Global Congress on Integrated Coastal Management :

 

VOLUME I

 

 

ICM in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea

 

The PEGASO Project: Supporting ICZM in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Basins

 

Francoise Breton⁽¹⁾ and Željka Škaričić⁽²⁾

⁽¹⁾ UAB, Geography Department, Coordinator of the FP7 PEGASO Project, 83193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain,

Tel: + 34-93-581 35 49; Fax: + 34-93-581 35 25,

E-mail: francoise.breton@uab.cat

⁽²⁾ UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan, Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC), 21000 Split, Croatia,

Tel: + 385-21-340 471, Fax: + 385-21-340 490,

E-mail: zeljka.skaricic@ppa.t-com.hr

 

 

Abstract

 

Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal areas are exposed to high demographic and development pressures leading to severe environmental degradation exacerbated by the impacts of climate change. An important impetus to the efforts to overcome these pressures and ensure more sustainable development trends was provided with the adoption of the Mediterranean Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), which is also seen as a source of inspiration for strengthening ICZM in the Black Sea region.

 

The paper will show how the EU FP7-funded project PEGASO has been supporting the implementation of the ICZM Protocol in the Mediterranean and the development of a similar policy framework in the Black Sea. The most innovative results of the project, as well as its most useful tools will be presented. The objective is to build a shared knowledge in service of an integrated and well-informed coastal management. We present here (i) the shared ICZM governance platform, to support debate and bridge science and decision-making; (ii) the legal and institutional stock-take to understand how the countries are equipped to implement the ICZM (Protocol); (iii) examples of tools to help implement an ecosystem-based management with special focus on land and sea interaction and incorporating multiple impacts from anthropogenic and natural stressors.

 

 

 

 

Application of ICZM Tool’s: Experience from the French PEGASO Study Site

 

Anis Guelmami⁽¹⁾, Lisa Ernoul^(1,2) and Eric Le Gentil⁽³⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Tour du Valat Research Centre, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France

E-mail : guelmami@tourduvalat.org

⁽²⁾ E-mail : ernoul@tourduvalat.org

⁽³⁾ Université Bretagne Occidentale, UEM-UBO Technopôle Brest-Iroise 29280 Plouzané

E-mail : eric.legentil@hotmail.fr

 

 

Abstract

 

The Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) protocol sets a common framework for ICZM for all countries in the Mediterranean basin, yet a wide variety of approaches and techniques are implemented. This study presents the approach implemented from a pilot site in the People for Ecosystem-based Governance in Assessing Sustainable development of Ocean and coast (PEGASO) project; building on existing capacities to develop a common novel approach to support integrated coastal zone management in the south of France (Bouches du Rhone Department). Using a participatory approach, local stakeholders were interviewed to identify potential tools to facilitate ICZM in the Department. The in-depth interviews highlighted a multitude of conflicting land uses (urbanization, farming, natural areas, etc.) resulting from the sectorial management put in place during the 1960. In response, the project implemented a Land and Ecosystem Accounting technique (LEAC). This tool aimed to identify how conflicting land use issues have evolved over the years and the consequences that this has on the site. Ecosystem accounts recorded the state of natural resources and ecosystem components in terms of quality (e.g. land-cover); quantity (e.g. volume of biomass, area of certain land-cover, number of species etc.) and changes in quality and quantity in time and space. The first results were presented to the stakeholders in the form of maps during a participative workshop, opening discussion for possible improvements. This pilot test demonstrates the importance of implicating local stakeholders in the development process in order to provide tools that have a better acceptation rate and can be sustained after the projects are completed.  

 

 

 

 

A Set of Indicators for ICZM

 

Francesca Santoro⁽¹⁾, Ann-Katrien Lescrauwaet ⁽²⁾ Jean-Pierre Giraud⁽³⁾, Antoine Lafitte^(3,4) and Julian Barbière^(1,5)

 

⁽¹⁾ Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ofUNESCO, 75732 Paris CEDEX 15 France, Tel: Tel: + + 33 (0)1 45683952

E-mail: f.santoro@unesco.org

⁽²⁾ Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, InnovOcean site Wandelaarkaai 7, B-8400 Oostende Belgium, Tel : +32 (0) 59 34 21 46 

E-mail: annkatrien.lescrauwaet@vliz.be

⁽³⁾ Plan Bleu, 15 Rue Beethoven, Sophia-Antipolis  06560 Valbonne France, Tel: +33 (0) 4 92 38 71 44

E-mail: jpgiraud@planbleu.org

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: alafitte@planbleu.org

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail:j.barbiere@unesco.org

 

 

Abstract

 

This paper proposes an approach for the identification and selection of a set of indicators for Integrated Coastal Zone Management. A structured approach to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) calls for indicators to measure progress in, and effects of, ICZM policies. In the context of the EU FP7 funded project People for Ecosystem-based Goverance in Assessing Sustainable development of Ocean and coast (PEGASO) a set of indicators to primarily support the implementation of the ICZM Protocol for the Mediterranean has been developed. More generally, the aim was to provide a suite of indicators that can be applied at different scales, both in the Mediterranean and Black sea, as sustainability assessment tool, and as tool to measure the implementation of ICZM policies and programmes. In order to define a set of indictors able to respond to the needs of the ICZM Protocol and in order to promote an integrated approach to overcome the traditional sectorial (e.g. fishery, tourism, energy) one, it has been decided to link the PEGASO set of indicators to 10 ICZM policy objectives. These policy objectives reflect the principles of ICZM which can be found in Article 6 of the Protocol.The PEGASO set of ICZM indicators should not only serve as a descriptive tool but mainly as an analytical one for the understanding of the coastal system, being it a region (the Mediterranean or the Black Sea), a country or a local coastal area.

 

 

 

 

Participatory Experiences in PEGASO Project

 

Stefano Soriani⁽¹⁾, Fabrizia Buono ^(1,2), Andrea Bordin ^(1,3), Marco Tonino ⁽⁵⁾ and Monica Camuffo^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ Department of Economics Università Ca' Foscari, 30121 Venice, Italy

Tel: +39 041 234 8688 Fax:

E-mail: soriani@unive.it

⁽²⁾ E-mail: fabrizia.buono@unive.it

⁽³⁾ E-mail: andrea.bordin@unive.it

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: camonic@unive.it

⁽⁵⁾ Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Università Ca' Foscari, 30121 Venice, Italy

Tel: +39 041 234 6841

E-mail: marco.tonino@unive.it

 

 

Abstract

 

Public participation is widely recognised as a necessary tool to ensure a successful implementation of environmental strategies and plans. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), dealing with contrasting perspectives and interests, needs to embed participation as a pillar of the development and implementation of its strategy. As other environmental policies, ICZM requires different participation processes according to the aim, the available tools, the process phase and the level of involvement, interest and knowledge of stakeholders.

 

The FP7 PEGASO project (People for Ecosystem-based Governance in Assessing Sustainable development of Ocean and coast) considers participation as a cross-cutting issue relevant for the implementation of the principles of the ICZM Protocol. Participation is considered necessary also in the development of tools for coastal management, and in the capacity building process. Within the PEGASO project ten “Collaborative Application SitES” (CASEs) were identified in order to represent different scales, coastal issues, expertise and experiences. During the project, each CASE had the opportunity to apply and adapt different participation methods in order to better answer to their specific characteristics and needs as well as to bridge the gap between science and decision makers.

 

The paper describes the development of the participation capacity building process within the project and its implementation in the CASEs. Furthermore, the description of the CASEs activities allows drawing attention to the relevant experiences made and lessons learned regarding the effectiveness of participation in the ICZM process as well as on its contribution in bridging the gap between science and decision-makers.

 

 

 

 

Implementing Local Policies for Case Study Sulina

 

Iuliana Nichersu⁽¹⁾, Iulian Nichersu^(1,2), Marian Mierla^(1,3), Eugenia Marin^(1,4) and Cristian Trifanov^(1,5)

 

⁽¹⁾ Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Department of Research, Babadag Street, 165 820112 Tulcea, Romania,  Tel:  +0040-240-524546, Fax: +0040-240-533547

E-mail:  iulianan@indd.tim.ro

⁽²⁾ E-mail: iuli@ indd.tim.ro

⁽³⁾ E-mail: mmierla@indd.tim.ro

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: jenica@ indd.tim.ro

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: kriss@ indd.tim.ro

 

 

Abstract

 

The purpose of this paper is to present the context of implementation the Protocol for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in the area of Danube Delta, Sulina on the Romanian coastal zone of Black Sea with the involvement of stakeholders and decision makers.

