Gulf of Naples (Central Tyrrhenian Sea),  A. taxiformis,  first observed in 2001, formed conspicuous monospecific stands, from shallow to deep depths (0.5-30m).

 

In order to assess the potential success of this species, the algal response to the Mediterranean thermal regime was performed. Gamethophytic thalli (present in the field from autumn to late spring) were kept in culture for a month at 6 different temperatures between 10° and 30°C, under constant daylength and irradiance conditions. The growth rate and photosynthetic activity measured by PAM fluorescence were estimated.

 

The highest values of growth rates were recorded between 18° and 22°C (0.04±0.015 and 0.051±0.011 mg/day), while the lowest ones at the extreme temperatures (10°C, 0.017±0.01 mg/day; 30°C, 0.024±0.006 mg/day), even if no mortality occurred. Values of ETRmax  pointed out that stress occurred at 10°C (7.8±1.2 µmol electrons  m-2 s-1) in respect to a relative uniformity observed between 14° and 26° C; the maximum photosynthetic capacity was recorded at 30°C (32.5±9.9 µmol electrons m-2 s-1).

 

Results obtained show that A. taxiformis is characterized by a relative uniformity of photosynthetic properties in respect to the experimental thermal range, being only stressed at the lowest temperature. The respiration rate and the leaching of organic compounds could be responsible of the maximum value of ETRmax observed at 30°C. The species is well acclimated to the thermal local conditions which seem to favour an invasive pattern.

 


Comparison of some Cephalic Skulls between an Insulary and
a Lagunary Species of Atherina in Tunisia

Nawzet Bouriga(1), Souhir Hamrouni(1), Rafik Nouali(2), Eric Faure(3), Jean-Pierre Quignard(4), Fadhila Maamouri(1) and Monia Trabelsi(1)

(1) Laboratoire de Biologie et Parasitologie Aquatique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Campus Universitaire, Tunisie
Tel: (216) 71782600  Fax : (216) 71885480
Email: nawzetbouriga@yahoo.fr
Email: souhirhamrouni@yahoo.fr
Email: atherina2002@yahoo.fr
(2) Laboratoire d’analyse et  milieux, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisi
Email: rafiknouaili@yahoo.fr
(3) Laboratoire Systématique Evolutive, case 5, EA 2202 «Biodiversité», place Victor Hugo, Université de Provence, 13331 Marseille cedex 3, France
Email: e_faure@hotmail.com
(4) Laboratoire d’Ichthyologie, Université Montpellier II, place Eugène Bataillon, case 102, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
Email: quignard@univ-montp2.fr

Abstract

Cephalic osteology can be used as a discriminating criterion in the systematics of Atherina.

 

Crane bones have been isolated and compared; a lagunary species from the lagune of Bizerte:  Atherina laguna (Trabelsi et al., 2002a) and an insulary one from the Kerkena’s islands were considered.

 

Several differences have been noted concerning the forms and the proportions of the considered bones.

 

 

Comparison of Some Cephalic Bones’ Morphology in Atherinids:
Atherina Boyeri and Atherina Lagunae

Souhir Hamrouni(1), Nawzet Bouriga(1), Rafik Nouali(2), Eric Faure(3), Jean-Pierre Quignard(4), Fadhila Maamouri(1), and Monia Trabelsi(1)

(1)   Laboratoire de Biologie et Parasitologie Aquatique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Campus Universitaire, Tunisie
Tél: (216) 71782600  Fax: (216) 71885480
Email: souhirhamrouni@yahoo.fr, Email: nawzetbouriga@yahoo.fr
Email: atherina2002@yahoo.fr
(2)   Laboratoire d’analyse et  milieux, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisi
Email: rafiknouaili@yahoo.fr
(3)   Laboratoire Systématique Evolutive, case 5, EA 2202 «Biodiversité», place Victor Hugo, Université de Provence, 13331 Marseille cedex 3, France
Email: e_faure@hotmail.com
(4)   Laboratoire d’Ichthyologie, Université Montpellier II, place Eugène Bataillon, case 102, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
Email: quignard@univ-montp2.fr

Abstract

The analysis and comparison of some  cephalic skeletal elements from the ornomandibular region of the branchiocranium  of Atherina boyeri (Risso, 1810), a marine species from Mahres and Atherina lagunae (Trabelsi et al., 2002a) from the Lac Ichkeul in northern Tunisia showed pronounced differences that can be used as discriminant criteria between the two species considered.

 

The bones considered are: the maxilla, the premaxillary and the dentary. The comparison made revealaed big differences between Atherina boyeri (Risso, 1810) and Atherina lagunae (Trabelsi et al., 2002a), in fact the proportions and the forms of the cephalic skulls considered weren’t the same.

 

 

Comparison of Oromandibular Bones of A. boyeri and A. punctata

Chokri Meddeb(1), Eric Faure(2), Jean-Pierre Quignard(3), Fadhila Maamouri (1,4) and Monia Trabelsi(1,5)

(1)   Laboratoire de Biologie et Parasitologie aquatique.  Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Campus universitaire, Tunisia
Tel: (216) 71782600  Fax: (216) 71885480
Email: chokrimeddeb@yahoo.fr
(2)   Laboratoire Systématique Evolutive, case 5, EA 2202 «Biodiversité», place Victor Hugo, Université de Provence, 13331 Marseille cedex 3, France
Tél: (33) 491106333  Fax : (33) 491106353
Email: e_faure@hotmail.com
(3)   Laboratoire d’Ichthyologie, Université Montpellier II, place Eugène Bataillon, case 102, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
Tél: (33) 467796410
Email: quignard@univ-montp2.fr
(4)Laboratoire de Biologie et Parasitologie Aquatique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Campus Universitaire, Tunisia
Tel: (216) 71782600  Fax: (216) 71885480
(5)   Email: atherina2002@yahoo.fr

Abstract

The biometrical and genetics studies carried on the complex "Atherina boyeri" provided evidence the presence of two atherinids species living in sympatrie in the Mediterranean waters:  Atherina boyeri (Risso, 1810) and Atherina punctata (Trabelsi et al., 2002). The objective of this work is to compare the bones of the oromandibular region of the branchiocranium in order to analyze the differences that may exist in the two species.

 

The captures were carried in the sea of Hergla (East-coast of Tunisia).  For individuals with the same size, the bones of the right face of the oromandibular region of the branchiocranium were taken out then cleared. The observations and the osteological photos were made under binocular wen.

 

This analysis provided evidence the presence of considerable differences between A. boyeri and A. punctata at the level of the proportions and the shapes of the premaxilla, maxilla, dentary and anguloarticular.  These bones can be taken into consideration for an easy and comfortable discrimination of these two species.  The osteological results corroborate those already gotten by the biometrical and genetic studies.

 

 

Resistance of Bacillus Spores in Salt Crystals

Amel Dhiaf (1) and Amina Bakhrouf(2)

(1)   Laboratoire d’Analyse et de Contrôle des Polluants Chimiques et Microbiologiques. Ministère de la Recherche Scientifique et de la Technologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir 5000 Monastir Tunisie
Tel: (00216) 98560041.    Fax :( 00216) 73461000
Email: Hamadi.allaya@topnet.tn
(2)   Email: Aminafdhila@yahoo.fr

Abstract

Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sp, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis were starved by prolonged incubation (5 to 14 years) in seawater and in marine sediment microcosms.

 

During the starvation periods, water was progressively evaporated in different microcosms and salt crystals appeared.

 

The incubation of different samples in nutrient broth medium without suppliants, however, allowed germination of Bacillus spores. After 48-hours of incubation, biofilm was clearly visible on the upper surface of nutrient broth culture tube walls, the medium started to become trouble. From this medium, mucous colonies with irregular periphery appeared on plate nutrient agar.

 

Colonies obtained resisted at 100°C for four hours and resisted also at 140g/l of salinity. According to their incubation in nutrient broth, mucous colonies reversed into normal colonies, biochemical activities were also acquired.

 

We attempted to identify the strains used in this study, before and after starvation, by molecular analysis to confirm the identity of the cells. The results of DGGE and sequencing of 16S DNAr confirmed that the cells revived derived from the initial inoculums.

 


Adaptation of Vibrio Cholerae to Extreme Seawater Stress
Amel Dhiaf(1) and Amina Bakhrouf(2)

University of Monastir of Tunisia
(1)   Email: Hamadi.allaya@topnet.tn
(2)   Email: Aminafdhila@yahoo.fr

 

Abstract

We investigated in this study the fate of Vibrio cholerae strain when starved for long period (13 years) in seawater microcosms. We tried also to revivify the resistant cells in vitro and follow the phenotypic characters and look for the resistance to high temperature and salinity.

 

After 13 years of starvation, no colonies were observed in selective and non-selective media. After 48-hours nutrient broth incubation, biofilm was clearly visible on the upper surface of culture tube walls, the medium started to become trouble. From this medium, mucoid colonies with irregular periphery appeared on plate nutrient agar. After one month of incubation in nutrient broth, normal colonies with regular periphery were observed in association with the mucous colonies. After two months of nutrient broth incubation, stressed cells acquired the ability of growing in TCBS medium. The colonies obtained in TCBS medium were rough colonies.

 

After two months of nutrient broth incubation, stressed cells acquired the ability of growing in selective medium, colonies morphology and biochemical activities were also acquired.

 

Starved Vibrio cholerae resisted at 100°C for four hours resisted at 140g/l of salinity.

 


Ecological Diagnostics of Bottom Environment of Coastal Aquatoria

Sergey V. Alyomov  and Tatyana S. Osadchaya

The Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, 99011 Sevastopol, Ukraine
Tel: (38) 0692543456  Fax: (38) 0692557813
Email: msh@ibss.iuf.net

Abstract

The data on evaluation of bottom environment chemical and biological quality  with apply of widely used by western explorers the “Pollution Load Index” and “Biology Quality Index” are represented. An advantage of complex approach (on the base of chemical and biological data) to an evaluation of bottom environment ecological status of any coastal aquatoria is shown.

 

 

Ecosystem and Natural Resources Management in the Russian Sector
of the Caspian Sea Coastal Zone

Elena Ostrovskaya

Caspian Marine Scientific and Research Center, 414045 Astrakhan, Russia
Tel: (7) 8512303440  Fax: (7) 8512301163
Email: eostrovskaya@mail.ru

Abstract

Economic, social and environmental conditions of the Russian sector of the Caspian sea coastal zone including the Volga delta area are analysed in the paper as well as shortcomings of ecosystem and natural resources management are discussed. Environmental problems include threats to the area’s unique biodiversity, declines in commercial fish stocks, deterioration of environmental quality. In addition, the Caspian coastal zone is subjected to significant fluctuations of the sea level. Thus, the basic management task for the Caspian coastal zone is the adjustment of the coastal socio-economic complexes to environmental changes, and maintaining the uniqueness of the biodiversity and commercial importance of bioresources. This requires that adequate management of the coastal zone environment should be based on reliable monitoring data and development forecasts.

 

A Thermodynamic Approach to the Study of Beach Ecosystems

Paolo Vassallo(1), Ilaria Beiso, Mariapaola Moreno and Mauro Fabiano

 Department for the study of the territory and its resources, University of Genoa, Italy
Tel: (39) 010 3538069   Fax: (39) 010 353814
(1) Email: vassallo@fisica.unige.it

Abstract

An ecological thermodynamic analysis of different beaches in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea has been performed by detecting the spatial and temporal variations of exergy and specific exergy. The calculation of these indicators has been performed for the microbenthic loop that represents a major sub-system within the beach food chain. In all the considered beaches exergy and specific exergy increases are related to increase in sediment depth showing a preferential migration of the complex and mobile organisms through the sediment column by reaching more protected and stable substratum. Along the emerged-submerged gradient both indicators showed that the greatest quantity and complexity of organisms was always detected in the swash zone station confirming the importance of the swash zone as a transitional area between land and sea characterized by high diversity and complexity of the trophic network. The temporal variations of exergy and specific exergy showed that in the tourist exploited beaches decrease in complexity of the trophic network is detectable during the summer period when the anthropic pressure is the greatest ever.

 

Exergy and specific exergy resulted good indicators of beach ecosystem health displaying good sensibility for spatial and temporal variations and for increases in external pressure as the tourist or more generally anthropic disturbances.

 

Change of the Waterbird Community Foraging in the Comacchio Lagoon (N Adriatic)

Paolo Boldreghini(1) and Alessandro Dall’Alpi(2)

 

DiSA, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
Via S. Giacomo, 9, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
Tel +39 0512094224 Fax +39 051251936

(1)  E-mail: pboldreghini@disa.unibo.it
(2)  E-mail: adallalpi@disa.unibo.it

Abstract

The Comacchio Lagoon is a wetland complex remaining after the reclamation of a large area for agriculture purposes. It has been managed during last centuries for fishing and extensive rearing of euryhaline fish and salt extraction. Now it covers some 120 km2 and it consists of four main major districts. In two of these (composed of 18 sectors) we have studied the change of the abundance and of the trophic structure of the waterbird community occurred between 1996-1999 and 2002-2003, employing the following 15 guilds: Swimming ichthyophagous, Wading ichthyophagous, Flying ichthyophagous, Omnivores, Swimming invertebratophagous, Flying invertebratophagous, Probers, Peckers, Scythers, Malacophagous, Predators of ground animals, Raptors, Dabbling phytophagous, Diving poliphagous and Dabbling poliphagous taking into account their abundance both by number and biomass.

 

The abundance of the entire community has dropped by more than 50%. All the significantly varied guilds dropped their abundance (Swimming ichthyophagous, Swimming invetebratophagous, Diving poliphagous and Dabbling poliphagous) except two, only one of which quite abundant (Scythers), which have significantly increased, at least in one district.

 

 

VOLUME II


Marine Trade & Transportation

 

The Situation of the European Union in the Developing Perspective of the Turkish Maritime Transportation

Serap İncaz(1) and Ahmet Dursun Alkan(2)

(1)   İstanbulUniversity, İstanbul, Turkey
      Assistant Prof. Dr., Department of Maritime Transport and Management
      Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
      Tel: (90) 2124737070 Ext.17630  
      Email: serapincaz@yahoo.com
(2)  YıldızTechnicalUniversity, Faculty of Mechanics, Prof.Dr., Department of Naval Architecture, 34349 Beşiktaş, İstanbul, Turkey
      Tel: (90) 2122597070 Ext.2459 Email: alkanad@yildiz.edu.tr

 Abstract
           
It is known that 90% of the world trade is realized by maritime transportation. As a result, the maritime transportation is not only included in national borders, but also it covers the international trade characteristics. In this reason, the agreements between the states are generally takes place in maritime transportation. Due to the economical and social structure of the Union, and depends on the importance of the common transportation policy to provide the development of other sectors. In reality, transportation sector has an important situation in the economical life of the Union. When the transportation in the Union is taken care, it can be seen that the one third of overall transportation is realized by maritime and inner water ways. In today, the study of association between Turkey and the EU which is the biggest economical and political power of the world has been begun at 12 September 1963.  When the enforcement of the Custom Union Agreement between Turkey and the EU at 1 January 1996, the integration of the legislation is increased in all sector. The studies of the integration of maritime sector continue as all the other sectors in Turkey.  

 

The subjects dealt with in this study are as follows: Common transportation policy of the European Union, general maritime policies of the EU, The position of the Turkish maritime transportation among the trade fleets of the European Union countries, general conditions of Turkish maritime transportation sector during the process of integration to the European Union. The final part of the paper includes conclusion and proposals to improve Turkish maritime transportation related with the European Union.

 

Importance of Logistics and Maritime Trade for Turkey during Globalization

Serap İncaz(1) and Güler Bilen Alkan(2)

(1)  İstanbulUniversity, İstanbul, Turkey
      Assistant Prof.Dr., Department of Maritime Transport and Management
      Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
      Tel: (90) 212 4737070 Ext.17630  
      Email: serapincaz@yahoo.com
(2) İstanbulUniversity, İstanbul, Turkey
      Associate Prof.Dr., Department of Maritime Transport and Management
       Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
      Tel: (90) 212 4737070 Ext.17534  

Abstract
           
Transportation is the center of the progress for the developing countries. Transportation is a key sector for international trade, for regional integration and for ensuring a balanced national development while globalization. Transportation and especially maritime transportation provides physical access to market places for the international and national economy. The lack of efficiency in such trade-related services as customs, transportation, banking and insurance, telecommunications or business information for developing logistics and maritime trade for national economy is a major impediment to the integration of countries with each other in the world economy.

 

The development of the logistics companies are compelled to reinforce their internal organizations and structures in response to the new industrial environment which is characterized by the global environment. Many companies constructing international production and logistics network to find the best supply condition of resources like technology, infrastructure, raw materials, tax, market access, and ext. In the global trade, the success of a company is depending on having an efficient logistics system in globalization.



The recent developments in the globalization of production of goods and services in the field of maritime transportation and in the management of logistics are having a considerable impact not only on developed countries but also on Turkey which is one of the developing countries in transition. Turkey in transition should learn from this experience and apply logistics tools to transportation sectors, especially their national maritime transportation. This paper defines the basic elements of logistics and explains how logistics contributes to the creation of the value in a national economy of Turkey as a developing country. It also describes conditions of Turkey’s maritime sector during the globalization in the field of logistics. The final part of the paper develops conclusion and proposals to improve logistics services related with maritime transportation of Turkey in course of globalization.

 

 

Planning of Seaports in Marmara Region

E.Gül Emecen(1),  Sadettin Özen(1,2)  and  Gökhan Kara (1,3)

(1)Istanbul University ,34320  Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2124737070  Fax: (90) 2124737292
Email: emeceng@istanbul.edu.tr
(2)Email: saozen@istanbul.edu.tr
(3)Email: karagok@istanbul.edu.tr

Abstract

Demand increase and fluctuations cause the port congestion problems and hence increase in ships’ port time at the ports.  In this study it is the aim to determine strategic planning which will help solving the problems.  For this purpose, multi-channel queuing model is applied seaports of Marmara region and queue lengths, average waiting time, ships’ port time are calculated. Problems and their relevant solutions are taken up as short-term, middle-term and long-term ones.  Solution and proposals aim planning the optimization of port running costs to be minimal in connection with waiting cost for ships and the units onboard.   

 

Effects of the South-Eastern Anatolia Project on the Ports of Turkey in the Mediterranean Region

Serap İncaz

İstanbulUniversity, İstanbul, Turkey
Assistant Prof.Dr., Department of Maritime Transport and Management
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Tel: (90) 2124737070-17630  
Email: serapincaz@yahoo.com

Abstract

South–Eastern Anatolia is the least developed region of Turkey due to the social and economical negligence. Turkey implements important programs and investments in order to develop the region and to improve social life level, and sustains the South-Eastern Anatolia Project which will have significant effects on regional countries within the economical development strategy. There will be significant changes and improvements on socio-economical indicators with the completion of the South-Eastern Anatolia Project. Agricultural production will be increased and the relevant industrial sectors will be developed and changed depending on this project. South-Eastern Anatolia Project creates huge potential supply in the region. In Turkey where the country is surrounded with three seas, the use of maritime transportation for this potential supply creates significant benefits for the country and the region. Because, the maritime transportation, it has significant advantages with the possibility to transport huge volumes with reasonable costs, comparing with other transportation types. With this point of view, we can that the maritime transportation must be always considered when we determine domestic and international transportation plans for this potential supply created.  

As the result, this study covers the following subjects:
- Review of ports of Turkey in Mediterranean region.
- To determine existing capacity of main ports of Turkey in Mediterranean region.
- To compare existing capacity of these region ports with the demand for maritime transportation this is created by South-Eastern Anatolia Project.
- The final part of the paper includes conclusion and proposals to improve Turkish Mediterranean ports related with South–Eastern Anatolia Project

 

 

The Feasibility Study of Deep-Water Port Extension Project in the Port of Kaohsiung

Shih-Duenn Kuo

Chief Engineer, KaohsiungHarbor Bureau
62, Lin-Hai 2nd Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
Tel: (886) 75622405    Fax: (886) 75322182
Email:P20249@mail.khb.gov.tw


Abstract

The Port of Kaohsiung is the largest international sea port in Taiwan, R.O.C. and one of the largest container ports in the world. Strategically located in the shipping hub route of European and North-American trade, the year of 2004’s container volume of 9.74 million TEUs has ranked the Port of Kaohsiung the 6th largest container port in the world, just behind Hong-Kong, Singapore, Shanghai, Shenchen, and Pusan.

To meet the fast growth of container traffic in Asia-Pacific region and port itself, and the ultra-large container ship (ULCS) development as well, the port of Kaohsiung has mapped out a blueprint to develop the so called Deep-Water Port Extension Project to accommodate the ULCS of 15,000 TEU.

 

 

Regulations Needed for NOx Emissions
from Ships in Turkish Ports

 E. Gül Emecen

Istanbul University, 34320  Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2124737070  Fax: (90) 2124737292
Email: emeceng@istanbul.edu.tr

Abstract

Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions from ships were put at around 5 million tons per year.  These emissions cause or add to regional problems including the environment and health problems in local areas such as ports.  There are various international and national regulations and rules to reduce NOx emissions from shipping.  In this study, health and environmental impacts of NOx, existing rules and regulations about NOx from ships and EU strategy to reduce NOx emission from ships are examined.  In this matter existing state in Turkey and regulations needed in our ports and coastal areas for NOx emission to reduce are investigated.


Coastal Water Quality Protection & Management

 

Science and Policy Integration: Ecological Classification of Mediterranean Coastal Waters

Gianna Casazza(1), Cecilia Lopez y Royo(1,2),
Emanuela Spada(1,3) and Cecilia Silvestri(1,4)

(1)  APAT, Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services, Via
      Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy
      Tel: (39) 0650072838  Fax: (39) 0650072221
      Email: gianna.casazza@apat.it
(2)   Email: cecilia.lopezyroyo@apat.it
(3)   Email: emanuela.spada@apat.it
(4)   Email: cecilia.silvestri@apat.it

Abstract

Studies and research on coastal waters ecosystems, analyzing their biological communities have been carried on for years in most Mediterranean countries. They provide a consistent amount of data that are available, at the moment, for the application of the recent European Water Directive to Mediterranean coastal waters. The Directive, in fact, requires analysis of Biological Quality Elements (BQE) for an ecological classification of aquatic ecosystems. In this paper an updated overview of the implementation of the Directive within the Mediterranean ecoregion is discussed, focusing on the classification systems proposed or under study, for the different BQE required by the Directive. The most relevant needs in terms of data and research implementation are also reported.

 

Towards Application of an Integrated Ecosystem Approach for Protecting European Waters

Alara İstemil

LiverpoolJohnMooresUniversity, Henry Cotton Campus 15-21 Webster Street, Liverpool, L3 3ET, UK
Email: istemil@yahoo.com

Abstract

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro between 3-14 June 1992, is considered a breakthrough for the future orientation of environmental policy at the global, regional and national levels. The major output of the Conference, Agenda 21, described actions covering a series of new approaches to be undertaken by governments and international organizations for achieving sustainable development. One of the innovative approach described in the Agenda 21 is the application of an integrated ecosystem approach for protecting all water bodies in the world, for which governments as well as international organizations at all levels are called to take action. Since the Conference, the European Union has been trying to adapt the integrated ecosystem approach to all waters of Europe. This study argues that the adaptation within the European Union is an on-going process, which is taking place in two stages. The first stage has recently been put in place with the adoption of the Water Framework Directive, in 2001, for integrated management of all European waters, including surface and ground waters. The second stage, which is to complement the first, is on the verge of beginning, following the adoption of European Marine Strategy together with the Marine Framework Directive, in 2005, for integrated management of European marine waters.

 

 

Delineation of Surface Water Bodies in Slovene Coastal Area

Monika Peterlin(1) and Aleš Bizjak(1,2)

(1) Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia, 10000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Tel: (386) 14775337   Fax: (386)14775343
Email: monika.peterlin@guest.arnes.si
(2) Email: ales.bizjak@guest.arnes.si

Abstract

The EU Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC, WFD) provides national and local authorities with a legislative basis for protecting water bodies, their achievement of both, good ecological and chemical status and for promoting sustainable use of water by 2015. The operational platform for the WFD includes management based on water bodies delineation. Article presents an overview of steps taken in Slovenia since the adoption of Slovene Water Act (2002) with the aim of delineation of water bodies in Slovene coastal zone. Delineation takes account of the typology of the different water bodies and of the results of a basic impacts and pressures analysis of these water bodies. Existing monitoring data, historic data and data collected in research studies performed in the area were used for the first proposal of water bodies delineation.

 

In the process of delineation, rivers with a catchment area above 100 km2 and corresponding wetlands, all natural and artificial lakes with a surface above 0.5 km2, transitional waters and coastal waters have been analysed. In this way, 144 Surface Water Bodies (SWB) on 76 rivers, 3 SWB on 3 natural lakes, 3 SWB of transitional waters and 5 SWB of coastal waters have been delineated.

 


Pollution

 

An Ecosystem Approach to Contamination of the Lagoon of Venice (Italy)

Martina Bocci(1), Andrea Barbanti(1), Chiara Castellani(1),
Roberta Carafa(2), Sebastiano Carrer(3) and Laura Montobbio(4)

(1)  Thetis S.p.A, Castello 2737/f – 30122 Venice - Italy
      Tel: (39) 041 2406111   Fax: (39) 041 5210292
      Email: martina.bocci@thetis.it
      Email: andrea.barbanti@thetis.it, chiara.castellani@thetis.it
(2)  European Commission – DG Joint Research Centre
      Institute for Environm. and Sustainability - Inland and marine Waters Unit
      TP 272 – I-21020 Ispra (VA) - Italy
      Tel:  (39) 0332 786649   Fax: (39) 0332 789328  Email: roberta.carafa@jrc.it
(3) San Polo 1266 – 30125 Venice - Italy
      Tel:  (39) 041 794370 Email: sebastiano.carrer@magisacque.it
(4) Consorzio Venezia Nuova – Environmental Engineering Department
      Campo S. Stefano – San Marco 2803 – 30124 Venice - Italy
      Tel:  (39) 041 2753705 Fax: (39) 041 5289252 
      Email: laura.montobbio@consorziovenezianuova.com 

Abstract

This study focuses on mobility and partitioning of organic and inorganic micropollutants in the Lagoon of Venice and on their transfer to organisms through the trophic webs. An ecotoxicological model for the estimation of contaminants’ concentrations in waters and organisms was set up; as part of the ecotoxicological model, several applications of steady state models of typical lagoon trophic networks were realized. To build up such models and to improve the understanding of processes concerning contamination, experimental studies on mobility, bioavailability and partitioning of contaminants were carried out.

Results generally showed a low mobility of contaminants associated with sediments. Trophic networks showed no evidences of control by sediment / waters contamination levels. Simulations of contaminants concentrations in waters and organisms were obtained by the ecotoxicological model. These results were used within a risk assessment framework for aquatic life and human health. As a result of such an analysis, no risk for aquatic life due to micropollutants concentrations in waters was estimated. Instead, the results of application of US-EPA procedure for human health risk assessment suggest a general attention to the possible risk for human health caused by ingestion of seafood from the Lagoon; this is true only for a scenario of very high consumption (representative of a very minor percentage of the population), and only for arsenic, mercury and PCB.

 

 

Innovative Monitoring of Turbidity
due to Dredging Activities

Andrea Barbanti(1), Roberto Chiarlo(1), Paola Fornasiero(1),
Massimo Gabellini(2), Paola La Valle(2) and Luisa Nicoletti(2)

(1) Thetis S.p.A., Castello 2737/f, 30122 Venice, Italy
Tel. (39) 041 2406111, Fax (39) 041 5210292
Email: andrea.barbanti@thetis.it
Email: roberto.chiarlo@thetis.it
Email: paola.fornasiero@thetis.it
(2)  I.C.R.A.M., via di Casalotti 300, 00166 Rome, Italy
Tel: (39) 06 61570426, Fax: (39) 06 61561906,
Email: m.gabellini@icram.org
Email: p.lavalle@icram.org
Email:l.nicoletti@icram.org

Abstract

The manuscript presents the methodology and the results of the monitoring of suspended sediment release due to dredging activity for beach nourishment in the area off Montalto di Castro (Latium, Italy), as part of a more extensive monitoring plan involving water, sediment and biota. The suspended solid plume released during dredging activities was measured and tracked by means of a vessel-mounted ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler); the ADCP acoustic backscatter was processed and converted into concentration of suspended solids through a dedicated software (SEDIVIEW©), following calibration with CTD and OBS profiles and suspended solids gravimetric determination. The measurement strategy was designed in order to allow the investigation of the plume through its: i) intensity and extension; ii) variability in time and persistence; iii) direction of dispersion; iv) impact on local high value areas (Posidonia oceanica meadows).



The results show that the turbidity perturbation is of small size, involves a limited portion of the water column and a distance of about 2 Km from the dredging site. The direction of dispersion varies in the period of observation from NE-SW to SW-NE, but the plume never reaches the areas with P. oceanica meadow. The methodology used in this study proved to be effective in environmental impact studies related to dredging activities for beach nourishment for its capability to provide real time, continuous, high resolution and highly adaptive measurements of turbidity plumes.