 

The project “People for Ecosystem Based Governance in Assessing Sustainable Development of Ocean and Coast” – PEGASO within the work was conducted is financed by the Seventh Framework Programme. The PEGASO project has been designed to identify common threats and solutions in relation to the long-term sustainable development and environmental protection of coastal zones bordering the Mediterranean and Black Seas in ways relevant to the implementation of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Protocol (ICZM).

 

The solutions schema for the case study was planned with the help of the Consideo software which is able to design the relations between the different costal environment component, different threats and different human activities in coastal areas. These solutions are as result of the stakeholder involvement. Ranking and combining solutions in Cross-Impact Balance (CIB) software program determines the most consistent scenarios in order to preserve the Natural Capital and to have a human society development revering the ICZM Protocol. Later on these scenarios or part of them could be transformed into local policies which will serve the spatial planning process.

 

After choosing the consistent scenarios and elaborating local policies that should be implemented in the area, spatial planning represents the final theoretical step for implementing local (but there could be also other levels) policies that are guided by the ICZM Protocol.

 

 

 

 

Environmental Assessment Tools in the PEGASO Case - Sevastopol Bay

 

Sergey Konovalov⁽¹⁾, Volodymyr Vladymyrov⁽²⁾, Vyacheslav Dolotov^(1,3), Olexandra Sergeyeva^(2,4), Yuri Goryachkin^(1,5), Olga Moiseenko^(1,6), Sergey Alyomov^(2,7), Natalia Orekhova^(1,8) and Liubov Zharova⁽⁹⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2, Kapitanskaya Street, Sevastopol 99011, Ukraine.

Tel:  +38-050-5881952    Fax: +38 069 2554253           

E-mail: sergey_konovalov@yahoo.com

⁽²⁾ Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2, Nakhimova Avenue, Sevastopol 99011, Ukraine.

Tel: +38-050-3251035    Fax: +38-069-2557813

E-mail: v.vladymyrov@ibss.org.ua

⁽³⁾ E-mail: vdolotov@mail.ru

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: o.sergeyeva@ibss.org.ua

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: yngor@yandex.ru

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail: olga.moiseenko.65@mail.ru

⁽⁷⁾ E-mail: numa_63@mail.ru

⁽⁸⁾ E-mail: naorekh-2004@mail.ru

⁽⁹⁾ Institute of Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60, Tarasa Shevchenko Avenue, Kiev 01032, Ukraine.

    E-mail: zharova_l@ua.fm

 

 

Abstract

 

The FP7 PEGASO project has been launched to investigate different aspects of and local conditions for integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) and application of the ICZM Protocol in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The Bay of Sevastopol has been chosen as one of the sites (CASES) for practical application of the results of the project, to assess local conditions and provide practically useful end-products for the purpose of ICZM implementation. We have designed the system (http://wiki.iczm.org.ua/en/index.php/ Download_the_latest_version_of_the_atlas) incorporating digital atlas and GIS features, but also allowing interaction with data and application of different ICZM tools. The major of these tools are indexes. While interaction with data makes possible to construct different maps, which have not been preloaded, tools make possible to analyze data. The current version of the system incorporates a number of indexes chosen within the frame of the PEGASO project for environmental assessment.

 

 

 

 

Management Issues of Köyceğiz-Dalyan SPA (Turkey)

 

Erdal Özhan^(1,2,4), Ulaş Avşar^(1,5), Nesrin Tüfekçi^(2,3),  Serdar Özuslu^(1,6), Sinem Önder^(1,7), Deniz Konaklı⁽¹⁾ and Nurdan Kan^(1,8)

 

⁽¹⁾ Mediterranean Coastal Foundation, 48840 Muǧla, Turkey

Tel: + 90-252-284 44 50 Fax: + 90-252-284 44 05

E-mail:medcoast@medcoast.net

⁽²⁾ Muǧla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000 Muǧla, Turkey

⁽³⁾ Delft University of Technology, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands

Tel: + 31-15-278 21 68 

E-mail: n.tufekci@tudelft.nl

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: ozhan@metu.edu.tr

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: avsarulas@yahoo.com

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail: s.ozuslu@medcoast.net

⁽⁷⁾ E-mail: s.onder@medcoast.net

⁽⁸⁾ E-mail: n.kan@medcoast.net

 

 

Abstract

 

Main coastal management issues of Köycegiz-Dalyan SPA, which is one of the first three SPAs declared in 1988 is described. The work is carried out in PEGASO project.

 

 

 

 

Monitoring of Boat Navigation in the Dalyan Channel

 

Nesrin Tüfekçi^(1,2), Ulaş Avşar^(3,4) and Erdal Özhan^(2,3,5)

 

⁽¹⁾ Delft University of Technology, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands

Tel: + 31-15-278 21 68 

E-mail: N.Tufekci@tudelft.nl

⁽²⁾ Muǧla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000 Muǧla, Turkey

⁽³⁾ Mediterranean Coastal Foundation, 48840 Muǧla, Turkey

Tel: + 90-252-284 44 50 Fax: + 90-252-284 44 05

E-mail:medcoast@medcoast.net

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: avsarulas@yahoo.com

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: ozhan@metu.edu.tr

 

 

Abstract

 

Specially protected areas (SPAs), are generally attractive for visitors and tourists. Yet, several human activities can create pressure on precious ecosystems in SPAs. Especially, boat traffic is documented to have various negative effects on deltaic-lagoonal ecosystems. Hence, in order to prevent these environments from certain threads and manage their sustainability, monitoring the boat traffic is essential. Automated moving object detection, tracking and object counting from a video surveillance are challenging tasks, but indispensable when quantitative models are needed for certain branches of management. Increasing technology in computer processors provides us with less computational time for large amount of data, which creates a great advantage to use computer-vision systems for object tracking and detection. Computer-vision system has wide application in the fields like traffic surveillance, security, criminology etc., all of which have stationary background. This paper introduces an algorithm to identify and count moving objects in a non-stationary background, namely boats navigating through Dalyan channel. The output accuracy of the algorithm is above 95% for daily boat count, which is quite high considering that the background is not stationary. The number of boats passing through Dalyan channel is investigated in daily and hourly basis for a period of 455 days. The daily time series, which has periodic character, clearly identifies the high tourist season and national holidays. Considering the seasonal trend of the boat traffic in Dalyan channel, seasonal management strategies can be developed for the sustainability of ecosystem in Dalyan.

 

 

 

 

ICM and Country Experiences, Legal Issues

 

A Nested Governance System for ICZM in Egypt

 

Óscar García-Aguilar⁽¹⁾, María Merino^(1,2), Pino González-Riancho^(1,3), Marcello Sanò⁽⁴⁾ and Raúl Medina^(1,5)

 

⁽¹⁾ Environmental Hydraulics Institute “IH Cantabria”, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain

Tel: +34-942-201 616   Fax: +34-942-266 361

E-mail: gaguilaro@unican.es   

⁽²⁾ E-mail: merinogm@unican.es

⁽³⁾ E-mail: grianchop@unican.es  

⁽⁴⁾ Centre for Coastal Management, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University

QLD 4222, Southport, Australia

Tel: + 610755528520

E-mail: m.sano@griffith.edu.au

⁽⁵⁾E-mail: medinar@unican.es

 

 

Abstract

 

Despite the considerable effort in ICZM over several decades, effective governance of the coastal zone remains a considerable challenge in many parts of the world. This paper presents the nested governance system proposed for the Egyptian Northwest coast which has been designed to arrange and organize the state organizations, private sector corporations, civil society and citizens who are or want to be active in and utilize the resources of the coastal zone, establishing incentives and parameters for their behavior, and creating circumstances for collaborative management.