 

 

Estuarine Wastewater Draining into Riccione (I) Coast and
Thermoaline Set due to Along-Shore Sand Bar

Maurizio Luca Mancini

D.I.S.T.A.R.T. Dipartimento di Ingegneria delle Strutture, dei Trasporti, delle Acque, del Rilevamento e del Territorio, Facoltà di Ingegneria - Università di Bologna, Via Risorgimento, 20136-Bologna, Italy
Tel. (39) 512093752  Fax: (39) 516448346
Email: maurizio.mancini@unibo.it

Abstract

Water quality of seawater in coastal small deep areas is strongly conditioned by wastewater discharging systems from coastal Waste Water Treatment Plants. Treated and untreated effluents outfall into transition volumes that provide to discharge into sea according with unsteady tidal flow regulated by sea outlet of channels (Bragadin and Mancini, 2000). Harbour chan-nels, presenting water depth in outlet not less than 3-4 m, guarantee a good thermoaline turbulent mixing for whole water column that feels sanitising effect by salinity and pH on microbial contamination. In case of little estuaries with higher ground slope, recei-ving sea water by tidal oscillations within a few hundred meters from coastal line, ther-moaline assessment and mass transport profiles into coastal sea are strongly conditioned by along-shore sand bars. So hydraulic flow, for high flowrate coming from WWTP and low pulmonary available volumes, is prevalently directed to sea where delivers continu-ously freshwater in surface.

 

The present work describes and compares thermoaline conditions and mass tran-sport during two measurements campaigns (summer and winter) in different tidal confi-gurations.The research is carried out by a multiparametric probe into transition estuary of Marano River (RN), near sea outlet, receiving residual organic loading from muni-cipal wastewater treatment plant of Riccione (200.000 AE summer - 50.000 AE winter).

 

The behaviour of vertical profiles of parameters gives account of the confine-ment into an upflowing surface layer of main part of freshwater discharge. Data permit a calibration of existing mathematical models in summer and winter dry weather conditions. In function of morphology, tide and currents, it has been modelled, along estuarine transition unsteady flow, the behaviour of velocity, Reynolds n., salinity, dissolved oxygen, ORP, pH, P-PO4, N-NH4, N-NO3.

 

 

Immobilisation of Metal Wastes by Reaction with H2S in Anoxic Basins:
Concept and Elaboration

R.D. Schuiling

Institute of Earth Sciences Utrecht University, PO Box 80021
3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
Tel: (0031) 32535006  Fax: (0031)   302535030
Email: schuiling@geo.uu.nl

Abstract

Metal wastes are produced in large quantities by a number of industries. Their disposal in isolated waste deposits is certain to cause many subsequent problems, because the sealing of disposal sites usually starts to leak, often within a short time after the disposal site has been filled. The contained heavy metals are leached from the disposal site and will contaminate the soil and the groundwater. It is evident that storage as metal sulfides in an anoxic environment is the safest way to handle metal wastes. It is proposed to use the world’s largest anoxic basin, the Black Sea, as a georeactor, in which the metal wastes are transformed sustainably into harmless and immobile solids, which are incorporated in the lifeless bottom muds, where they are stored for many millions of years.

 

 

Toxicity Evaluation in Marmara Shoreline: Impact of
Oil Spill from Volgoneft-248

İlhan Talınlı(1), Ceren Tosun(1,2) and Egemen Aydın(1,3)

(1) İ.T.Ü. İnşaat Fakültesi Çevre Müh. Bölümü, 34469 İstanbul, Turkey
     Tel: (90) 2122856546  Faks: (90) 2122856587
     Email: italinli@ins.itu.edu.tr
(2) Email: cerentosun@gmail.com
(3) Email: aydine@itu.edu.tr

Abstract

Assessment of environmental damage is variable according to natural attenuation in addition to the sort of removal operations such as, recovery of oil from sea surface by barriers, clean-up procedure for sunken oil in benthic area or oil removal from sand and concrete structure. However, quantitative determination of the environmental permanent damage is very difficult considering the cost of these removal operations. In this study, the pollution profile in Marmara shoreline caused by spill of 1578 tones of heavy fuel oil from the Volgoneft-248 was assessed in toxicity base. Toxic effect of heavy fuel was investigated in sea surface, sediment and beach sand as a heavy pollution of shoreline. An oil pollution scenario was manipulated in lab scale for the accident moment and period of clean-up operations. Toxic effects were assessed with BioToxTMtoxicity test using Vibrio fischeri and expressed as Toxicity Unit (TU) defined as 100/EC50. Extracts from sediment and solid samples were obtained with both Toxicity Characterization Leaching Procedure (TCLP) by Zero Headspace Extractor (ZHE) and Basic Solid Phase Test (BSPT). EC50 values for samples of 2005 were all bigger than 100% in the 100% test. Significant differences between TU values of first 14 days and after clean-up operations represent different toxic impacts on the shoreline and these impacts can be used to establish a factor to calculate a compensation for environmental damage.

 

 

Influence of Substratum and Temperature on the Processes of
Oil Transformation by Bacteria in the Sea

 

Svetlana Rubtsova

Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas NASU, 99011 Sevastopol, Ukraine
Tel: (38) 0692544110   Fax: (38) 0692557813
Email: rubtsova@ibss.iuf.net

Abstract

Influence of temperature and overall quantity of oil on processes of oil transformation by bacteria in the sea environment was investigated in the given work (the Sevastopol coast of the Black Sea). The analysis of dependences between number of oil-oxidizing bacteria temperature and overall oil quantity in the sea water and bottom sediments was made.

 

 

Association of P with Sediments of a Nile Delta Bay

 Osman El-Rayis (1), Mohammed El-Sabrouti (1),
Mahmoud Abdelmoneim (2) and Hayat Faragallah (2)

(1)   Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Moharrem Bek 21511,
Alexandria, Egypt
Tel: (03) 4258345  Fax: (03) 3911793  
Email: elrayis@yahoo.com
(2) National Institute of Oceanography,Kayet Bey, Alexandria, Egypt
Email: niof@hotmail.com

Abstract

Abu-Kir Bay, west of the Nile Delta, is a bay lies on the south Levant basin of the Mediterranean Sea. The bay daily receives continuous discharges from three land based sources mainly agricultural drainage waters. But one of them called Tabia Drain is contaminated with industrial effluents. In the present work downstream and offshore short core sediment samples from the area in front of the polluted drain outlet besides other inshore ones parallel to the coastline of the bay were collected. These were sub-sectioned and subjected to determination of their total-P (TP) and for the association of PO4 with four different sedimentary associations using Aspila et al.'s and de Lange's methods respectively. The results, generally, showed the fraction associated with apatite mineral is dominant (it constitutes > 70 % of the TP) implying that it is the main storage of PO4. While exchangeable and associated with CaCO3 besides porewater PO4 fraction is the least (< 5 %). Also the sapropetic sediments at the downstream part of the polluted drain contained the highest concentrations of P, in general, besides mobilization of PO4 from the subsurface sediments and accumulation at the top, mostly as vivianite. The surface enrichment with P was also noticed for most of oxic sediments of the bay. All these refer to insignificant role of the subsurface sediments in this Mediterranean bay as a contributor for PO4 to the overlying waters. This fact may be extended too to other Mediterranean Sea sediments and could be one of the reasons responsible for the poverty of the waters of this important sea with P.

 

 

Correlation between the Heavy Metal Levels in SPM and Some Parameters of the Waters of Iskenderun Bay

Aysun Türkmen(1), Mustafa Türkmen(2), Mehmet Naz(2)
and Ekrem Mutlu(2)

(1)   The Quality Control Laboratory of Hatay, 31040 Antakya, Hatay, Turkey Tel: (90) 3262162773  Fax: (90) 3262455817
Email:aturkmen72@hotmail.com
(2)MustafaKemalUniversity, Faculty of Fisheries, 31040 Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
Tel: (90) 3262455815  Fax: (90) 3262455817

Email: mturkmen65@hotmail.com
Email: mnaz@mku.edu.tr
Email: ekremmutlu_4@hotmail.com

Abstract

In this study carried out from August 2001 to July 2002 in İskenderun Bay was investigated relationships between the water temperature, pH, salinity and oxygen and, the heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Cr, Al, Mn, Ni) in the suspended particulate material (SPM) in the waters of the bay. Significant effect (negative and positive correlation) were observed between the heavy metal concentrations in the SPM and, temperature, salinity, pH and oxygen concentrations (p<0.05,p<0,01).

 


Waste Management

 

Environmental Scan Analysis for Development of Waste Management Strategies: Kusadasi Example

Deniz Dolgen(1), M. Necdet Alpaslan(2),
Lutfu Kipkip(1,3) and Ayse G. Serifoglu (4)

(1)DokuzEylulUniversity, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Buca 35160, Izmir, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2324127139    Fax: (90) 2324531143
Email: deniz.dolgen@deu.edu.tr
(2)DokuzEylulUniversity, Center for Environmental Research and Development (CEVMER), Buca 35160, Izmir, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2324531008   Fax: 90 232 453 11 53
Email: necdet.alpaslan@deu.edu.tr
(3)   Email: lutfukipkip@yahoo.com.tr
(4)   KusadasiMunicipality, Environmental Health Laboratory, 09100 Kusadasi-Aydin/Turkey     Email: agserif@ixir.com

Abstract

The presented study aims to identify and analyze environmental problems ascertain the causes and propose remedial actions within Kusadasi Region which is one of the principal holiday resorts of Turkey. The SWOT model, derived from identifying the municipality's internal strengths and weaknesses and threats and opportunities of the external environment is used. Based on the SWOT analysis, strengths and weaknesses of Kusadasi in the field of water and wastewater management are identified, as well as the opportunities and threats that the community will face in the future. The SWOT analysis highlighted a number of problems in the Kusadasi area. Most of them (e.g. lack of municipal wastewater treatment plant, uncontrolled septic tank discharges, lack of municipal capacity to finance major infrastructure projects, etc.) are significant enough and should be considered in the environmental program of the Municipality. Improvement of the quality and quantity of water resources and preservation of the rich nature is confirmed as long term strategy of the municipality. To achieve these goals, an integrated environmental infrastructure project, named as KUSATAK, comprises water supply, completion of the sewer system, construction of the wastewater treatment plant, and solid waste management have to be realized immediately. EU financial tools are available in support of this goal, thus the Kusadasi Municipality have to be active to use these funds. Other finance models like BOT (Built-Operate and Transfer) or different foreign credits can also be used for the realization of the KUSATAK project by the Municipality.

 

 

The Regional Impacts of Effluents from Wastewater
 Treatment Plants along Antalya Bay

Özgür Bülent Yalçın(1) and Ayse Muhammetoglu(2)

(1) AkdenizUniversity, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, 07200 Antalya, Turkey,
      Email: obyalcin@akdeniz.edu.tr
(2)  AkdenizUniversity, Environmental Pollution & Control Program, 07059 Antalya, Turkey,
      Tel: (90) 242 3236890   Fax: (90) 242 3232362
      Email: aysemuh@akdeniz.edu.tr

Abstract

Antalya City is located along the Turkish Mediterranean coast, with a coast line of 640 km long which represents 6.3 % of Turkey’s total coastal length. The city is a center of attraction for tourism, agriculture and settlement because of its rich natural, archeological and cultural resources. Therefore, the city became one of the most preferred domestic immigration destinations in Turkey in recent years. As a consequence of high domestic immigration levels, the average population increase rate was extremely high and it was about 4.7% between 1990 and 2000. The present settled population is about one million capita. This population doubles in summer due to tourist influxes to the city. The residential areas along the coastal zone of Antalya are towns with less winter populations. However, the population of these towns rises during the summer months, which results in high water consumption and wastewater production. The domestic wastewater generated from the tourism centers located on the coastal regions of Antalya are collected and treated in central wastewater treatment plants. The applied technology includes conventional activated sludge and biological nutrient removal facilities. The effluent is discharged to the sea via sea outfalls. In this study, the existing treatment and disposal facilities, seawater quality and the interrelation with the Blue Flag awards along Antalya coast are discussed

 


Coastal Lagoons

 

El Meleh Coastal Lagoon, Tunisia: a Threatened Ecosystem?

Joelle Duplay(1), Rabia Ben Ahmed(1,2)
and Fadila Gueddari-Darragi(2)

(1)   Centre de Géochimie de la Surface, 67084 Strasbourg cédex, France
Tel: (33) 390240424  Fax: (33) 390240402
Email: jduplay@illite.u-strasbg.fr
(2)   Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 1060 Tunis, Tunisie
Tel:  (216)71872600 p.300  Fax: (216) 71885408
Email: rabia_ba@yahoo.fr
Email: fadila.gueddari@lycos.com

Abstract

The El Meleh lagoon is an exoreic lagoon located on the Tunis Gulf coast, near the town of Slimene. Only few studies have been made on El Meleh lagoon and this study aims to give an overview of the sediment mineralogy and geochemistry and the water chemistry.

 

The sediments have three types of sedimentary facies: sand; muddy sand; and mud depending on the marine or continental influence. The mineralogical analysis shows the presence of quartz, calcite, gypsum, halite, dolomite, feldspars and clay minerals with predominance of quartz on the coast, calcite on the eastern border and clay in the centre and western boarder. Clay minerals are composed of dominant kaolinite, and illite, and smaller amounts of smectite and chlorite.

 

The trace elements analyses in sediments point out high concentrations in Cr, Zn and V. In some sites they are near threshold values given for contaminated sediments.

 

Surface waters are chloride and sodium rich and have a high content in nutrient, especially in winter and mainly in the area where waters from the purification station are released but also near lands fertilized by phosphates. Trace elements contents in waters are lower than the threshold values accepted for protected zones but the more confined zones are highly enriched.

 

These studies show that the El Meleh ecosystem balance may be threatened and measures must be taken to avoid an increased contamination of water especially in nutrients.

 

 

Lagoon System Development in Al-Khiran Area - Kuwait

Faisal Al-Hulail

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O.Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait
Tel: (965) 4836100 ext. 5446  Fax: (965) 4815192
Email: fhulail@kisr.edu.kw

Abstract

A local company in Kuwait has started developing a lagoon system in order to build townships along the Kuwaiti coast. Seven locations within the project area have been selected to measure water levels and tidal currents. The field data campaigns have been divided to two stages, one before the lagoon opining, which is made in March 2004, and the other campaigns conducted after the lagoon opining, one reason for this is to see the change in water flow in the area duo to this new lagoon system.

 

This paper will provide a general discretion about the site development and the measurements locations data and instruments used for measurements will be described.

 

Comparing the current velocity before and after the lagoon system showed that there is no significant change in the velocities values, the main reason for that is the design features that have been made by the client, those are as follows:

  • The introduction of mangrove islands to train the flow to the northern side of the main channel and reduce the volume of water and current velocities in the system;
  • The construction of a dredged and reinforced channel at the entrance to the main channel to increase the cross section, which reduces current velocities and creates a stable channel entrance.

 


Beaches & Shoreline Management

 

An Effort toward Renaturalisation of Igea Marina Beach: Transformation of Six Barriers into One LCS

Mentino Preti(1), Alberto Lamberti(2), Luca Martinelli(2),
Carlo Albertazzi(3) and Sanzio Sammarini(4)

(1)   ARPA Emilia Romagna - Ingegneria Ambientale; V. vicolo Carega, 3, 40121, Bologna, Italy 
Tel: (39) 0512966310   Fax: (39) 0512966338
Email: mpreti@ia.arpa.emr.it
(2)   DISTART Idraulica, Bologna University
Email: luca.martinelli@mail.ing.unibo.it
(3)Regione Emilia Romagna, Servizio Pianificazione di Bacino e della Costa     Email: calbertazzi@regione.emilia-romagna.it
(4)Regione Emilia Romagna, Servizio tecnico bacini Conca e Marecchia
Email: ssammarini@regione.emilia-romagna.it

Abstract

The coast of Emilia Romagna Region (IT) is protected by 65 km of defense structures, 40 km of which are emerged detached barriers.

 

The degradation of the water and sediment quality behind old emerged structures has been such an hindrance to recreational activities, that Emilia Romagna Region, with the technical support of ARPA (Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione e Ambiente), started in 2003 an experimental program aiming at the environmental renaturalisation of Igea Marina beach, placed at the centre of a 20 km array of detached barriers.

 

The project consisted in the reduction of the crest freeboard of 6 adjacent detached barriers, the construction of two lateral partially submerged groins and a small nourishment; the design is described together with the main conclusions of a 2-year monitoring of water quality, sediment properties and beach morphology (3 aerial photographic surveys, 1 bathymetry before the works and 2 after the works).

 

Aim of the note is to document the behaviour of the adopted scheme.  The unexpected damages occurring to the groins induced by the storm of 7-8th Dec. 2003 are examined and the repairing works are briefly presented.

 

 

Beach Response to a Low-crested Breakwater Project at Marina di Pisa (I)

Serena Ferri(1), Enzo Pranzini(1) and Lilian Wetzel(1)

(1)  Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze,
      Borgo Albizi, 28 - 50122 Firenze, Italy
      Tel: (39) 0552479241  Fax: (39) 055)2479741
      Email: serena.ferri@geo.unifi.it;epranzini@unifi.it;lbwetzel@yahoo.com.br

Abstract

A 500-meter-long low-crested detached breakwater (-1 m), delimited by two partially submerged groins, was built between 1999 and 2001 south of Marina di Pisa (Tuscany, Italy), downcoast of an extremely protected sector, where structures can extend up to more than 2 km per each kilometer of coast. From 1999 to 2003 a beach monitoring project was carried out to evaluate the performance of this structure and its effects on the downdrift beaches. Bathymetric surveys were conducted in March 1999, April 2002, February 2003 and June 2003. Since the structure was built in two phases, its performance changed along the time of monitoring. A first emerged segment induced rapid beach progradation in the protected sector resulting in the erosion of the downdrift ones. Its lowering and completion resulted in the beach becoming stabilised: the sand that had entered the cell during the first phase remained, and therefore the nourishment phase that had been included in the original design of the project was not performed. The breakwater profile is different in its two parts: wider and gentler in the northern sector, built from the land by trucks and excavators, and shorter and steeper in the southern one, built through the use of  a pontoon. The response of the beach profile is also twofold, related to the more reflective or dissipative profile of the structure: to the north the offshore beach is softly connected to the breakwater and the inshore beach hosts a wide bar, whereas to the south a trough is present in front of the structure and reduced siltation occurs behind it.  During storms, an offshore water flux occurs through a small gap (-2 m) that was left in the structure to allow the passing of recreation boats: this is triggered  by the piling-up induced by the structure itself. Deep scouring is present at the toe of the breakwater at this point.  Limited feeding effects were observed on the downdrift sectors after the completion of the project, with beach progradation being observed in the first segment, probably due to the shelter offered by the southern groin which is not orthogonal to the coastline and to the diffraction induced by its tip on the dominant waves.

 

 

Shore Protection of a Proposed Promontory
South of Kuwait

Karim Rakha(1) and Khaled Al-Salem(2)

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait.
Tel: (965) 4836100  Fax: (965) 4815192
(1) Email: krakha@kisr.edu.kw
(2)Email:ksalem@kisr.edu.kw

Abstract

The southern part of Kuwait near Al-Khiran is one of the few locations with undeveloped beaches. Currently this area is being developed and several recreational resorts are planned to be constructed along lagoons that will be dredged. The proposed plan includes a new inlet that will be dredged. The northern side of this inlet will include the construction of a headland (promontory) that is proposed to include sandy beaches. This headland will require some beach stability schemes to ensure that it will be stable. In this study different alternatives for protecting the promontory were tested using numerical models. Two shoreline models (GENESIS and ONELINE) were used and compared in the study. Both models provided similar results with differences due to the different options included in each model.

 

 

Rehabilitation and New Uses of Groins versus Beach Nourishment: Santa Pola Spain

Pedro Fernández(1) and Suzane Popovic(2)

(1)   Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Tel: (34) 913366757  Mobile: (34) 620115854
Email: pfernandez@caminos.upm.es
(2)   Coastal Zone Management Agency, Budva, Montenegro,
Tel: (381) 86452709  Fax: (381) 86452685 
Email: asa@cg.yu 

Abstract

Groins generally were constructed to control or modify sand movement. Their general purpose is to increase the width of the beach by either natural accretion or artificial nourishment with sand. Usually perpendicular to the shoreline, groins act as dams to block the flow of sediment carried by along shore currents, thereby building up the beach. Groins are constructed of stone rip rap, steel sheet pilings, or timber pilings, and they can be built either high or low with respect to the existing beach profile. High groins effectively block the supply of sand to down drift beaches, whereas low groins, built to be overtopped by waves either during storms or at a given tide level, permit sand to pass over them and nourish down drift beaches. Although this method of ceasing beach erosion can be very effective, its drawbacks are obvious. Wherever sand in a beach is increased other beaches down the coast lost a lot of sand. This process often leads to a domino effect. Once one groin is put into place, another is needed at the beach next door.

 

For many reasons the objective of the groins is not always achieve. They do not block sand enough, like in Santa Pola Beach in Spain, or they are destroyed and its components disseminated on the walk area close to the beach. In this paper we propose for the beaches of Santa Pola, Spain, that have an old groin field that never blocked enough sediment, a solution composed by a partial remove of the central area of the groins and create a new area to alternative urban, nautical, artistic and tourism uses in the end of the groins, where it is proposed different activities: solarium, sea view, snorkel, water polo, kite surf, outdoor cinema, nautical sport, etc.

 

 

The Effects of Nourishment Material Size, Wave
and Berm Heights on Artificial Nourishment

Servet Karasu (1), Murat İhsan Kömürcü (2), Ömer Yüksek (3),
İsmail Hakkı Özölçer (4) and Murat Kankal (3,5)


(1)KTURizeVocational School, 53100 Rize, Turkey
      Tel: (90) 4642280032 Fax: (90) 4642280025
      Email: skarasu@ktu.edu.tr
(2)   Turkish Maritime Organization Inc., Trabzon, Turkey
      Tel: (90) 4623772633 Fax: (90) 4623256682
      Email: mkomurcu@ktu.edu.tr
(3)   KaradenizTechnicalUniversity, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
      Tel: (90) 4623772641 Fax: (90) 4623256682
      Email: yuksek@ktu.edu.tr
(4)   ZonguldakKaraelmasUniversity, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey
      Tel: (90) 3722574010 Fax: (90) 3722574023
      Email: ozolcer@karaelmas.edu.tr
(5)   Email: mkankal@ktu.edu.tr

Abstract

Coastal erosion is one of the most important problems of beaches. Traditional methods, including groins, detached breakwaters, revetments and seawalls, can be effective at local scale and generally cause erosion problems in the vicinity (especially at the down drift sides) of the coasts on which they are applied, while protecting the coasts near them. Artificial beach nourishment is one of the modern methods to be employed in protecting coasts from erosion.

 

The performance of a nourishment project is generally determined by percent remaining material (the ratio of material volume remained at a time to the total material volume used in the nourishment). This ratio (M) depends on various wave, coast and material parameters. In this study, the results of a series of experimental studies, performed to study the effects of wave height (H), nourishing berm height (B) and nourishment material size (D) on M are presented.

 

Experimental studies were performed at the Hydraulic Laboratory Basin, with the dimensions 30*12*1.2 m, in the Civil Engineering Department of Karadeniz Technical University (KTU), Trabzon. The initial bed slope (m=1/15) and wave period (T=1.2s) were constant for each experiment. The length and width of nourishing berm were     2.15 m and 0.30 m. The duration of an experiment was t=90 minutes. During each experiment, bed profiles were measured at 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes. The measuring area was divided 20*20 cm measuring grids. The remaining material volume and remaining ratio were calculated by using the results of the measurements. Three kinds of material (D=0.18, 0.40 and 0.80 mm), three wave heights (H=4.0, 5.5 and 7.0 cm) and two berm heights (B=5 and 8 cm) were employed. 

 

According to the results of the experiments, M decreases with H. This decrease is especially significant for fine material (D=0.18mm). For medium (D=0.40 mm) and coarse (D=0.80 mm) material, M values also significantly decrease for high waves (H=7 cm), however, for medium (H=5.5 cm) and small (H=4 cm) waves, the changes in M values are small. For all wave and berm conditions, M increases with D and B. But, the dependence of M to B is less than that to D.

 

 

Geophysical Investigations for Exploring Marine Sand Deposits
(Cilento Peninsula - Southern Italy)

Alessandra Savini(1), Micla Pennetta(2) and Cesare Corselli(1,3)

(1) University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Geological Sciences and Geothecnologies, P.za della Scienza,
4 -20126 Milano, Italy
Tel: (39) 0264484337  Fax: (39) 0264484273
Email: alessandra.savini@unimib.it

(2) University of Napoli, Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Largo San Marcellino,
10 -80138 Napoli, Italy
Tel: (39) 0812538140
Email: pennetta@unina.it

(3) Tel: (39) 0264484331
Email: cesare.corselli@unimib.it

Abstract

675 km of high resolution seismic profiles and more than 50 sediment samples (grabs and gravity-cores) were collected at water depth ranging from 20 m to 100 m, offshore Cilento peninsula (southern Italy), in order to assess sand resources potential in this area belonging to the eastern Tyrrhenian margin. The Cilento peninsula is located in Campania region that is one of the most popular vacation spots for tourists in Italy. Its scenic coastline is dominated mainly by cliffs, but also important beach systems and small bays are present, where evidences of constant coastal retreat have occurred in the latest years, threatening commercial developments. The high economic value of these beach systems justifies high investments from local authority to choose soft protection measures searching marine sand for beach nourishment.

 

The oceanographic survey has been carried out thanks to a research agreement between the local authority “Autorità di Bacino Sinistra Sele” and CoNISMa (National Interuniversity Consortium for Marine Sciences); the cruise took place during April 2004 and the large amount of data collected allowed us to study in detail the development of late Pleistocene/Holocene sedimentary deposits formed during the latest cycles of high-frequency sea-level variations. In fact it is well know that in microtidal coast the main targets for sand research are relict deposits formed on the shelf when sea level was lower than present. In the investigated area we found two main locations where the chirp data showed sand bodies on the continental shelf. Unfortunately, the volume of such deposits is not large enough to ensure the nourishment of the whole costal area affected by erosion. In any case the methodology employed showed to be successfully suitable to assess the presence of beach nourishment resources, in particular to recognise in fine detail sand bodies (in terms of their 3D geometry and of the thickness of overlying mud) and to reenact specific geomorphologic/sedimentary conditions occurred on the continental shelf.

 

 

The BEACHMED Project

Paolo Lupino(1), Ciro Riccardi(2) and Silvia Bellacicco(3)

(1)   Regione Lazio Osservatorio dei Litorali, 99 Via del Caravaggio, 00147 Rome, Italy     Tel: (39) 0651688162 Fax: (39) 0651688312
Email: paolo.lupino@tiscali.it
(2)   Regione Lazio Centro di Monitoraggio, 172 Via del Fosso di Dragoncello, Rome, Italy    Tel: (39) 065652146  Fax: (39) 065657214
Email: cent.monit@libero.it
(3)   ICRAM Central Institute for Marine Research, 300 Via di Casalotti, 00166 Rome, Italy    Tel: (39) 06615701 Fax: (39) 0661561906
Email: s.bellacicco@icram.org

Abstract

Lazio Region (Italy) promoted a project within the European Program INTERREG III B, in order to investigate technical, environmental and economical problems linked to the use of marine sand for the beach nourishment. The BEACHMED project “Environmental Recovery and Maintenance of Eroding Littorals with the Use of Marine Sandy Deposits”, approved in March 2003 and finished in December 2004, focused on the Western Mediterranean’s coasts. The European dimension for this project is needed in order to meet common evaluation standards and the partners were Generalitat Valenciana (ES), Département de l’Hérault (FR), Regione Toscana (IT), Regione Liguria (IT), Università di Firenze (IT), Agence de Protection et Aménagement du Littoral (Tunisie) and European Dredging Association. The main issues dealt with in this project are the estimation of required sand volumes, the search for sediments on the continental shelf, the environmental compatibility, the extraction and nourishment  technologies and their economical aspects. The project allowed the achievement of some rather important marks as comparative analysis of the coast line monitoring systems, shared methodologies for the environmental appraisal of dredging and nourishment jobs, shared methodology for marine sand quarries search and decision support systems for engineering matters. All topics dealt need closer examinations that have been put forward in a new BEACHMED-e project, already introduced to the U.E., of which some characteristics will be pointed out.

 

 

Monitoring Systems for Beach Erosion Assessment

Paolo Lupino(1), Ciro Riccardi(2), Manuela Di Cosimo(3),
Enzo Pranzini(4), Lorenzo Rossi(5) and Lilian Wetzel(6)

(1,2,3)Osservatorio Regionale dei Litorali Laziali, Regione Lazio, Italy
Tel: (39) 06 51688162
(1) Email: paolo.lupino@tiscali.it
(2) Email: cent.monit@libero.it
(3) Email: dcmanuela@libero.it
(4,5,6)Università di Firenze Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Borgo Albizi, 28
50122 Firenze (IT) tel +39 055 2479241 - fax +39 055 2479741,
(4) Email: epranzini@unifi.it
(5) Email: lrossi@geocoste.com
(6) Email: lbwetzel@yahoo.com.br

Abstract

Large scale and quantitative erosion assessment is one of the most important tools in the development of beach management policies. In fact, any defence program or resource research planning to be carried out by the Public Administration needs updated knowledge of beach evolution and of the factors influencing it. Remote observation techniques have improved greatly during recent years and the availability of high resolution images now allows systematic monitoring of beach evolution.  Shoreline detection needs several digital processing and ancillary data, such as tide values, barometric pressure and wash zone slope. To handle the great amount of data available through satellite analysis, an automatic procedure for shoreline position extraction and comparison is necessary, if large scale monitoring is to be conducted. Shoreline position and mean shoreline displacement are valuable data for coastal management and may be obtained further to these procedures.  The Lazium Region (Italy), together with the University of Florence and Telespazio Spa company, is working on a program for remote survey of sandy coasts at territorial scale.  Goals and first results of this project are presented, together with some case studies related to the Tuscany and Lazium coast, carried out in the context of the European project BEACHMED. Several tests were conducted within this project in order to evaluate the accuracy of shoreline position acquired through the processing of remotely sensed images, comparing results to DGPS surveys performed at the time of the satellite overpass.