 

 

 

 

Importance of the Financial Resources in Effective ICZM: The Egyptian Experience

 

Hossam Samir Ibrahim⁽¹⁾ and Ibrahim Hegazy⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Faculty of Regional & Urban planning, Cairo University, Egypt

Tel: +2 01522838366 or +2 0100 8900 56

E-mail:h1_sadeldin@yahoo.com

⁽²⁾ Faculty of Engineering, El Mansoura University, Egypt

Tel: +2 014 9696 411

E-mail:  i.hegazy@ymail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Coastal zones provide considerable benefits to society while at the same time human activities exert pressure on coastal ecosystems, therefore threatening those same benefits. To promote the sustainable use of coastal zone resources many countries have introduced Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) as a mechanism to effectively manage the coastal zone and the conflicts of interest arise from competition for coastal space and resources. However the ICZM initiative to be operational, it needs to be formally adopted and supported by the necessary financial resources. In particular, achieving cooperation and integration between different levels of government to engage an ICZM process is always difficult, requiring financial resources. For this reason many ICZM schemes in the developing countries have failed at the implementation stage due to difficulties typically found in most developing countries, such as financial capacity. For instance it has been argued that in the Mediterranean developing countries, financial resources are not sufficient to allow for a thorough implementation of ICZM particularly at the operational stage.

 

This paper reviews ICZM process in Egypt focussing on discussing the financial resources to plan and implement ICZM based on interviews with key ICZM actors as well as documentary analysis and participant observation in ICZM meetings. It seeks through a critical evaluation to provide some practical recommendations that could help to enhance the implementation of ICZM in Egypt and other developing countries.

 

 

 

 

Developing a Regulatory Framework for Underwater Noise

 

David Johnson⁽¹⁾ and John Mouat⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Seascape Consultants Ltd., Belbins Valley, Belbins, Romsey, SO51 0PE, United Kingdom

Tel: +44-1794-368245

E-mail: david.johnson@seascapeconsultants.co.uk

⁽²⁾ OSPAR Commission, Victoria House, 37-63 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4DA

Tel: +44-20-7430-5200

E-mail: john.mouat@ospar.org

 

 

Abstract

 

This paper examines the recognition of the environmental impact of underwater noise as a transboundary pollutant and development to date of regulatory measures in Europe. The introduction of noise energy into the marine environment is of particular concern to those responsible for biodiversity protection and, specifically marine mammals and fish. In order to take steps to ban polluting activities or introduce mitigation measures it is important to establish a scientific case recognising adverse impacts and to fully understand the socio-economic implications and practicality of any proposed regulation. Issues to be resolved include clearly differentiating between impulsive and ambient noise impacts, understanding trends, and establishing significant impacts. In 2009 the OSPAR Commission, the competent authority for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic, published an overview of the impacts of anthropogenic underwater sound in the marine environment. Together with a review of the nature of sound and its measurement, and consideration of impacts, this overview examined the noise signature of different activities (construction, shipping, sonar, seismic). At about the same time the European Union established an expert group to guide Member States considerations with respect to noise energy as one of the eleven descriptors of Good Environmental Status under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (EU 2008/56/EC). European Regional Seas Conventions have a specific role to play in co-ordination of implementation of the MSFD. For the North-East Atlantic the OSPAR Commission has included noise considerations in its Quality Status Report 2010 (OSPAR, 2010), the North-East Atlantic Environment Strategy 2010-2020 and committed to establishing an inventory of mitigation options. The EU expert Technical Sub-Group (TSG) continues to give consideration to indicators, thresholds, and monitoring guidelines. This paper sets out evolving mitigation including operational measures, habitat-based management, technology-based noise control and efforts to recognise cumulative noise impacts. Illustrative examples are also highlighted. The MSFD is the first legally binding instrument mentioning underwater noise. However, it excludes military activities and, being a Framework Directive, does not identify mitigation measures. It is concluded that sufficient evidence is in place to encourage widespread adoption of precautionary mitigation practices and recommended that such measures should, in the first instance, be linked to the conservation objectives of marine protected areas and hence those species most at risk from noise impacts.

 

 

 

 

Coastal Management Tools and Instruments

 

A Conceptual Framework for Integrated Assessment

 

Sarah Camilleri⁽¹⁾, Alejandro Pérez-Hurtado⁽²⁾, and Giovanni Gabbianelli⁽³⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Erasmus Mundus MACOMA PhD candidate,

E-mail: sarahcam84@yahoo.co.uk

⁽²⁾ Coastal Wetlands Research Group, University of Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz.

Tel: +34956016011

E-mail: alejandro.pérez@uca.es

⁽³⁾ Integrated Geoscience Research Group, University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy.

Tel: +390512094924

E-mail: giovanni.gabbianelli@unibo.it

 

 

Abstract

 

Interdisciplinary and knowledge integration are widely applied concepts for decision-support within environmental management. The choice of an appropriate framework to support integrated assessment is an important step for the definition of the system being studied. The DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) conceptual framework is one such tool which functions by addressing the cause-effect relationships between sectors of human activity and the environment, thus being ideal for anthropogenized natural environments as is the Bahia de Cádiz Nature Park. The paper describes how, supported by input from literature review and expert consultation, the framework may be used as an entry point for the definition of the significant D-P-S-I elements that characterize the study area, playing at different spatial and temporal ranges. Human health concepts are included, emphasizing its ‘integrated’ nature. Results demonstrate an interest in uncovering dynamics amongst drivers within the ‘Sectors’ and ‘Infrastructure’ groups; resulting changes within land-use patterns and hydrological modifications (pressures); their effects on the different land-types , geological and hydrological characteristics, vegetation and birdlife (states) and the effects of these on the different services (impacts) the park environment offers. Remote sensing, GIS technology and indicators are postulated as efficient analysis tools for applying to available aerial photos, satellite imagery and birdlife census data. Ultimately the framework hopes to serve as a conceptual base for future investigation within the scope of this project and beyond.

 

 

 

 

Monitoring Campaign as ICM Tools for Tokyo Bay

 

Keita Furukawa

 

Ocean Policy Research Foundation, 1050001 Tokyo, Japan

Tel: + 81-3-5404 6828 Fax: + 81-3-5404 6810

E-mail: k-furukawa@sof.or.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

On 26 March 2003, the Tokyo Bay Renaissance Promotion Council, composed of six central government agencies and eight regional government bodies endorsed an “Action Plan for Tokyo Bay Renaissance”. Under the action plan, the monitoring campaign of bay environment has been started in 2008. Dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, and temperature were monitored in sea area, chemical oxygen demand, temperature, and discharge were monitored in river area. These data sets show a detailed snap shot of hypoxic water occurrence in the inner part of the bay. A series of environment maps for Tokyo Bay have been published for sharing the data. For example, in 2012, goby census has been implemented to show importance of biological – environmental relations.  Participants of the census are 240, and the more than 8,000 data of fished gobies has been corrected. It clearly shows relation between growth and special environment variation. From just few trial of the campaigns are not enough to answer all questions, nevertheless, these trials shows its importance and efficiency on bay environment monitoring and management as one of the ICM tools.

 

 

 

 

Easy to Use Tool for ICZM Progress Reporting

 

Mamuka Gvilava⁽¹⁾ and Amiran Gigineishvili⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ ICZM National Focal Point for Georgia, c/o GeoGraphic, 10, Bulachauri Str., Tbilisi, 0160, Georgia

Tel: +995-599-546616

E-mail: MGvilava@ICZM.ge

⁽²⁾ NGO Lanchkhuti Information Centre, 105 Zhordania Str., Lanchkhuti, 2800, Georgia

Tel: +995-599-917925

E-mail: amiran@lic.org.ge

 

 

Abstract

 

ICZM progress indicators elaborated for the EU context has been applied to monitor the progress with ICZM implementation in the Black Sea region, including Georgia. This monitoring tool was further developed for the Black Sea countries by incorporating the listing of short explanatory notes to index each change with time in the status of progress markers. Standard word processing was found to be inconvenient for many users, therefore the specific software tool was developed to automate and simplify the data entry and modification process. Basic workflow and screenshots of the software are presented to introduce the key functions and commands of the tool. The software and its source code are freely shared with no restrictions on modifications to accommodate and apply elsewhere. In line with the original methodology, this tool can easily be applied for use at international, national, sub-national, and even at local levels.

 

 

 

 

An Observatory for Monitoring Mediterranean Wetlands

 

Christian Perennou ⁽¹⁾, Coralie Beltrame^(1,2), Thomas Galewski ^(1,3), Laurent Chazee ^(1,4) and Anis Guelmami ^(1,5)

 

⁽¹⁾ Mediterranean Wetlands Observatory Coordination Unit, Tour du Valat, Le  Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France.

Tel : +33 (0) 4 90 97 20 13  Fax : +33 (0) 4 90 97 20 19

E-mail: perennou@tourduvalat.org,

⁽²⁾ E-mail: beltrame@tourduvalat.org,

⁽³⁾ E-mail: galewski@tourduvalat.org,

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: chazee@tourduvalat.org,

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: guelmami@tourduvalat.org

 

 

Abstract

 

Knowing the state and evolution of coastal wetlands is a prerequisite for their effective management. The Mediterranean Wetlands Observatory (MWO), set up under the aegis of the MedWet initiative of the Ramsar Convention (www.ramsar.org), aims at convincing decision-makers to take the appropriate measures for their preservation. The participatory way in which it was developed is described in detail. The MWO produced in 2012 the first Mediterranean wetlands overview. Over 50% of wetlands have disappeared in the region in the 20th century, with declines in wetland biodiversity resulting. A strong and growing pressure on water resources underlies these trends. Irrigated agriculture is the sector that has the most impact on wetlands, but the development of urbanization, public infrastructure and tourism have an increasing impact too. The changes that affect wetlands also impact human well-being, by reducing the many services wetlands provide.

 

Four years after the effective launch of the MWO, lessons are drawn on its strengths and weaknesses. Strengths mainly lay in its structure, governance, conceptual model, set of indicators and in the production of results, while weaknesses exist in effectively reaching the MWO stated targets. This self-evaluation leads to discuss possible changes for the future, aiming at better reaching the MWO objectives.

 

 

 

 

Participation in Coastal Management

 

Participation, Stakeholder Dialogue and Governance Platforms in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Basins

 

Julien Le Tellier ⁽¹⁾ and Antoine Lafitte ^{(1, 2)}

 

⁽¹⁾ Plan Bleu pour l’Environnement et le Développement en Méditerranée, 06560 Valbonne, France

Tel: + 33 4 92 38 71 30;

E-mail: jletellier@planbleu.org

⁽²⁾ E-mail: alafitte@planbleu.org

 

 

Abstract

 

Plan Bleu, one of the Regional Activity Centres of the Mediterranean Action Plan (UNEP/MAP), is involved in several projects of the 7^th Framework Programme (FP7) funded by the European Union (EU). Two of these regional, collaborative, and ‘policy oriented’ projects aim at supporting the implementation of regional policies, such as the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Protocol for the Mediterranean (ICZM Protocol), as well as the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).

 

Within these projects Plan Bleu is in charge of activities devoted to ‘stakeholder dialogue’ aiming to facilitate interactions between scientists and decision-makers. On the one hand, by building a “Shared ICZM Governance Platform”, the PEGASO project aims at supporting the ICZM Protocol in the Mediterranean and at assisting Black Sea countries to develop a similar instrument. On the other hand, by developing “Stakeholder Platforms” to strengthen exchanges between scientists and decision-makers, the PERSEUS project aims at supporting the implementation of the MSFD in the Southern European Seas (SES).

 

These collaborative projects allow Plan Bleu to promote and disseminate lessons learned from past experiences, revisit and share tools and methods, and strengthen the role of “go-between”. Indeed Plan Bleu represents an interface aiming at bridging the gap between scientists (knowledge) and decision-makers (policy) in order to support sustainable responses to environmental issues the Mediterranean faces.

 

This paper reports on such activities, exploring recent experiences in the framework of the PEGASO and PERSEUS projects.

 

 

 

 

Community Led Coastal Management -  Lessons from Down Under

 

Peter Lawless

 

The Lawless Edge Ltd, 7010 Nelson, New Zealand

Tel: +64-3-5391074

E-mail:thelawlessedge@gmail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Integrated coastal management in New Zealand is emerging under leadership from local communities rather than from central and regional government.  Four case studies are detailed at stages of development from pre-initiation research to completed special legislation and implementation.  After 21 years the Fiordland Guardians case shows the full development of a community led programme.  It is now six years into implementation under special national legislation.  In its eighth year, the Kaikoura integrated coastal management programme is focused on the premiere marine mammal tourism area in New Zealand.  An integrated strategy for this 90km of coast has the agreement of all major stakeholders and is now under consideration by central government for implementation.  This programme was initiated by an indigenous Maori tribe, Ngati Kuri.  The Marlborough Sounds at the top of the South Island are one of the largest natural harbours in the southern hemisphere and include over 2,000km of coastline.  They are the centre for aquaculture in New Zealand and face numerous resource use conflicts.  Unique governance structures are emerging.  Tasman Bay next to the Marlborough Sounds is one of the largest lee shore bays in New Zealand.  Benthic communities of shellfish have collapsed under a cloud of sediment eliminating $90millon of fisheries per annum.  Research programmes and ecosystem services valuation techniques are being used as a basis for integrated coastal management to emerge.  Systemic, sociometric and structural analyses of these four case studies are used to define the elements needed for consensus to emerge at the local level and to be translated into regional and national administrative systems.

 

 

 

 

New Aspects in Coastal Planning by Citizen Participation

 

Yukiko Ashikaga⁽¹⁾, Satoquo Seino⁽²⁾ and Motoko Abe^(1,3)

 

⁽¹⁾ NPO Nakatsu Waterfront Conservation Association, 2-3-35 Chuou-machi, Nakatsu, Oita, Japan

Tel:+81-979-23-5320 Fax:+81-979-23-5320

E-mail:mizube1999@yahoo.co.jp

⁽²⁾ Graduate School of Engineering, Kyusyu University, 744 Motooka Nishiku Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan

Tel:+81-92-802-3425 Fax:+81-92-802-3425

E-mail: seino@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ E-mail:mizube1999@yahoo.co.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Social and legal systems for coastal management in Japan have been fragmented since Japan began its modernization over a century ago. The demands made by each field and industrial sector resulted in systems being formulated to achieve optimal results for each individual field or sector, and in the initial stage, involved integrating domestic and imported western ideas step by step. Starting in the late 1990s, following the Earth Summit and the revolution in environmental thinking, citizen participation was promoted in Japan based on amendments to the River Law and Seacoast Act.

 

The citizen sector is relatively free of pecuniary interests and other ties, so citizens can think about issues in a way that transcends the current dictates of conventional common sense. This paper introduces a case in Japan - a project to “set back”, a sea wall at the river mouth where Nakatsu Tidal Flat is located in Oita prefecture and fronting the Seto Inland Sea in western Japan. This site is habitat to many endangered species such as the Japanese horseshoe crab. This case has come to be regarded in various contexts as a new methodology for domestic coastal management, landscape and habitat protection, citizen participation, social partnerships and coastal zone management.

 

On the international level, the 1^st Asia and Pacific Water Summit was held in Oita in 2007. The Nakatsu example was introduced as a case of good practice of Japanese citizen participation and decision-making systems. In 2010, Nakatsu Tidal Flat was awarded the International Wetland Prize. These promotional activities have highlighted the importance of integrated coastal zone management, and are encouraging national and local governments to form new schemes.

 

 

 

 

The Social Dimension of Coastal Risk Landscapes

 

Elisabet Roca⁽¹⁾ Míriam Villares^(1,2) Laia Oroval^(1,3) and Adrián Gabarró^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ School of Civil Engineers of Barcelona. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya–Barcelona Tech. 08034 Barcelona

Tel: + 344015759

E-mail: elisabet.roca@upc.edu

⁽²⁾ E-mail: miriam.villares@upc.edu

⁽³⁾ E-mail: laia.oroval@coac.net

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: ag.gabarro@gmail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Within the context of the PaiRisc project, the coastal risk landscape can be defined as a coastal zone subjected to different kinds of risks. We used a systemic approach to defining the risks, their impacts, their mechanisms of action, feedback loops and stakeholder perceptions. Our objective was to integrate the social dimension into the landscape risk map for the Maresme Sud coast, a short distance north of Barcelona. Methodologically, the research was based on semi-structured interviews and institutional and perception analyses of socioeconomic and environmental impacts and transport infrastructures and urban and recreational activities at risk. Our research sheds light on the social network framework governing risk in Maresme Sud and provides contextual results for improving public perceptions understanding. We conclude with a discussion and recommendations regarding coastal risk management.