 

Study of Beach State and Coastal Protection in the neighborhood of Sochi City

R.Kosýan(1), M.Krylenko(1), V.Petrov(2) and N.Yaroslavtsev(2)

(1)  The Southern Branch of the P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gelendzhik-7, 353467, Russia
E-mail: kosyan@sdios.coast.ru
(2) Centre “Sea shores”, 1,Fabritsiusa str., Sochi, 354002 Russia

 Abstract

In 2004, the research of the gravel beach condition and that of the coast protection erections were fulfilled at the coast section of Sochi region. In the coarse of expeditionary works measurements, surveys and estimation of the coast state and coast protection objects have been done. Besides, fund material belonging to the Southern Branch of the P.P. Institute of Oceanology, RAS and those of the other institutions were used.

 

Main factors that determine the dynamics of wave damping beaches were distinguished and the efficiency of beach holding and coast protection constructions was determined. It was revealed that a degradation of natural gravel beaches takes place and coast protection constructions are not of much efficiency. An expediency of keeping of the wave damping beach stability by the help of gravel-pebble ripraps with the limited utilization of the other methods of beach preservation was founded.

 

The results of the research may be a basis for the coast protection strategy and elaboration of definite engineering measures.

 

 

Parameters of Nearshore Zone Dynamical Processes
and an Operational Database Management System

Igor Podymov(1), Ruben Kos’yan(2) and Tatiana Podymova(3)

(1)   Southern Branch of P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology,
353467 Gelendzhik-7, Russia
Tel: (786141)28281   Fax: (786141)28089
 Email: podymov@sdios.coast.ru
(2)   Southern Branch of P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology,
353467 Gelendzhik-7, Russia
Tel: (786141)28281   Fax: (786141)28089
Email: kosyan@sdios.coast.ru
(3) Email: tpodymova@inbox.ru 

Abstract

Study of coastal zone was always one of the most important parts in the research of the World Ocean, since it nearly concerned the interests of humanity. Coastal zone plays an important role in the ocean dynamics and deep understanding of its significance, as well as realization of assimilation aspects and necessity of preserving this most vulnerable ocean part had shifted researchers’ interests from the deeper ocean zones to the littoral areas. Study of coastal zone became a foreground task in the ocean research in all coastal countries.

 

 

Black Sea Coastal Zone of Sochi Region-Problems and Perspectives

Y.I. Dreizis

SochiStateUniversity for Tourism and Recreation, IT Faculty, 26-A, Sovietskaya Str., 354000 Sochi, Russia
Tel: (7) 8622922382  Fax: (7) 8622622792
Email: Yurid@mail.sochi.ru

Abstract

The modern state of the Sochi region coast of Russia is parsed in the article from the point of view of beaches stability, efficiency executed of the coastal protective measures. The possible influencing on an environment of engineering measures, foreseen General schema of the coastal and landslide measures on coastal zone of Greater Sochi of 1990 is considered. The offers on organization of complex monitoring of the coastal zone are made.

 

 

Climate and its Impact on the Erosion Processes in Coastal Areas of Albania

Liri Muçaj (1), Eglantina Bruci (1,2) and Vangjo Kovaçi (3)

(1) Hydrometeorological Institute, Rruga Durresit  Nr 219, Tirana, Albania
Tel/Fax: (355) 4223518,
Email: liri_mucaj@yahoo.com
(2) Email: eglantinab@yahoo.com
(3) Research Soil Institute, Rruga Durresit Laprake, Tirana, Albania
Tel/Fax: (355) 4228367
Email: ist@albmail.com

Abstract

The soil degradation is a common phenomenon in coastal part of Albania. In Albania   erosion seems to be greater than in the neighbor Mediterranean countries. Its value varies from 20 up to 80 ton/hectare per year or in some specific area up to 100 ton/hectare per year.


 
This paper presents some results of the study on the impact of climate condition on soil erosion, taking into account the meteorological elements: especially heavy rain, temperature, drought and strong winds, which are the main contributors in this phenomenon.

 

Heavy rain (intensity and amount) is one of the most hazardous weather phenomena that causes the emergency situations as well as the potential erosion risk in this part of Albania.

 

The soil loss rate is calculated by using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) that takes into consideration the interaction of many factors, such as rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and gradient, cropping management.


Referring  to the scenarios of the expected climate change for Albania, an annual increase in temperature up to 1.8°C and to 3.6°C and the decrease in precipitation up to -6% and –12.5% respectively by 2050 and 2100 related to 1990 are expected. These changes are likely to cause increase in drought frequency. It may intensify the soil erosion, especially in the coastal zone.

 


Coastal Engineering

 

Formulas for Bermed Seawall Applied to Mediterranean Coast

Sawsan S. Eissa

Dar Al Handasah Consultants, P.O. Box 895, Cairo11511, Egypt
Tel: (202) 3449680   Fax: (202) 3461170
Email: sawsan.eissa@dargroup.com

Abstract

Three formulas for calculation of the berm width in bermed seawalls were developed based on a large amount of data. The data used for developing and verification of the simplified equations were obtained from runs of the reputable wave propagation software, SWAN, and covered a wide range of input wave data. The formulas can be used for calculation of the required berm width for bermed seawalls, required to break 90% of wave energy spectrum approaching the seawall, thus limiting the wave run up and overtopping to safe values. The formulas were developed for three cases, namely: normal wave approach, almost parallel wave approach and inclined wave approach by an angle around 45 degrees. The order of magnitude of berm widths obtained from the mathematical model runs that were used to develop the equations showed that relatively wide berms are needed to break most of the wave spectrum and limit the wave overtopping. Therefore, the use of such berms will be only economical for small stretches of coastal roadways, small wave heights and periods and on rocky seabed where rock outcrops exist and the berm may be laid directly on them with no need of underlayers or rock filters. The formulas were verified using some SWAN results which were not used in their development, and gave results in good agreement. The formulas was applied to the South Eastern Mediterranean coasts, to calculate the needed berm width to limit the wave overtopping in such areas known by their history of heavy wave runup and overtopping.

 

 

Model of Irregular Waves Attack on Sloping Coastal Structures

Sergey Khavsky

Administration of President of Russian Federation, Medical Department\ Moscow, Russia
Tel: (7) 0959675191
Email: skhavsky@yandex.ru

Abstract

The wave load on the structures is considered as a load of equivalent regular wave in many cases. Design formulas of the current standards are based on this assumption (Lappo et al., 1990). But in some problems the irregularity of the real waves should be accounted. The problem of stability of the slope structures under wave action is from them. The scheme of the problem is shown in Fig.1. the theoretical and experimental research has been carried out and the following results have been obtained. The wave breaking criteria had been developed, the model of long waves caused water level oscillations in the slope area had been developed also, and the method of determination of the slope area of the maximal wave impact had been presented. The last method may be applied for design of the cover layer of the slope, as well as filter layer and subsoil.

 

 

Studies on the Characteristics of Bragg Reflection for
Water Waves over a Series of Submerged Breakwater


Ching-Her Hwang(1), Li-Hung Tsai(2) and Chih-Chung Wen(3)

(1)   ChienkoTechnologyUniversity, 500 Changhua City, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Tel: (1-886) 47111140  Fax: (1-886) 4711116
Email: chhwang@ctu.edu.tw
(2)   Center of Harbor and Marine Tech., IOT, 435 Wuchi, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Tel: (1-886) 426587177  Fax: (1-886) 4426571329
Email: ali@mail.ihmt.gov.tw

(3)   HungKungUniversity, 433 Taichung Sha-Lu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Tel: (1-886) 426318652  Fax: (1-886) 4426525245
Email: wen1558@sunrise.hk.edu.tw

Abstract

A numerical model, Evolution of Mild Slope Equation (EEMSE) developed by the Hsu et al. (2003), was applied to study the Bragg reflection of water waves over a series of submerged breakwater. A sequential tests were simulated to investigate the characteristics of Bragg reflection under the conditions including breakwater number, breakwater height and spacing interval of series submerged rectangular breakwaters in this paper. Numerical results can be provided as the basis of design to dissipate the wave energy in the field.

 

 

Overtopping Rate on Berm Breakwater with Series Submerged Breakwaters

Chao-Fu Lin(1), Jea-Tzyy Juang(2) and Fa-Lu Lin(1)

(1)FengChiaUniversity, Taichung City, Taiwan
Tel: (866) 424512662  Fax: (886) 424515827

Email: cflin@fcu.edu.tw
(2)ChienkuoTechnologyUniversity, Changhua City, Taiwan
Tel: (866) 47135675  Fax: (866) 47135676
Email: jtjuang@ctu.edu.tw

Abstract

This study is to investigate the effect of series submerged breakwaters on overtopping of berm breakwater under wave action. Experimental results show that the berm breakwater with submerged breakwater can reduce a lot of overtopping. The factors of reducing overtopping with series submerged breakwaters are rather complicated with regard to different intervals of series submerged breakwaters; crest height; location and wave condition etc. However, the reduction factor of submerged overtopping reveals that the double arrays of submerged breakwaters is better than single array. The overtopping equations of berm breakwater with/without series submerged breakwaters as well as reduction factor are regressed.

 

 

Wave Transmission and Runup on Berm Step Type Seawall

Jea-Tzyy Juang(1), Chao-Fu Lin(2) and Yu-Yi Huang(2)

(1) ChienkuoTechnologyUniversity, Changhua 500, Taiwan
Tel: (886) 47135675  Fax: (886) 47135676
Email: jtjuang@ctu.edu.tw
(2)
FengChiaUniversity, Taichung 407, Taiwan
Tel: (886) 424512662  Fax: (886) 424512662
Email: cflin@fcu.edu.tw

Abstract

This study deal with both the wave transmission over a submerged breakwater and the wave runup on berm stepped seawall. The incident wave is irregular wave of JOHNSWAP spectrum. The slope of the stepped seawall =1.5, 2.0 and 3.0. In theoretical computation, the calculate equation of wave transmission coefficient that proposed by Seabrook and Hall (1998) was used first. At the second, both the calculate equations of the reflection coefficient which proposed by Huang et al. (1998) and the wave runup wedge that proposed by Cross and Sollitt (1972) were applied. At last, by use the theory of conservation of mass, the magnitude of wave runup height which to build up by various incident wave pass over the submerged breakwater and runup on the sloping seawall is calculated. The comparison of the theoretical relative wave runup height and the measured relative wave runup height was coincide each other quite well.

 

 

Low Dikes against Flooding along the Tuscany Coasts

Claudia D’Eliso(1), Serena Ferri(2) and Pier Luigi Aminti(1)

(1)  University of Florence, Via S. Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
      Tel: (39) 0554796306   Fax: (39) 055495333
      Email: aminti@dicea.unifi.it
      Email: cldelis@dicea.unifi.it
(2)  University of Florence, Borgo Albizi 28, 50122 Florence, Italy
      Tel: (39) 0552479241   Fax: (39) 0552479741
      Email: serena.ferri@geo.unifi.it

Abstract

A significant part of the Tuscany coast experiences severe erosion. In case of windstorm, preferential pathways for the intrusion of salty water and for the occurrence of flooding and inundation events developed. The introduction of coastal dikes of reduced size, up to 2÷3 m, i.e. low coastal dikes, with possible addition of beach nourishments, appears to be a promising protection system for the inland side of the Tuscany coast. In order to evaluate the incipient erosion induced by wave overtopping at the landside, a simple model that combines the flow description over the dike and the erosion resistance of the grass cover have been under development. In this paper, a description of the most interesting scenarios is followed by an application of the model to the Ombrone River delta.

 

 

On Sediment Suspension Threshold under Waves and Current Co-Action

Izmail Kantardgi(1) and Sergey Antsyferov(2)

(1)  Prof., Dr, MoscowState Civil Engineering,Moscow, Russia
      Tel: (7) 957027131  Fax: (7) 952612284
      Email: kantardgi@yandex.ru
(2)  Prof., Dr., P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
      Tel: (7) 951246394
      Email: antsyfer@geo.sio.rssi.ru

Abstract

The paper concerns an analysis of the interrelations between the determinations of the near-bottom boundary condition for the suspended sediment concentration and the determinations of the conditions for the initiation of the sediment entrainment under a combined action of waves and currents. It is shown that the near-bottom condition for the closure of the problem on the concentration distribution of suspended particles under the combined action of waves and currents, which was earlier introduced from the energy considerations, is compatible with the classical concept on the proportionality of the near-bottom sediment concentration to the critical value of the Schields parameter. We found the dependence of the effective shear stress on the dimensionless particle diameter, which is characterized by an exponential decrease in the standard deviation of the vertical velocity pulsations with the distance from the bottom. An algorithm for the calculations of the vertical profile of the suspended matter concentrations under waves on a current is developed. The comparison performed between the calculated values and experimental data showed satisfactory results.

 

 

Toe Scour of Seawall on Steep Seabed

Ching-Piao Tsai(1) and Shi-Song You(2)

(1)   Department of Civil Engineering, NationalChungHsingUniversity,
Taichung 402, Taiwan
Fax: (886)422853657
Email: cptsai@dragon.nchu.edu.tw
(2) Email: qooon3966@yahoo.com.tw

Abstract

In this study, two-dimensional model experiments are conducted to investigate the toe scour of a seawall on the steep slope seabed. The relationships among the maximum depth of the scour and the wave induced properties, such as the flow velocity at the toe and the wave reflection from the seawall, are investigated. The experimental results indicate that the depth of toe scour increases as the steepness of the incoming wave increases. The scour depth decreases with deepening the water depth at the toe. It is also found that the scour depth increases as the flow velocity at the toe increases. By comparing the present experimental results with previous study, it shows that the toe scour on a steep bottom will be more serious than on a flat bottom. The empirical formula of the depth of toe scour is obtained based on the experimental results.

 

 

Parameters which Affect the Temporal Rate Coefficient of Equilibrium Bar Volume

Murat İhsan Kömürcü (1), Ömer Yüksek (2),       
Murat Kankal (2,3) and Servet Karasu (4)

(1)  Turkish Maritime Organization Inc., Trabzon, Turkey
      Tel: (90) 4623772633 Fax: (90) 4623256682
      Email: mkomurcu@ktu.edu.tr
(2)  KaradenizTechnicalUniversity, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
      Tel: (90) 4623772641 Fax: (90) 4623256682
      Email: yuksek@ktu.edu.tr
(3) Email: mkankal@ktu.edu.tr
(4) KTURizeVocational School, 53100 Rize, Turkey
     Tel: (90) 4642280032 Fax: (90) 4642280025
     Email: skarasu@ktu.edu.tr

Abstract

Coastal profiles are one of the important factors in designing of coastal structures. Accretion (berm) or erosion (bar) profiles may arise depending on wave, sediment and topographic factors. In this study, attention is focused on the growth of a bar profile, especially on growth of bar volume (V) toward equilibrium bar volume (Veq). As a bar grows, it moves offshore and increases in volume to approach an equilibrium size. The equilibrium bar volume, however, is not entirely reached in most cases. In such cases, an objective method for determining equilibrium bar volume becomes very important.