 

 

 

 

Education and Awareness

 

Integrated Learning and the Chesapeake Semester

 

Jeffery Sullivan⁽¹⁾ and Christina Ulrey^(1,2)

 

⁽¹⁾ Center for Environment and Society, Washington College, 21620 Chestertown, MD, USA

Telephone: 1-302-270-9027

Email: jsullivan3@washcoll.edu

⁽²⁾ Telephone: 1-412-496-0606

Email: culrey2@washcoll.edu

 

 

Abstract

 

The Chesapeake Semester at Washington College offers an integrated approach to undergraduate education focused on a single coastal system, the Chesapeake Bay. The semester’s four interdisciplinary courses are taught concurrently, incorporating traditional lectures with in-depth stakeholder discussions, extensive field experiences on the bay and in its watershed, and a comprehensive exploration of management policy through visits with governmental personnel and members of non-governmental advocacy groups in the states of Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. In addition, the program incorporates technological aids for learning and communicating with both local and global communities concerned with the environmental management of enclosed coastal seas. The Semester’s unique structure allows a small group of students to remain together for an entire semester during which the program is their only academic responsibility. This facilitates some of the distinctive traits of the program, namely extended travel, far-reaching discussion, and the opportunity for learning at any time of day. The Chesapeake Semester also prepares its students to communicate what they have learned effectively, using both traditional verbal/written means as well as electronic and social media, to a variety of audiences. Still, as graduates of the Chesapeake Semester from two different of the program’s four years, we find challenges remain in taking full advantage of this kind of experiential and admittedly experimental style of learning. We explore the effectiveness of such a comprehensive, integrated approach to environmental education, and ask if the limited knowledge and experiences of undergraduates hampers their ability to learn from such an academic experience. We conduct a global review, highlighting elements of similar programs for comparison, concluding that such concerns are more challenges than limitations, and that the experience is a window through which students may learn to view themselves as active participants in the management of enclosed coastal seas, and our world.

 

 

 

 

The Aquarium of Varna - Educational Center for Biodiversity

 

Daniela Klisarova⁽¹⁾ and Elitsa Petrova⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Institute of Fish Resources, 9000, Varna, Bulgaria

Tel:+359-52- 63 20 66  Fax:+359-52-63 20 66

E-mail: danielaklisarova1@abv.bg

⁽²⁾ E-mail: elitssa@yahoo.com

 

 

Abstract

 

The collection of marine, freshwater and tropical fishes in Varna Aquarium maintained by the scientists of the Institute of Fish Resources (IFR) at the Agricultural Academy gives the up-to-date image of the oldest aquarium on the Balkans. It is relatively small to be considered for a long-term preservation. The future requires implementation of joint international programs aiming at the formation of bigger viable populations. However, at this stage Varna Aquarium offers a unique opportunity for species preservation – a process comprising research work and promotion of knowledge about behaviour, genetics, diseases, reproduction, habitats and environmental factors for the life of fish.

 

This article discusses activities carried out in compliance with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), methods applied and results achieved in the field of protection and conservation of the Black Sea genetic fund.

 

The activities in the Aquarium are going on under the incessant biodiversity reduction and increase of the factors with a negative impact on the Black Sea.

 

Investigations of IFR scientists during recent years have outlined dynamic changes in the climate as a consequence of the anthropogenic eutrophication, overfishing, negative impact of invasive species, unstable marine ecosystem, the observed reduction and fragmentation of the areas.

This tendency does not bypass the work in Varna Aquarium under conditions of continuous reduction of the Black Sea fish species composition and the increase of their number in the Red Book. Fish live collection replenishment is getting more and more difficult.

 

The Aquarium is an organization using a complex approach for species conservation in compliance with the Convention on Biological Diversity. The main principles of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), the European Association of Zoos and Aquariums (ЕAZA) and the World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy (WZACS) are applied.

 

 

 

 

Go Human-revolution, Go Green-revolution”

 

Yoshiyuki Iio

 

Shizuoka Prefectural Hamamatsu Johoku Technical High School, Environment Club Director, Environmental Counselor - Japanese Ministry of the Environment, 433-8122 Hamamatsu, Japan

Tel: +81534749250 Fax: +81534749250

Email: iioyoshiyuki@gmail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Our practical environmental education in Hamamatsu Johoku Technical High School is based on “A Geography of Human Life” (Makiguchi, 1903). In 1903, ”A Geography of Human Life” (Jinsei Chirigaku) was written by TSUNESABURO MAKIGUCHI (1871-1944). In his book, he wrote about the evolution of competition on the earth. The competition changes from military competition, political competition, and economic competition to humanitarian competition. Moreover, many important points of views on environmental education are also described. Since 1991, our school has been working on environmental education and activities based on volunteer activity and manufacturing activity. Our practical environmental education based on “A Geography of Human Life” has taught us for the last 22 years that Human-Revolution in only one person may also be able to cause social Green-Revolution. With his many suggestions which were obtained from the consideration of value on the relationship between human beings and the earth, I would like to report good practice of our school's environmental education activity run with cooperation of the community as an example.

 

 

 

 

Satoumi

 

A Vital Role of Satoumi in the Implementation of ICM in Japan

 

Osamu Matsuda

 

Hiroshima University, Residence Address: 6-8-13 Hachihonmatsu-Minami, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-0144, JAPAN.

Tel: +81-82-428-3846 Fax: +81-82-428-3846;

E-mail: matsuda036@go3.enjoy.ne.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Vital roles of Satoumi in Japan in the past, at present are evidenced with special reference to related activities, legislation and policy. Recently, a vital role of Satoumi has been changing from environmental restoration by local communities in the first stage to basic target or promoter for the implementation of integrated coastal management (ICM). Following to the introduction of Satoumi and international status of Satoumi, relationship between Satoumi and ICM in Japan is analyzed by comparison between selected ICM sites with good practices and selected Satoumi sites. As a result, more than half of selected ICM sites proved to be also selected as Satoumi sites with high activities. It is concluded that promotion of ICM can promote creation of Satoumi or vice versa in Japan.

 

 

 

 

Sato Umi Movement in Indonesia

 

Suhendar I Sachoemar⁽¹⁾ and Tetsuo Yanagi⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)JL. M.H. Thamrin  No. 8, BPPT, Jakarta 10340, INDONESIA

E-mail: suhendar.indrakoesmaya@bppt.go.id

⁽²⁾ Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-shi 1-6, Fukuoka, JAPAN

E-mail:tyanagi@riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Fishery and marine coastal resources are a can be potential relied to improve the economy of the coastal community. On the other hand, a logical consequence the resources as common property are open to the public access and often used by excessive pressure over the carrying capacity in almost all regions of Indonesia. The existence of various threats and pressures against the existence of fishery and marine coastal resources shows that the management and utilization have not been balanced by the rate of recovery. To foster harmonious and mutually beneficial relationships between coastal community and marine coastal resources, the Japanese government has implemented a concept of wise management, known as SATO-UMI. SATO-UMI is the new concept of sustainable management of fishery and marine coastal resources in which human intervention in the management of the marine coastal resources can increase the productivity and diversity of fishery resources. In line with the growing global paradigm in the face of change and environmental damage caused by excessive exploitation of fishery and marine coastal resources, it is time for Indonesia to implement the concept of management and utilization of fishery and marine coastal resources taking into account the balance and stability of the natural resources environment, such as the concept of SATO-UMI. To socialize and disseminate the concept of SATO-UMI, the international workshop has been delivered in Jakarta, Indonesia on March 2013. The workshop was is aim to inspire and give new spirit to manage and utilize fishery, coastal and marine resources optimally, harmonious and productive.

 

 

 

 

Measures for Environmental Conservation in Enclosed Coastal Seas

 

Shintaro Ichiki⁽¹⁾，Takayuki Nishida^(1,2) and Yoshio Nakura^(1,3)

 

⁽¹⁾ Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Tel: +81-3-5521-8320  Fax: +81-3-3501-2717

E-mail: shintaro_ichiki@env.go.jp

⁽²⁾ E-mail: takayuki_nishida@env.go.jp

⁽³⁾ E-mail: yoshio_nakura@env.go.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

For the environmental conservation in enclosed coastal seas, Japan has implemented such measures as effluent regulations to achieve “clean seas.” But some areas such as the Seto Inland Sea, where the water quality has been comparatively improved, entered the next phase, and the new goal is a “beautiful, bio-diverse, bustling-with-people and bountiful ocean.”

 

In this context, we are working on Environmental Quality Standards for bottom-layer dissolved oxygen, which is one of the important elements for inhabitation of aquatic creatures, and water transparency, a factor which affects the growth of aquatic creatures and the familiarity of waters.

 

Some enclosed coastal sea areas in our country are still suffering from frequent generation of algae blooms and oxygen deficient water masses due to eutrophication. In other areas, however, the reduction of nutrient loads, hindering the circulation of nutrients to organisms of higher trophic levels in food chain, is considered to have changed the balance of ecosystem and caused a decline in fishery resources. For such areas, it is necessary to rebalance the circulation of nutrients through the entire cycle from land to sea areas.

 

To deal with these problems, efficient and effective management policies for a smooth circulation of nutrients through land and sea areas should be specifically established for respective coastal sea areas. For this purpose, the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) has had discussions to develop “Action Plan for Healthy Material Circulation in Ocean” for three years since 2010. The plan, by integrating management of land and sea areas for a smooth material circulation, aims to improve not only water quality but also biodiversity and biological productivity and to conserve habitats of aquatic creatures. This will bring about richer and healthier oceans in the future. The plans are drawn up per region selected as a model, and the plans are being implemented one by one upon completion.

 

In addition, MOE supports the restoration efforts of the regions affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11th of 2011. The environments of such areas were greatly damaged by landform changes in coastal lines and sea bottoms as well as disappearance of seaweed beds. We are assisting the environmental recovery, using the method and the knowhow of Sato-umi Creation. Sato-umi is defined as a coastal zone where the livelihood of human beings and the blessings of nature coexist harmoniously with coastal area eco-systems. We apply this approach to disaster-affected sea areas in hope of accelerating the recovery and promoting Sato-umi creation.

 

 

 

 

Tidal Flat Restoration with Public Involvement: Toward a New Sato-Umi in Ago Bay

 

Hideki Kokubu⁽¹⁾ and Osamu Matsuda⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Mie Prefecture Fisheries Research Institute Suzuka Branch

Tel: + 81-59-386-0163   Fax: +81-59-386-5812

E-mail: kokubh00@pref.mie.jp

⁽²⁾ Emeritus, Hiroshima University

Tel: +81-593-86-0163   Fax: +81-59-386-5812

E-mail: matsuda036@go3.enjoy.ne.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Tidal flat restoration started in April 2010 by opening the floodgates of the concrete dike, which was constructed for reclamation. The restoration site is about 2ha and located in the inner part of the bay (Ishibuchi in Shima city). Improvements were evaluated every season by monitoring sediment quality, benthic abundance and species diversity. Before the restoration, only 6 species of macro fauna were found, all living in brackish water. After the opening of the floodgates, the macro fauna changed from brackish to saltwater, and the number of species gradually increased. After 6 months, 22 kinds of juvenile fish, migratory macro fauna, and small clams were found in the restored tidal flats. At the same time, the COD and AVS in the sediment decreased.

 

 

 

 

Coastal and Marine Protected Areas

 

Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Sea - Coherence and Efficiency

 

Chloë Webster ⁽¹⁾, Bruno Meola ^(1,2), Marie Romani ^(1,3), Souha El Asmi ⁽⁴⁾, Daniel Cébrian ^(4,5), Catherine Gabrié ⁽⁶⁾, Chedly Rais ⁽⁷⁾, David de Monbrison ⁽⁸⁾  and Purificacio Canals^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ MedPAN organization, 48, rue Saint-Suffren, 13006 Marseille, France

Tel : +33 4 91 58 06 92 Fax : +33 4 91 48 77 14

E-mail : chloe.webster@medpan.org

⁽²⁾ E-mail : bruno.meola@medpan.org

⁽³⁾ E-mail : marie.romani@medpan.org

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail : pcanals@tinet.org

⁽⁵⁾ RAC/SPA, Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat - B.P. 337 - 1080 Tunis Cedex - Tunisia

Tel : +216 71 947 162 Fax : +216 71 206 490

E-mail : souha.asmi@rac-spa.org

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail : daniel.cebrian@rac-spa.org

⁽⁷⁾ Consultant, 60, rue Jules Isaac, 13009 - Marseille, France

Tel : +33 6 15 40 83 27

E-mail : c.gabrie@free.fr

⁽⁸⁾ Okianos, 10 rue Montesquieu, 2083 Cité Ghazala, Tunisia

Tel : +216 98 444 629

E-mail : chedly.rais@okianos.org  

⁽⁹⁾ BRLi, BP 94001 - 1105 avenue Pierre Mendes France - 30001 Nimes - France

Tel : +33 4 66 87 52 18 Fax : +33 4 66 87 51 03

E-mail : David.DeMonbrison@brl.fr

 

 

Abstract

 

Over the past 20 years, progress has been made to advance marine conservation in the Mediterranean. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been developed to better manage either natural resources or activities that jeopardize their sustainability. However, despite the efforts deployed, the Mediterranean system of MPAs is still suffering significant weaknesses.

 

Prospects of achieving the Aïchi targets set by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) of effective protection of at least 10% of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as considerable improvements in management effectiveness over the next years will be possible only if there is stronger commitment to such a strategy by riparian nations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), institutions, scientists, MPA managers and the private sector.

 

Since 1990, the MedPAN network (MedPAN network webpage) has demonstrated its proactivity in facilitating exchanges between Mediterranean MPA managers to improve their management efficiency. In November 2012, MedPAN together with the Regional Activity Center for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) and several other partners organized the Mediterranean MPA Forum (Turkey, Antalya).

 

In line with the 2012 CBD targets, the Forum provided a platform to share MPA success stories namely highlighting the challenges they face and secured a multi-actor commitment toward MPAs to reach the 2020 Aïchi targets through the aodption of a common roadmap.

 

 

 

 

Stakeholders, Technology and MPAs: Towards Integrated Management?

 

Vasiliki Markantonatou⁽¹⁾, Marcello Sano^(2,3)  and Carlo Cerrano^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy

Tel: +39-071-220-4649 Fax: +39 071 220 4316

E-mail: v.markantonatou@univpm.it

⁽²⁾ Griffith University Centre for Coastal Management, Gold Coast, 4222, Queensland, Australia

Tel: +61-07-28520

E-mail: m.sano@griffith.edu.au

⁽³⁾ UBICA s.r.l., Via S. Siro 6/1, 16124 Genova, Italy

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: c.cerrano@univpm.it

 

 

Abstract

 

Discussions on the need of enabling stakeholder engagement for collaborative Marine Protected Area (MPA) management and deliberative decision-making are progressively evolving. Currently, innovative technologies, such as web based tools and participatory geodesign may provide a vehicle for gathering crucial information capable of informing decisions and drawing new stakeholders into the MPA management process. Participation presents an opportunity to deepen mutual understanding, explore and integrate ideas, generate new options and solutions, and support sustainable use of marine resources and long-term goals for marine conservation. In our research we are exploring stakeholder opinion around current issues and approaches in MPA management, the use of web-based and mobile technology and the role of the stakeholders in MPA integrated management. To this end, we conducted two surveys at different scales (Mediterranean region and Portofino MPA, in Italy) focusing on the use of web technology by managers and other stakeholders at the Mediterranean level and, at the local scale of Portofino MPA. This information will guide our next steps for bridging the gap between stakeholders and the use of technology for an effective integrated management of Mediterranean MPAs.

 

 

 

 

MPA Designation by Fishery Knowledge Tsushima Island

 

Satoquo Seino, Soichi Miyazato, Kazunori Hada, Naoki Kamayama and Motoko Kimura

 

 

Abstract

 

In recent years, marine ecosystems are experiencing accelerated losses of species and their populations, calling to greater awareness for ecosystem integrity. The issue of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) was raised as one of the main topics for the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP10) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Nagoya. In this context, Japan’s Ministry of the Environment has for the first time initiated a national strategy for marine ecosystems that defines MPA. On this backdrop, for the first MPA designation in Japan, an investigative commission centering on fishery operators has been set up in Tsushima, Nagasaki Prefecture.