 

Generally, an expression of exponential type is employed in growth problems where an equilibrium state exists. In this expression, the bar volume is assumed to grow toward the equilibrium volume according to Parameters which Affect the Temporal Rate Coefficient of Equilibrium Bar Volume, where t is time and a is an empirical temporal rate coefficient which controls the speed at which equilibrium bar volume is attained. Various studies were performed to relate a to some wave, sediment and beach parameters. In this study, the results of a series of experimental studies, which were carried out to relate a (dependent variable) to deepwater wave height (H), wave period (T), grain size (D) and initial bed slope (m) (independent variables), are presented. 

 

Physical model studies were performed at the Hydraulic Laboratory Wave Flume, with the dimensions 30*1.4*1.2 m, in the Civil Engineering Department of the Karadeniz Technical University (KTU), Trabzon. Monochromatic waves with various heights (H varies from 6.5 cm to 30 cm), two periods (T=1.46 and 2.03 sec), four bed material grain size (D=0.18, 0.26, 0.33 and 0.40 mm) and three initial bed slopes (m=1/10, 1/15 and 1/25) were employed. Totally 52 experiments were carried out. The duration of experiments was 10 to 14 hours.

 

By using the experimental results, a non-linear regression analysis was performed between dependent (a) and independent (H, T, D and m) variables and correlation coefficient was found R=0.783. The resultant regression equation implies that, a increases with deepwater wave height, wave period and bed slope; and decreases with grain size. H is the most important parameter and accounts for 75.3 percent of the variation in the data. D, m and T account for 19.9, 2.8 and 2.00 percent of the variation, respectively.

 

 

Wave Induced Action on Venice Gates
Foundation Structures

Paolo Sammarco (1) and Marcello Di Risio (2)

(1)  University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
      Via del Politecnico, 1 – 00133 Rome, Italy
      Tel: (39) 0672597020  Fax: (39) 0672597005
      Email: sammarco@ing.uniroma2.it
(2)  University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

      P.le Pontieri, 1 – 67100 Monteluco di Roio L’Aquila, Italy
      Tel: (39) 0862434550   Fax: (39) 0862434520
      Email: mdirisio@ing.univaq.it

Abstract

A system of mobile gates has been designed to protect Venice from flooding. Their foundations are made of massive concrete structures and will hold three gates each. The phasing of the construction work requires the analysis of the dynamic forces acting on the caissons due to wave propagation along the channels connecting the Venice Lagoon to the Adriatic Sea. In the first phase of the work the caissons will be sunk to the bottom of an excavated ditch where a system of pedestals will be used to correctly position them and hold until a concrete mix will fill the gaps between the structure walls and the ditch boundaries. During this phase upon an occurrence af a storm a wave oscillatory induced oscillatory flow will occur in the gaps. Here we propose an analytical model to evaluate the dynamic actions due to wave propagation. Firstly the unit response spectra for horizontal and vertical forces are presented, then linear system theory is employed to evaluate the dynamic actions due to an irregular wave train propagating along the canals.

 

 

An Investigation of Wave, Energy and Sound:
the Sound of Waves

V.Ş. Özgür Kırca(1) and M. Sedat Kabdaşlı(2)

(1) IstanbulTechnicalUniversity, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
      Tel: (90) 2122853714  Fax: (90) 2122853418
      Email: kircave@itu.edu.tr
(2)  IstanbulTechnicalUniversity, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
      Tel: (90) 2122853733  Fax: (90) 2122853418
      Email: skabdasli@ins.itu.edu.tr

Abstract

In this study, the possible relationship between wave energy and wave sound characteristics is questioned. Not only fundamental parameters and the very few literature about the subject are presented, but also some sound recordings of regular waves in a laboratory basin made in air and in water are filtered, analysed and compared with the wave measurements from the aforementioned aspect. For the underwater sound recordings two hydrophones and a sound data converter were used. Recorded time series of wave sound are examined by spectral analyses, pitch analyses and some certain filters with the aid of a sound analysis software.

 

Findings showed that a lot of factors influence the wave sound characteristics, but the major one is the wave itself. Using the laboratory data the sound energy is also evaluated to define the dissipated energy by wave.

 

 

Ocean Wave Products at ECMWF

Peter Janssen(1), Jean-Raymond Bidlot(2) and Saleh Abdalla(3)

ECMWF, Shinfield Park, RG2 9AX, Reading, UK
Fax: (44) 1189869450
(1) Tel: (44) 1189499116 ,   Email: Peter.Janssen@ecmwf.int
(2) Tel: (44) 1189499708 ,   Email: Jean.Bidlot@ecmwf.int
(3) Tel: (44) 1189499703 ,   Email: Saleh.Abdalla@ecmwf.int

Abstract

Ocean wave modelling based on WAM Cycle 4 was introduced at ECMWF in June 1992.  The subsequent years witnessed continuous improvements in data assimilation, physics, numerics and resolution of the wave model as well as of the atmospheric model.  The enhanced resolution, the coupling between the wave and the atmospheric models, the introduction of wind gustiness and the variability in air density and the parameterisation of unresolved bathymetry effect are the most significant improvements during the last decade.  There are several wave model configurations used at ECMWF such as the global deterministic, probabilistic, monthly, and seasonal configurations as well as the limited area configuration covering the North Atlantic including the water bodies in and around Europe.  ERA40 is a special configuration composed of a 45-year re-analysis.  Model products are verified against available data from wave buoys and satellites.

 

 

Jason Altimeter Wave Height Verification and Assimilation

Saleh Abdalla(1), Jean-Raymond Bidlot(2) and Peter Janssen(3)

ECMWF, Shinfield Park, RG2 9AX, Reading, UK
Fax: (44) 118986 9450
(1) Tel: (44) 1189499703,   Email: Saleh.Abdalla@ecmwf.int
(2) Tel: (44) 1189499708,   Email: Jean.Bidlot@ecmwf.int
(3) Tel: (44) 1189499116,   Email: Peter.Janssen@ecmw
f.int


Abstract

Radar altimeters (RA) onboard various satellites provide an invaluable and extensive source of significant wave height data with global coverage.  Operational wave data assimilation of RA wave heights had a significant impact on the wave model analysis and forecast.  ECMWF has used RA data from ERS-1, ERS-2 and ENVISAT each separately.  Jason RA wave heights will soon be added to the operational assimilation system.  Wave height data from Jason RA are verified against in-situ (wave buoys and platforms) observations and model predictions.  The impact of Jason SWH data assimilation on both model analysis and forecast is assessed using the available wave data.

 

 

Tsunami Run-up Evaluation for Cyprus Island

Umut Türker

Near EastUniversity, Department of Civil Engineering, Nicosia, North Cyprus
Tel: (90) 3922236464 (Ext. 461) Fax: (90) 3922235427
Email: uturker@neu.edu.tr

Abstract

Although the chronological evaluation of previous earthquakes and tsunamis that impacted the Cyprus Island is performed referring to geomorphologic data, no detailed survey on expected run-up values and flooding areas on coastal region is figured yet. Herein, the average beach profiles of Cyprus coasts, each profile belonging to hydrological and geomorphologic watersheds, is developed, later, the well known physical definition of wave run-up values derived by Synolakis (1987) is used to predict the run-up values of tsunami waves. By the help of geographic information system, the low lying flooding area for different wave heights are plotted. It is observed that the Watershed 3, 6 and 7 can be regarded as the regions that will severely exposed to tsunami waves.

 


Modelling

 

A Wave Propagation Model with Parabolic Equation

Asu İnan (1) and Lale Balas (1,2)

(1)  Research Assistant, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering
      and Architecture, GaziUniversity, 06570, Ankara, Turkey
      Fax-Tel: (90) 3122319223, E-mail: asuinan@gazi.edu.tr.
(2)  Assoc.Prof.Dr, E-mail:lalebal@gazi.edu.tr

Abstract

A numerical model is developed for simulating transformations of travelling waves. The model is applicable to arbitrary varying bottom topographies. Parabolic equation proposed by Kirby and Dalrymple (1984) is solved by numerical techniques. Unidirectional waves are considered for the numerical model. Phase function definition of Ebersole (1985) is inserted in the model. It is a reliable tool to simulate wave shoaling, refraction and diffraction. As the numerical scheme, MacCormack Method was used. Model was applied to Obaköy coastal region in Antalya Bay of Turkey. 

 

 

Numerical Simulation of Wave Boundary Layer with Generalized Finite Difference Method

Şahnaz Tigrek(1), A. Metin Ger(1,2) and Turgut Tokdemir(3)


(1)   Middle EastTechnicalUniversity, Civil Engineering Department, Ankara, Turkey
Tel: (90) 3122105451..Fax: (90) 3122101262
Email: sahnaz@metu.edu.tr
(2)   Tel: (90)  3122105418  Fax: (90) 3122101262
Email: ger@metu.edu.tr
(3)   Middle EastTechnicalUniversity, Engineering Science Department
Ankara, Turkey
Tel: (90) 3122104454  Fax: (90) 3122101269
Email: ttok@metu.edu.tr

Abstract

In the present study, the application of the generalized finite difference method, which is recently receiving great attention, is scrutinized for the solution of the wave boundary layer flow. The method is a kind of meshless method, which requires no cells or volumes for the calculation. The discretized form of the equations is written at each node. It is based on a Taylor series expansion of the unknown function combined with the minimization of the errors. In order to get solution a mathematical model composed of the Navier-Stokes equation and the wave equations for irrotational flow has been developed. The output of the model is compared with the analytical solution available for the laminar flow case.

 

An Efficient Numerical Scheme to Simulate Wave Induced Circulation

İpek Yıldız(1), Asu İnan(2) and Lale Balas(3)

GaziUniversity, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ankara, Turkey
Tel: (90) 3122319223  Fax: (90) 3122308434
(1) E-mail: yildiz@gazi.edu.tr
(2) Research Assistant, Email: asuinan@gazi.edu.tr
(3) Assoc.Prof.Dr., Email: lalebal@gazi.edu.tr

Abstract

To establish a sound coastal management plan for shoreline protection, it is crucial to estimate the dynamics of nearshore waves and currents. Computation of  wave driven current field requires computation of driving forces from a wave propagation model.  Precise numerical modeling of wave propagation from the deep ocean to a shoreline and prediction of  wave induced currents are quite important in nearshore area.  A numerical model is developed to simulation of wave transformations and wave induced nearshore current.  Combined model has two components, a wave propagation model and a wave driven current model. In wave propagation model extended mild slope equation has been solved to simulate wave shoaling, refraction, diffraction and breaking. Model does not have the limitation that one coordinate should follow the dominant wave direction.  In wave driven current model vertically averaged non-linear shallow water equations that include nonlinear convective accelerations, lateral mixing and bottom friction, have been solved. In the solution method, partial differential equations are replaced by a set of finite difference equations on a space staggered grid.  Nonlinear terms are replaced by the upwind-downwind approximations.  Possibility of using finer resolutions in regions where the spatial gradients of the variables are sharp, is an advantage of the combined model. Only one computational domain is enough to simulate the transformation of waves from different directions with different approach angles. Therefore computationally, the numerical model is quite efficient for simulating wave propagation and wave induced circulation over large coastal areas subjected to varying wave conditions. System of nonlinear equations are solved by the adaptive step size controlled Runge-Kutta Fehlberg Method. It  requires six function evaluations per step, but it provides an automatic error estimate.  Model has been applied to Obaköy coastline that is located at the Mediterranean Sea coast of Turkey.

 

 

Model of Short-Term Marine Forecast in the Black and Azov Seas

O.A. Verbitskaya(1), S.K. Popov(2) and O.I. Zilberstein(2)

(1) Hydrometeorological Scientific-ResearchCenter of Russia,
Bol. Predtechensky per., 9-11, 123242, Moscow,Russia
Email: overb@mecom.ru, overb@nm.ru
(2) The INFOMAR Company Ltd.,P.O. 3, Moscow, Russia
Email: lmar@nm.ru

Abstract

An experimental forecast model for the Black and Azov Seas is outlined. It has been implemented and is been tested in Hydrometeocenter of Russia since January, 2005. The article presents the results of the use of the model for calculating day-to-day forecast and historical storms.

 


Water Level Changes

 

Extreme Storm Surges Distributions at Marseilles

Pierre Gaufrès(1) and François Sabatier(2,3)

(1) CETMEF – Centre d'Etudes Techniques Maritimes Et Fluviales - Bd du Président Kennedy – B.P. 543, 13092 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 02, France
Tel: (33) 442527415  Fax: (33) 442527401
Email: Pierre.Gaufres@equipement.gouv.fr
(2) CEREGE – Centre Européen de Recherche et d’Enseignement en Géosciences de l’Environnement – Europôle de L’Arbois – BP 80 – 13545 Aix-en-Provence cedex 04, France
Email: Sabatier@cerege.fr
(3) DelftUniversity of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and geosciences, Hydraulic Engineering Section, Stevinweg 1, P.O. Box 5048 NL-2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands

Abstract

Extreme sea levels along the Mediterranean French coast affect sand beaches and low-lying densely populated areas. This study is an attempt to connect storm surge stochastic analysis with coastal geomorphological observations of the shoreface. In micro-tidal conditions, long term hourly water level record available at Marseilles Endoume (1885-2003) has made possible statistical analysis usually computed on meteorological extreme parameters.

The surge probability distributions tested and the fitting of the extreme values of the data (Maximum Annual and Peaks-Over-Threshold) are discussed in order to develop a calculation method of coastal flooding for PPR (risks prevention plans) on the Mediterranean French coast. The results are compared with sea-levels of morphological significance correlated to coastal impact observations during storm events. Statistic methods and tools presented contribute to a better knowledge of intensity, frequency and duration of extreme sea levels associated with morphogenic storms.

 

 

Statistical Analysis of Extreme Hydrological Data 

Jürgen Jensen(1), Torsten Frank(1),
Christoph Mudersbach(1) and Christoph Blasi(2)

(1)  University of Siegen, 57068 Siegen, Germany
Tel: (49) 2717402627  Fax: (49) 2717402722
Email: fwu@fb10.uni-siegen.de
(2)  German Federal Institute of Hydrology (bfg), 56002 Koblenz, Germany
Tel: (49) 26113065246  Fax: (49) 26113065280
Email: blasi@bafg.de

Abstract

For all kind of engineering activities it is necessary to have knowledge of the whole range of possible water levels or discharges. The extreme values are of special importance, because most design tasks are based on the knowledge of height and probability of extreme events. Additionally most design tasks deal with very rare events, so that extrapolations of statistical analyses of time series are necessary.

 

Estimation of these data is mostly done by established statistical distribution functions like Gumbel type I, Jenkinson, Pearson and so on. All these functions work on the one hand quiet well, but on the other hand they do not pay attention to the physical background and behaviour of these events. Because of this the results of these functions in the range of extrapolation can differ greatly.