 

This study provides insights into the methods being considered for establishing an MPA at Tsushima.

 

The content of our research was as follows: First, we created a map using the Geographic Information System (GIS) to collect information about potential Protected Areas as determined by each local fishery corporation and clarify how they identified important fishery sites. Second, we identified marine area that should be protected in view of the results of an analysis of fish catches, geographical conditions, and physical conditions complexly determined by using GIS. Third, we carried out local observations to clarify the close relationships between fishing ground locations, sea-bottom topography and tidal flows.

 

Results are following: 1.Visualizing information using GIS allowed me to grasp the spatial features of Tsushima’s coastal area. Analysis of the GIS information clarified areas of algae distribution, assisting predictions of fish habitation areas. This helped determine marine areas that should be protected.

 

2. We confirmed the influence of the tides on the warm Tsushima current, and observed upwelling on site. Considering three-dimensional marine structure is thought to enable the determination of effective protection areas in MPA design.

 

 

 

 

Justification for Creation of the "Utrish" Reserve

 

Galina Ogureeva⁽¹⁾, Elena Suslova^(1,2), Olga Leontyeva^(1,2)  and Marina Petrushina^(1,3)

 

⁽¹⁾ Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia

Tel: +7-495-9392611 Fax: +7-495-9328836

E-mail: ogur02@yandex.ru

⁽²⁾ E-mail: leontolga@mail.ru

⁽³⁾ E-mail: mnpetrushina@mail.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

The reserve "Utrish" has been created at the Black Sea coast of the Abrau Peninsula in 2010. It became the 102-nd in the list of protected areas of this type in Russia. Creation of the reserve is an important milestone in the struggle to preserve the unique landscapes of subtropical Mediterranean type, which occupy small areas in the country and abridge their range because of the growing human activity. Reserve creation was preceded by a long period of the researches, in which the authors of the paper took the active participation. A draft environmental-economic study for the establishment of the reserve "Utrish" to the exercise of which the World Wildlife Fund as part of the state contract attracted a group of researchers from Krasnodarskij Krai and Geography Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

 

The idea of the urgent need for a protected area of the cluster type, including not only the terrestrial landscapes but adjacent marine areas has been formed during the realization of the project. From these positions the optimal variant of the reserve cluster position with the sub-Mediterranean landscapes and sea shelf ecosystems of the Black Sea was suggested.

 

At the present stage the works on the functional zoning of the territory are conducted. Investigation of biodiversity, evaluable of state of different plant and animal groups and monitoring of ecosystems are necessary for organization of its preservation, for panning the activity for restoration of disturbed natural ecosystems.

 

The study area became for Russia the only place where the Mediterranean vegetation is represented at the northern limit of its distribution. This is a unique enclave of the eastern Mediterranean, where the relic juniper and pistachio-juniper-oak forests and woodlands should be referred to the status of "World Heritage". The significance of the territory for the preservation and restoration of the ecological potential of sub-Mediterranean landscapes is very high. Relatively good preservation allows us to hope that the security service territory violated many community forests, woodlands and mountain steppe will undergo rehabilitation period and will be maintain the diversity of communities and habitats for the conservation of the unique biota of the sub-Mediterranean ecosystems.

 

The uniqueness of the natural ecosystems of the North-Western Caucasus, saturation with endemic, relict and rare species, historical and cultural heritage of the area is invaluable in terms of maintaining the level of diversity and of value not only for Russia but for the World Community.

 

 

 

 

Protection through Valuation: Using Q Methodology to Explore the Intangible Benefits of a UK MPA

 

Kate Pike⁽¹⁾ and Paul Wright^(1,2)

 

⁽¹⁾ Southampton Solent University, East Park Terrace, Southampton, UK, SO14OYN.

Tel: 07810358596

E-mail: kate.pike@solent.ac.uk

⁽²⁾ E-mail: paul.wright@solent.ac.uk

 

 

Abstract

 

The designation of protected areas is often the global, regional and local response to safeguarding vulnerable marine environments which provide much of our reserves of natural capital. Marine biodiversity specifically is a fundamental delivery network of ecosystem services, including the provision of food and climate regulation, which underpin life on Earth. Intense and extensive human activity particularly focused in the world’s coastal regions and the subsequent loss of key marine species will impair the long-term ability of these ecosystems to provide the crucial services that contribute to human well-being. These services from the marine environment include provisioning (e.g. providing food, raw materials), regulatory (e.g. gas and climate regulation), supporting (e.g. nutrient cycling) and cultural (e.g. leisure, spiritual) roles.

 

Currently these marine goods and services are not all valued equally. While it is relatively straightforward to value goods such as fish by reflecting our ‘willingness to pay’ the market price, it is far more difficult to place a value on non-instrumental services such as climate regulation or natural environmental beauty. A World Bank study undertaken in 2008 estimated that the total annual figure of all Marine Ecosystem Services for which a market already existed amounted to over $20 trillion. The World Bank stated that ‘non market values such as biodiversity and climate regulation were incalculable and the spiritual worth of an intact seascape and the wonder of a coral reef are impossible to quantify’ (World Bank, 2008).

 

This paper discusses valuation mechanisms of the marine environment generally, and focuses on identifying the intangible benefits of natural spaces using the Q methodology in a protected harbour area of the UK. The paper examines the value of such an area to its stakeholders based on their responses to various statements about the designation and demonstrates the significance of protecting such an area, and others like it, based on these values. The findings demonstrate that the case study area holds four predominant areas of value for its stakeholders who include the natural world as a place for introspection, reflection and self-development; as a place for recreation and sport, for relaxation and a place to escape the modern world. Areas of strongest disagreement appeared to focus upon the types of ecosystem goods and services on offer, and how they were exploited, whereas there was a strong consensus that the natural world held many educational opportunities for the community. This research is becoming increasingly important within the field of environmental management; a response to a growing body of research that suggests that the public use and value of the natural world, particularly the marine, for things that have no direct economic, and, therefore, measurable meaning.

 

 

 

 

Predictive Habitats Modelling for Marine Spatial Planning

 

Tarek Hattab^(1,4), Frida Ben Rais Lasram^(1,2), Camille Albouy^(4,5), Chérif Sammari⁽⁷⁾, Mohamed Salah Romdhane^(1,3), Philippe Cury⁽⁴⁾, Fabien Leprieur^(5,6) and François Le Loc’h^(7,8)

 

⁽¹⁾ UR 03AGRO1 Ecosystèmes et Ressources Aquatiques, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisie

Tel: +216 71 28 71 10 Fax: +216 71 79 93 91

E-mail: hattab.tarek@gmail.com

⁽²⁾ E-mail: frida.lasram@gmail.com

⁽³⁾ E-mail: romdhane.medsalah@inat.agrinet.tn

⁽⁴⁾ UMR 212 Ecosystèmes Marins Exploités (IRD-IFREMER-UMII) Avenue Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34203 Sète, France

Tel: +33 (0)4 99 57 32 17    Fax: +33 (0)4 99 57 32 95

E-mail: philippe.cury@ird.fr

⁽⁵⁾ UMR 5119 ECOSYM (CNRS-UM2-IRD-IFREMER-UM1), Université de Montpellier 2, CC 093, 34095 Montpellier, France.

Tel: +33 (0) 4 67-14-37-05       Fax: +33 (0) 4 67-14-37-19

E-mail:albouycamille@gmail.com

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail:fabien.leprieur@univ-montp2.fr

⁽⁷⁾ Laboratoire du milieu marin, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, 28 Rue 2 Mars 1934, 2025 Salammbô, Tunisia.

Tel: + (216) 71 730 420      Fax: + (216) 71 732 622

E-mail:cherif.sammari@instm.rnrt.tn

⁽⁸⁾ E-mail: francois.le.loch@ird.fr

 

 

Abstract

 

The use of statistical models to predict the distribution of marine species is becoming an increasingly important tool in conservation planning and fisheries management. In this study, we first aim at testing the relevance of a hybrid methodological approach that combines Ecological-Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) and Regression Kriging (RK) to predict distribution of marine species.