 

To improve this behaviour on the one hand additional knowledge of physical limits is needed and on the other hand functions are needed, which are able to consider these physical limits. One possible function for this task is the Generalized Gumbel Distribution, that considers an upper limit. The information about an upper limit in the inland can be estimated by a maximized rainfall or the maximum probable flood (PMF).

 

A very important step in the statistical analyses is the unbiased estimation of the parameter of the used distribution function, where methods like Maximum-Likelihood-Estimation and Monte-Carlo-Simulations are used.

 

These techniques are especially necessary for design criteria for flood protection measures at coastlines (closed seas) and rivers. There is a big need for further improvement of the state of the art.

 

Possible methods and results are shown and discussed on data of a selected inland river gauge.

 

 

Modelling of Extreme Storm Surges in the North Sea and its Statistical Analysis

Jürgen Jensen(1), Christoph Mudersbach(1)
and Sylvin Müller-Navarra(2)

(1)   University of Siegen, 57068 Siegen, Germany
Tel: (49) 2717402627  Fax: (49) 2717402722
Email: fwu@fb10.uni-siegen.de
(2)   Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
Tel: (49) 4031900  Fax: (49 )4031905000 
Email: mueller-navarra@bsh.de

Abstract

Storm surges are natural phenomena which can lead to serious damages because of the intensive use of coastal areas. Coastal protection measures and the estimation of decisive future water levels are based on the analysis of extreme water levels. In order to estimate the probability of the occurrence of very high storm surges statistical methods are applied to a set of observed and modelled data. The modelled data are produced by the operational model system at BSH, forced by extreme but physically realistic weather conditions. The statistical analyses will be carried out with a statistical method, based on the generalized extreme value distribution. In the statistical analyses the modeled data are considered by influencing the bend of the distribution function. The results of this projects will be presented and discussed in this paper.

 

 

An Analysis of Sea Level Trends in the Bristol Channel/Severn Estuary, Wales, UK

Michael Phillips(1), Allan Williams(2), Chris House(3) and Gareth Collins(4) 

Faculty of Applied Design and Engineering, Swansea Institute,
Swansea, Wales, UK SA1  6ED
Tel: (44) 1792481106  Fax: (44) 1792651760
 (1)    Email: m.phillips@sihe.ac.uk
(2)     Email: allan.williams@virgin.net
(3)     Email: c.house@sihe.ac.uk
(4)     Email: P054003@exchange.sihe.ac.uk

Abstract

Two new tide gauges were established in 1993, as part of the PSMSL, at Mumbles and Newport. The tidal range at Mumbles, located in the Bristol Channel, is 8.4m whilst, further eastwards upstream at Newport, located in the Severn Estuary, it is 11.9m. The first ten years of monthly mean and extreme water levels from both tide gauges were analysed for trends and differences. Locally generated waves, which give rise to the largest wave heights at Newport, are uncorrelated with high water levels. This is opposite to the Outer Bristol Channel, where swell waves from the west give rise to the largest wave heights which are correlated to high water levels. At Newport, it was found that between 1995 and 1998, in comparison with other years, annual extreme sea levels were significantly higher, at the 95% confidence level. These higher water levels coincided with severe erosion along the South Wales coastline. Furthermore, over the ten years, it was shown that there was a similar temporal trend of reducing extreme sea levels in both the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary.

 

Following analysis of mean sea levels, it was found that predicted sea level rise was 5.4 and 0.4 mm yr-1 at Mumbles and Newport respectively.  This was considered due to the relative exposure conditions of the tidal gauge sites. The prevailing wind direction is from the southwest and these winds approach Mumbles over water and Newport over land. However, both trends agreed with other work on Holocene sea level rise. Ten years is generally accepted as too short a time scale to make reliable predictions and consequently, it was suggested that future work should involve refining predictions from consideration of expanded data sets.

 

 

Environmental Stress Generated by Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Zones

Selmin Burak(1), Bedri Alpar(1,2), İpek Barut(1,3),
Cem Gazioğlu(1,4) and Ahmet Türker(5)

(1) Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Marine
Environment Div., Vefa-Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2125282539..Fax: (90) 2125268433
E-mail : sburak@istanbul.edu.tr
(2) Marine Geology & Geophysics Div
E-mail : alparb@istanbul.edu.tr
(3) Marine Chemistry Div.
E-mail: barut@istanbul.edu.tr
(4) E-mail: cemga@istanbul.edu.tr
(5) Department of Hydrography and Oceanography, Çubuklu-Istanbul, Turkey
E-mail: ahmet@shodb.gov.tr

Abstract

Global climate change has a proven impact on accelerated sea-level rise.   Many coastal zones, where 21% of the world’s population lives within a 30 km-belt from the sea is under severe environmental stress due to failure in adaptation of natural and socio-economic capacities. Coastal zones are likely to be affected in terms of increased erosion, inundation and displacement of coastal wetlands and other coastal lowlands, increased risk of flooding or storm damage and salinization of groundwater. These primary impacts are liable to induce secondary ones on livelihoods and human health, on infrastructure and economic activity. The quantitative assessment of climate change impacts on coastal zones is generally considered a complex task and involves a number of analytical challenges, including scientific and economic uncertainties and data limitations. The present study seaks to define appropriate methods to assess the coastal vulnerability to sea level rise in the region of the Marmara Sea.

 


Coastal Geology, Geomorphology & Geophysics

 

Coastal Geomorphology and Future Sea-level Rise Impacts
at the
Eastern Gulf of Argos (Greece)

Efthimios Karymbalis(1) and Archonto Seni(2)

(1)   Department of Geography Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str. 17671 Athens, Greece
Tel: (30) 2109549159  Fax: (30) 2109514759
Email: karymbalis@hua.grr
(2)   Marathon Data System, 38 Kifissias Av. 15125 Maroussi, Athens, Greece
Tel: (30) 2106198866  Fax: (30) 2106198825
Email: andyseni@yahoo.gr

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to study the coastal geomorphology along part of the eastern gulf of Argos through field-work. Coastal landforms along the investigated shoreline were mapped in detail and a coastal geomorphological map was produced highlighting also coastal infrastructures and manmade constructions. The investigated area is of great archaeological interest and socio-economical importance for the broader prefecture of Argolis. Additionally, a preliminary assessment of the coastal zone vulnerability to the impacts of the anticipated sea level rise is presented. Vulnerability zones were defined using GIS functionalities incorporating various parameters concerning both natural (topography, lithology, coastal landforms) and human (land use) factors along the coastal zone. Finally, a prediction of the potential response of the identified coastal sub-environments to sea level rise was attempted. The integrated strategy of vulnerability assessment presented here constitutes an approach to the preliminary definition of high risk areas for semi-mountainous coastal zones, a very common feature of the Greek mainland.

 

 

Geomorphological Features of Kızılırmak Delta

Cem Gazioğlu (1), Zeki Yaşar Yücel(1), Selmin Burak(2),
Ertuğrul Doğan(2) and Edip Müftüoğlu(3)

IstanbulUniversity, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management,
34116 Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey
(1)  BERKARDA Remote Sensing and GIS Laboratory
Email: cemga@istanbul.edu.tr, zyy@istanbul.edu.tr
(2)   Department of Marine Environment
Email: sburak@istanbul.edu.tr, edogan@istanbul.edu.tr
(3)   Department of Physical Oceanography and Marine Biology
Tel: (90) 212 520 65 72 Fax: (90) 212 514 03 67
Email: edip@istanbul.edu.tr

Abstract

Study area (Kızılırmak Delta) is the biggest deltas along the southern margin of Black Sea. It is approximately 21,700 ha area. The Kızılırmak Delta was formed by sediments deposited by the Kızılırmak River which is the longest river in Turkey and drains an area of 78 646 km2, 1355 km length, 5.9 (km3/y)3 water input to the Black Sea. Average annual sediment load and water inputs of the Anatolia rivers are estimated at 24 million t/y (ca 20 of the total sediment carried into Black Sea) and 40 km3/y. The delta as a whole is 56,000 ha in extent and wetland area is 16.110 ha. Shallow lakes found on delta area. Large parts of the site are flooded during winter and spring. The average annual rainfall is 719 mm. It contains dunes, beaches, seasonal marshes, wooded areas and shallow lakes (the depth of the lakes is on average 1.5 m. max. 3 m. in spring). All the lakes are fresh (except Balık Lake which is brackish as a result of its connection to the sea).

 

In this paper, geomorphological features of Kızılırmak Delta were investigated by the combined use of remote sensing and DTMs in the Kızılırmak Delta as an effective technical assessment tool.

 

 

Active Shoreline Changes of Büyük Menderes River Delta in the Last 50 Years

M. Lütfi Süzen(1) and Bora Rojay(2)

Geological Eng. Dept., Middle EastTechnicalUniversity, 06531 Ankara, Turkey    Tel: +90-312-210 2688    Fax: +90-312-210 1263  
 (1)  Email: suzen@metu.edu.tr                 
(2)   Email: brojay@metu.edu.tr

Abstract

The coastal face of Büyük Menderes River is characterized by a complex system of lagoons, inlets, lakes, natural levees, beach ridges and river promontories. The geomorphological aspects of this complex system had been studied by means of aerial photographs and archive topographical maps. Three different periods of dataset is used where the earliest set is dated as 1956-1963, the next as 1977-1980 and the most recent one as 1996. In addition to aerial photographic studies, field observations have been made in 77 different locations in summer of 2004. It is observed that the most active parts of this shoreline are the promontories of Büyük Menderes River. One active and one relict promontory (northern and southern deltas) are observed with two different river courses. Two large lagoons are located behind the beach ridges of the shoreline. The so called Dil Lake -a large Lagoon- lies in the north part of the active promontory and joined with 2 inlets to the Aegean Sea as observed on aerial photographs and in field surveys done in 2004. The other one known as Akköy Lagoon is located on the south of the active promontory and also contiguous to the relict one. In year 2004, the Akköy Lagoon has 3 main inlets. The major changes detected in the shoreline between the observed dates are concentrated in the closure of inlets, formation of new sand barriers, slight changes in the course of the sand beaches and in the shape of promontories. It is expectably observed that the active promontory continues to aggrade since 1956 to 2004 for 50 years. However, on the other hand, the ceased promontory after a certain aggradation until 1963 is degrading continuously as a result of the human control and change in the southern course of Büyük Menderes River.

 

 

Grain Size Analysis along Büyük Menderes Delta Shoreline, Turkey

Alper Fulat(1), Vedat Toprak(1,2), Erdal Özhan(3)
and M. Lütfi Süzen(1,4)

(1) Geological Engineering Department, METU, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
Tel: (90) 3122105723   Fax: (90) 3122101263
Email: alperfulat@gmail.com
(2) Email: toprak@metu.edu.tr
(3) Faculty of Engineering, University of Muğla, 48170 Kötekli, Muğla, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2522111910   Fax: (90) 2522399161
Email: ozhan@mu.edu.tr
(4) Email: suzen@metu.edu.tr

Abstract

This study investigates grain size distribution along the shoreline of Büyük Menderes delta located in western Turkey, south of Dilek Peninsula. A total of 102 sand samples are collected at 71 localities within a length of about 20 km in the summer of 2004. Approximately half a kg of sand has been sampled with precise GPS locations. The samples are sieved using standard grain-size classification schemes in laboratory. Grain size distributions are analyzed and necessary graphs for individual samples are prepared and plotted over QuickBird satellite image of the same month in order to visualize the sampling environment.

 

The 1 %, 5 %, 16 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, 84 %, 95 %, mean, median, skewness and kurtosis values are calculated from the cumulative curves of the analyses. Interpretation of the results reveals following conclusions: Active delta head is represented by medium sand which is the coarsest sediment throughout the shoreline. On the other hand, the finest sediment (fine to very fine sand) is observed in the northern margin of the delta plain that corresponds to the southern shores of Dilek peninsula. Remaining areas are characterized by fine sand sediments. Sudden changes in the grain size are detected where significant shorelines changes have occurred within the last fifty years such as closure of coastal inlets.

 

 

Dynamics of the Deltaic Canyon Area
of the Rv. Chorokhi, Georgia

Kakhaber Bilashvili(1), Grigol Ruso(2), Nana Megreli(2)
and Zurab Savaneli(2)

(1)   Iv.JavakhishviliTbilisiState University1, I.Chavchavadze Ave., 0128 Tbilisi, Georgia
Tel: (995) 32253222  Fax: (995) 32253222
Email: wocean@iberiapac.ge
(2)   Scientific-Industrial Centre of Research and Governance of Coastal Processes, Saknapirdatsva 5a Sandro Euli str., 0176 Tbilisi, Georgia
Tel: 995 32 324654  Fax: 99532 324655
Tel/Fax: (995) 32390531
Email: wocean@iberiapac.ge

Abstract

The Cape of Batumi belongs to accumulative morphological forms and mainly consists of terrigenous sediments of Rv.Chorokhi. It’s location in the central part of the City of Batumi stipulates an importance of intensive research of phenomena. The natural growth of the cape towards the sea was stopped in 30-40-ties of last century, when its frontal part closely approached the head of the Rv.Chorokhi submarine canyon. The major part of debris ,washed down by river flow, accumulate on the mouth offshore submarine slope, stays  there for some time in stable condition and depending on the stability conditions for sediment deposit layer, either is gradually washed out by coastal currents, or is fallen down as discrete parts or blocks through underwater gorge channels. The stability conditions of submarine sediments are disturbed  by changes in the tangential reaction between soil particles or blocks, increased pore pressures, storms, instability of the underlying rocks, structural motions, tsunamis, earthquakes (e.g. stability conditions has been violated by strong earthquake occurred in Turkey on 14-th of January,1999). Investigation of the stability conditions of the bottom sedimentary layers deposited inside the submarine gorge (channel) has been undertaken on the base of field observations that repeatedly was held in 1960-2003 years in the pre-deltaic submarine canyon of Rv.Chorokhi, Georgia. Sediment material from Rv.Chorokhi is a main component of the littoral cell of the Adjarian coastline of the Black Sea. The Chorokhi Canyion head locates at depth of 7-8 m at a distance of 70-140m from the river mouth and invades the area of sediment laden currents. Its frontal area spreads along the shore line for as much as 1,5 km. More, than 90% of the river's load discharge were transported through the Chorokhi Canyon. The present research deals with the analytical considerations of dynamical processes that occur in the given area.

 

 

Single and Dual-Energy X-ray Computer Tomography
and Digital Radiography Study of Sedimentary Cores

M. Iovea(1), G. Oaie(2), O.G. Duliu(3), M. Bodale(3),
G. Mateiasi(4) and M. Neagu(1)

(1)  Accent Pro 2000 Ltd, 1, Nerva Traian Str., K6, RO-031041, Bucharest, Romania
Tel: (40) 213204759  Fax: (40) 213204759
Email: miovea@pcnet.ro
(2)  National Institute of Marine Geology and Geoecology,
23-25 Dimitrie Onciu Str., RO-024504, Bucharet, Romania
Tel: (40) 212522594  Fax: (40) 212525512
Email: goaie@geoecomar.ro
(3)  University of Bucharest, Department of Atomic and Nuclear Physics, Mãgurele, P.O. Box MG-11, RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
Tel: (40) 214574419  Fax: (40) 214574521
Email: duliu@pcnet.ro
(4)  The PolitehnicaUniversity, Bucharest, 313, Splaiul Independentei,
RO-060032, Bucharest, Romania
Tel: (40) 214029101  Fax: (40) 214115365
Email: miovea@pcnet.ro

Abstract

Four cores collected at depths varyng between 40 and 600 meters from the Black Sea Continental Platform and four cores collected from the Danube River have been investigated by means of a multi-purpose dual energy Computer Tomograph (CT) as well as by using a medical CT. The same dual-energy CT has been used to obtain digital radiographies prior to obtain CT images of the cross-sectional area of interest. Both, radiographs and CT images demonstrate a spatial resolution of 0.4 to 1.0 mm. In the case of dual-energy CT, by using a proper version of filtered back projection reconstruction algorithms as well as a suitable set of standard materials, we were able to obtain for each section two images, representing, with 2 to 3 % error, both density and effective atomic number (Zeff) values distribution within sample. CT images as well as digital radiographs allowed characterizing the internal structure of investigated objects. Three of the Black Sea cores were characterized by massive agglomeration of shell debris dominated by Mytilus galloprovincialis while the forth consisted of horizontal, undisturbed laminae. The Danube River cores consisted of unconsolidated sediments without any fragments of shell or other macroscopic debris. Sediment densities varied between 1.80 g/cm3 and 2.54 g/cm3 while the corresponding Zeff values fluctuated between 7.20 and 12.50 suggesting the presence of quartz and clay as major components.

 

 

Seaward Mobility of Seismically Induced Coastal and Subbottom Sediment Failures in Karamürsel Basin

Bedri Alpar(1) and Selma Ünlü(1,2)

(1)   IstanbulUniversity, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management,
34116 Vefa-Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2165282539  Fax: (90) 2125268433
Email: alparb@istanbul.edu.tr
(2)   Email: su@istanbul.edu.tr

Abstract

In addition to pre-conditioning factors related to geological setting and sedimentation conditions, an earthquake is usually a final trigger required for coastal and submarine failures to take place. During the Kocaeli 1999 earthquake, which has shown the capacity of large-magnitude events to cause massive damage to infrastructure and enormous loss of life, large-scale damage due to liquefaction and especially due to the lateral spreading of liquefiable slopes has been observed along the southern coasts of the Karamürsel Basin (İzmit Bay). Little is known, however, of the seaward dimension of these coastal or underwater failures on which marine structures such as wharves, outfalls, gas pipes, fiber optic cables etc may be constructed and their effects on the seafloor. The scope of this study is to investigate geophysical and chemical evidences of possible sediment disturbances in the seafloor during the Kocaeli 1999 earthquake. As interpreted from post-earthquake seismic reflection data, hummocky topographic seafloor profiles with some scars and chaotic configuration of seismic units controlled by faults indicate possible zones of submarine mass movement. They largely coincide with the areas of onshore subsidence, lateral spreading and submergence occurred along the southern coasts of the Karamürsel Basin. Contrary to the high polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations generally observed in the surface sediment of Karamürsel basin, which is surrounded by petroleum industries, low level of PAH concentrations were detected at the stations staying in the proposed zones for possible co-seismic mass movement.

 

 


Remote Sensing

 

Geomorphological Evolution, Morphology and Dynamics
of the Coastal Dunes of Ceyhan Delta

F. Sancar Ozaner

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Ankara
Tel: (90) 312 4673225  Fax: (90) 312 4270536
Email: sancar.ozaner@tubitak.gov.tr

Abstract

Geomorphological evolution, physical features and dynamics of the coastal dunes of Ceyhan Delta extending on both side of the river mouth has been revealed in this article. Since the coastal dunes of a delta are formed by complex processes of a river, prevailing winds, waves, and as well as longshore transporting currents, fluvial action of Ceyhan and dynamics of coastal processes were interpreted together by using older maps, aerial photos and Landsat images from different time intervals. By this way, evolution of Ceyhan Delta and of its dunes since the year 1843 enlightened. A detailed geomorphological map of the Delta which is based on the stereoscopic interpretation of aerial photos from 1956 was prepared. The map shows ancient meandering courses, meander-cuts, point bars, and as well as ancient mouths of the river. It is revealed that, the river used at least eight different mouths since the historical times to present.

 

The area is protected by “Nature Reserve Area” statue since 08.07.1994 under the Law of National Parks.

 

Assessing Ecological Dynamics
in the Mediterranean Sea

Vittorio Barale

Joint  Research Centre of the European Commission, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
Tel: (39) 0332789274  Fax: (39) 0332789034
Email: vittorio.barale@jrc.it

Abstract

Optical properties of surface waters, which depend on the presence, nature and concentration of water constituents, can be used as tracers of coastal and marine ecological dynamics. The features described by such properties (namely coastal plumes and filaments, frontal structures, meso-scale eddies and gyres) differentiate between ecological provinces shaped by heterogeneous bio-geo-chemical patterns. The comparison of optical data collected by different remote sensors in different periods – e.g. that of the SeaWiFS (1998-2003), as compared to that of the CZCS (1979-1985) – suggests that geographical setting and atmospheric forcing in near-coastal regions are critical in establishing the observed patterns’ space-time distribution.

 

 

Use of SPOT 5 and IKONOS Satellites for Mapping Biocenoses in a Tunisian Lagoon

Alexandre Vela (1), Aslam Djelouli(2), Habib Langar(3),
Vanina Pasqualini(1,4), Gérard Pergent(1,5), Christine Pergent-Martini(1,6),
Ridha Mrabet(3,7) and Hanem Djabou(3,8)

(1)University of Corsica, Faculty of Sciences, Equipe Ecosystèmes Littoraux, BP 52, 20250 Corte, France
Tel: (0033) 495450055  Fax: (0033) 495462441
Email: vela@univ-corse.fr
(2)University of Tunis-Manar, Faculty of Sciences, University Campus, 1060 Tunis, Tunisie
Tel: (00216) 71872600
Email: zohde2002@yahoo.fr
(3)    INSTM, 28 rue 2 Mars 1934, 2025 Salammbô, Tunisie
Tel: (00216) 71730420
Email: habib.langar@instm.rnrt.tn
(4)    Email: pasquali@univ-corse.fr
(5)     Email: pergent@univ-corse.fr
(6)     Email: pmartini@univ-corse.fr
(7)     Email: mrabet@instm.rnrt.tn
(8)     Email: djabou-hanem@caramail.fr

Abstract

Within the framework of the preservation and the management of Mediterranean biodiversity, mapping tools are very useful to evaluate and inventory key ecosystems and natural formation World Heritage. Historical data concerning the El Bibane lagoon, situated in the Tunisian South near the Libyan border, mentions various ecosystems as Neogoniolithon notarisii reef platform and seagrass meadows. Two satellites image, IKONOS and SPOT 5, were tested as management tools to identify these specific ecosystems. The IKONOS satellite, launched in September 1999, and the SPOT 5 satellite, launched in May 2002, which provide multispectral fused imagery with different spatial resolution (0.6 m and 2.5 m), were used. Classifications were made of both satellite’s image. Seagrass meadows appear as the most important ecosystem, whereas the Neogoniolithon notarisii reef constitutes a thin structure lining the north coast of the lagoon. SPOT 5 and IKONOS satellites provide different results which can be both satisfactory according to the aim of the study.

 

 

The Use of Satellite Data in Identifying Phytoplankton Distribution
within a Pelagic Marine Protected Area

Eleonora Petagna(1), Marta Manca Zeichen(2),
Maria Grazia Finoia (2,3) and Federica Pascucci (1,4)

(1)       DIA, Department of Computer Science and Automation,
University of Rome TRE, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Rome, Italy
Tel: (39)0655173227    Fax: (39)065573030
Email: e.petagna@libero.it
(2)       GISTAT Laboratory,
Central Institute for Applied Marine Research (ICRAM),
Via di Casalotti 300, 00166 Rome, Italy
Tel: (39)0661570468    Fax: (39)0661561906
Email: m.mancazeichen@icram.org
(3)       Email: mafinoia@tin.it
(4)       Email: pascucci@dia.uniroma3.it

Abstract

This paper highlights the strategic importance of the use of satellite imagery in detecting and visualising ocean colour phenomena such as phytoplankton dynamics which insist along a pelagic Marine Protected Area (MPA). A year of Sea viewing Wide Field of view Sensor (SeaWiFS) relatively cloud-free images, was analysed by means of statistical analysis in order to document the spatio-temporal variability of surface chlorophyll –a (chl_a) patterns within the Pelagos Sanctuary (Ligurian Sea). The chlorophyll –a images showed a marked spatio-temporal dynamics with seasonal upwelling events particularly noticeable in the north-western zone of the Sanctuary with a chlorophyll –a concentration reaching ca 1.9 mg/m3. The study of the phytoplankton dynamics, retrieved by means of ocean colour satellite data, is particularly helpful in the monitoring of the protected species within the Sanctuary which feed on the zooplanktonic biomass, thus helping better MPA ongoing management.

 

 

Using Marine Surface Films as Indicators
for Marine Processes in the Coastal Zone

Martin Gade(1), Stanislav A. Ermakov(2), Olga Yu. Lavrova(3),
Leonid M. Mitnik(4), José B.C. da Silva(5), David K. Woolf(6)

(1)   Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Tel: (49) 40428385450  Fax: (49) 40428387471
Email: gade@ifm.zmaw.de
(2)   Institute of Applied Physics, RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Tel: (7) 8312164935  Fax: (7) 8312365976
Email: stas.ermakov@hydro.appl.sci-nnov.ru
(3)Institute of Space Research, RAS, Moscow, Russia
Tel: (7) 0953334256  Fax: (7) 0953331056
Email: olavrova@mx.iki.rssi.ru
(4) Pacific Oceanological Institute, RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
Tel: (7) 7232312854  Fax: (7) 4232312573
Email: lm_mitnik@mail.ru
(5) University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Tel: (351) 217573141-20318  Fax: (351) 217500009
Email: jdasilva@fc.ul.pt
(6) National Oceanography Centre,Southampton, UK
Tel: (44) 02380596401  Fax: (44) 2380596400
Email: dkw@noc.soton.ac.uk

Abstract

In order to improve the information content that can be inferred from multi-sensor satellite imagery of marine coastal areas, scientists from Germany, UK, Portugal, and Russia have formed the project SIMP (“Slicks as Indicators for Marine Processes”) whose main goal is the development of novel tools for marine remote sensing of the coastal zone. The basic idea of SIMP is to benefit from the fact that marine surface films, which are often present in coastal areas, may enhance the signatures of hydrodynamic processes such as plumes, internal waves, eddies, etc., on microwave, optical, and infrared imagery. Laboratory and field experiments are being conducted in order to investigate the influence of variations in wind speed and surface currents on radar and optical signatures of marine surface films. In this paper we summarize first results from joint dedicated field and laboratory experiments conducted off the Russian coast of the Black Sea, in the Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan, and in laboratory wind-wave tank facilities in Hamburg and Nizhny Novgorod, respectively. We will demonstrate how the interpretation of satellite radar imagery can benefit from a deeper knowledge of the very mechanisms responsible for slick signatures and from auxiliary information provided by sensors working at different electromagnetic frequencies.

 

 

Joint Analysis of Sea Level Variability and Sea Colour
off the Tunisian Coasts Using Remote Sensed Data

Slim Gana(1) and Emna Kochlef(1, 2)

(1)   Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie – 43, Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 – Tunis – Mahrajène – Tunisia
Email: gana.slim@inat.agrinet.tn
(2)   Now at NationalCenter for Remote Sensing – Tunisia
Email: kochlef_emna@yahoo.fr

Abstract

Altimetric sea level variability and chlorophyll concentration (sea colour) off the Tunisian coasts are studied, with a particular emphasis to the relation that may exist between the two signals, over the period from October 99 to September 2001. We use the data of the Topex Poseidon radar altimeter (T/P hereafter)  and chlorophyll is deduced from the radiometric data of the SeaWIFS sensor.

 

The branching of the Modified Atlantic Water (MAW) vein appears clearly, along the northern Tunisian coasts: one branch going towards the north of the Tunisia-Sardinia-Sicily channel, the other going round the Cap Bon towards the eastern basin of the Mediterranean. This second branch is sometimes laid along the Cap Bon coast and sometimes more diffuse as mentioned by Millot (1999). Furthermore, the water proprieties and circulation off the Tunisian coasts is highly eddying and acyclic (Sammari et al., 1999).

 

The free surface height variability analysis has also shown the existence of a particular activity in the Gulf of Gabes. It seems to be the signature, over the surface, of the trapping of Levantine Intermediate Water on the continental shelf (isobaths 200m).

 

The study of the SeaWiFs radiometric data has allowed us to quantify the variation and the geographic distribution of the chlorophyll off the Tunisian coasts.


The prior understanding of the circulation has enabled us to make the link between the dynamic and the spatial-temporal variations of the chlorophyll concentration. In fact, it appears that the Algerian current tends to decrease the chlorophyll concentration of the waters through mixing the resident ones if the current is laid on the coastal level. On the contrary, if its meanders get away from the coast, a relative enrichment of the offing waters takes place and this through the advection of the resident waters far from the coast.

 


Investigation of Burdur Lake Shoreline Change by Using Satellite Images

Erhan Şener(1) , Ayşen Davraz(2)  and Tevfik Ismailov(3)

Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture,
Department of Geological Engineering, Isparta, 32260, Turkey
Tel: (90) 2462111585  Fax: (90) 2462370363
(1) Email: esener@mmf.sdu.edu.tr
(2) Email: adavraz@mmf.sdu.edu.tr
(3) Email: tevfik@mmf.sdu.edu.tr

Abstract

Burdur Lake, a tectonic lake with the NE-SW orientation, is one of the deepest lakes of Turkey. Alluvial silt and clay is observed in the broad coastal area of Burdur Lake. The lake is a closed basin and is recharged by rainfall, surface flows and underground flow. The only means of water loss is due to evaporation from the surface of the lake.

 

The aim of this study is to investigate the shoreline changes of Burdur Lake by using different remote sensing methods on the multitemporal satellite images. In the study, satellite images from years 1975, 1987, 1990, 2000 and 2002 Landsat TM and 1996 SPOT XS were used. In addition, the topographical map of the study area and the bathymetric map of the Burdur Lake was digitized using Arc Info 7.2.1. version software program and was occured digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area. The lake water level has decreased approximately 10 meters within 27 years. While the lake area was 210 km2 in 1975, it shrank to153 km2 in 2002, corresponding to 27 % (57 km2) area loss in this period. The lake volume decreased 1.68 km3 corresponding to the same percentage  of 27 %.

 

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