 

We exemplify this approach by modelling the spatial distribution of 27 commercial marine species based on bottom trawls survey data carried out in the Gulf of Gabes. Then, the model outputs were used for the identification of areas required to meet the conservation targets of Artificial Anti-trawling Reefs. To do so, we proposed a fuzzy logic framework that allows accounting for the uncertainly arising from different model predictions. For each species, the model predictive accuracy was classified as ‘high’ with a mean AUC and Kappa criterion of 0.90 and 0.72, respectively. A better result was observed when a large number of occurrences are used to develop the model. When confirmed absences data are not available, we recommend the use of this method combining ENFA and RK predictions to deal with the imperfect ability to detect a species and to incorporate spatial dependence in predictions. The map resulting from the fuzzy overlay shows three main areas with a high conservation criterion, which is in agreement with ecological expert knowledge, and hence confirms the relevance of the proposed methodology.

 

 

 

 

Coastal Landscapes

 

Methods of Strategic Environmental Assessment for Coastal Landscapes

 

George Gogoberidze⁽¹⁾, Julia Lednova⁽²⁾, Sofia Oganova^(1,3), Maria Lazareva^(1,4),  and Engenia Ezernitskaya^(1,5)

 

⁽¹⁾ Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 195196, St. Petersburg, Russia

Tel: +7-812-372 50 92 Fax: +7-812-444 60 90

E-mail: ggg_iczm@rshu.ru

⁽²⁾ St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, 195251, St. Petersburg, Russia

Tel: +7-812- 297 16 16 Fax: +7-812- 552 60 80

E-mail: lednovajulia@mail.ru

⁽³⁾ E-mail: s.oganova@yandex.ru

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: lazareva@rshu.ru

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: mister3lo@yandex.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

The paper provides a comparative evaluation of international strategic environmental assessment techniques, their applicability to the unique coastal landscape. In this context, it’s submitted proposals for the improvement and adaptation of the described methods for the Russian conditions, note Russian and international legislation in this area. Also the ways of interbranch conflict resolution mechanisms with the use of unique coastal natural systems are suggested.

 

 

 

Coastal Scenic Evaluation, Nador Province, Morocco

 

Williams, A. T.⁽¹⁾, Ergin, A.⁽²⁾, Stepanova, K.⁽³⁾ and Khattabi, A.⁽⁴⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Built Environment^, Swansea Metropolitan University, Swansea, Wales, UK,

Tel: +44(0)1792481006

E-mail:allan.williams@virgin.net, allan.williams@smu.ac.uk

⁽²⁾ Civil Eng. Dept. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey,

Tel: +905333408

E-mail: ergin@metu.edu.tr

⁽³⁾ International Humanitarian University, Odessa, Ukraine,

Tel: +38 067 481 7169

E-mail: katstep2005@mail.ru

⁽⁴⁾ Ecole Nationale Forestière d’Ingénieurs, Tabriket, Sale, Morocco,

Tel: +212 661 21 08 54

E-mail: ab_khattabi@yahoo.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Twenty-one sites in Nador Province, Morocco, were investigated and analysed for coastal scenic beauty. The technique involved checklist assessment of 26 parameters (natural and anthropogenic) rated on a five point attribute scale from bad-good. A parameter weighting index ranked the 26 parameters and fuzzy logic mathematics (used to overcome the difficulty of having a check mark in the wrong attribute box), were imputed into a computer programme from which a scenic decision value ‘D’, was obtained. The ‘D’ value enables sites to be classified as: CLASS 1: Extremely attractive natural site with a very high landscape value having a D value >0.85; CLASS II: Attractive natural site with high landscape value having a D value between 0.65 and 0.85; CLASS III: Mainly natural with little outstanding landscape features and a D value between 0.65 and 0.4; CLASS IV: Mainly unattractive urban, with a low landscape value, and a D value between 0.4 and 0; CLASS V: Very unattractive urban, intensive development and a low landscape value with a D value <0. Differentiation showed that there was one site in Class 1 (Kamkoum El Baz); three in Class II; eight in Class III; nine in Class IV, and none in Class V. The coastal scenic assessment methodology can be used for developing management measures (e.g. zonation policies identifying high quality landscapes, access regulation, diversification of activities etc). It helps foster leisure activities, which rely on natural scenery, and not on man-made activities. Management efforts to improve scenic scores should concentrate upon anthropogenic parameters, especially litter as a litter-strewn beach is repugnant for tourism purposes and is an easy problem to solve.

 

 

 

 

Seascape Metrics for the Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study

 

Megan S. Nowell⁽¹⁾, Luca Salvati⁽²⁾ and Françoise Breton^(1,3)

 

⁽¹⁾ FP7 PEGASO Project, Department of Geography, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.

Tel: 0034 935818061

E-mail: megsnowell@gmail.com

⁽²⁾ Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura – Centre for the Study of Plant-Soil Interactions (CRA-RPS), Via della Navicella 2-4, I-00184 Rome, Italy

E-mail: luca.salvati@entecra.it

⁽³⁾ E-mail: francoise.breton@uab.cat

 

 

Abstract

 

Landscape ecology seeks to understand the relationships between spatial patterns and ecological processes in the environment. This highly interdisciplinary field has been widely used in the terrestrial environment to explore the links between spatial structure, ecological function and landscape change. Landscape ecology concepts and techniques are increasingly applied to the coastal and marine environment to better understand the causes and consequences of spatial patterning within the seascape. The need to understand the impacts of these spatial changes is further exacerbated by the pressure on coastal ecosystems through habitat conversion, increased pollution, and demand for coastal resources. The benefits of this emerging discipline for effective marine spatial planning and management are increasingly being acknowledged. The use of spatial pattern metrics combined with GIS has the potential to be a powerful tool for assessing the integrity of seascapes and their ability to support ecosystem processes and provide valued ecosystem services. This paper explores the applicability of spatial pattern metrics for a Mediterranean seascape. As numerous, and often overlapping spatial metrics exist, the metrics most meaningful and relevant to seascape processes and functioning are determined through a multivariate analysis for a case study in Spain’s Balearic Islands. The preliminary results are presented in this paper.

 

 

 

 

Coastal Development Issues

 

Socio-Economic and Resource Potential of the Russian Coastal Regions

 

George Gogoberidze

 

Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 195196, St. Petersburg, Russia

Tel: +7-812-372 50 92 Fax: +7-812-444 60 90

E-mail: ggg_iczm@rshu.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

In the paper the results of assessment of socio-economic status of the coastal regions of the Russian Federation, on the basis of official information are viewing, including the indicators comparison of the coastal regions of the state on 01.01.2006 and 01.01.2011. It is shown that it's possible to group the coastal regions of the Russian Federation into 3 categories by the level of socio-economic development. The results of the statistical processing and analysis of indicators and integrated indicators, which including correlation analysis of integrated indicators for coastal regions of the Russian Federation, as well as the relationship of the coastal regions of the Russian Federation, are interesting also.

 

 

 

 

Assessing Sustainable Development of the Coastal Zone: GIS Approach

 

Olga Arkhipova

 

Institute of Arid Zone of the Southern Scientific Center of RAS, 344006

Rostov-on-Don, Russia

Tel:+78632509805

E-mail:arkhipova@ssc-ras.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

The object of the study is the coastal ecosystems of the Azov and Black Seas,

 

The purpose of the system development is to identify ways to stabilize the environmental situation, the development of approaches and recommendations for the sustainable development of coastal areas and defining the optimum recreational capacity of coastal ecosystems.

 

The main objectives:

 

- Development of a methodological framework for the assessment of recreational capacity and carrying capacity of the coastal ecosystem of the South Seas.

- Development of an integrated system of evaluation of sustainable development of the coastal ecosystems of the southern seas with increasing recreational pressure, comprising a system of assessing the current state of coastal ecosystems, complex mathematical models to assess the sustainability of coastal recreational areas, determine the optimum recreational capacity, does not lead to a deterioration of coastal ecosystems.

- Application of the developed system to the problem of estimating the recreational capacity of the Azov and Black Sea resorts of the coast and the determination of the maximum permissible loads on the coastal ecosystem of the Azov and Black Seas.

 

 

 

 

Tourism Development and Impacts on the Coastal Zone of Ravenna: A Case Study

 

Oxana Sytnik

 

Integrated Geoscience Research Group (IGRG), University of Bologna,

48100, Ravenna, Italy

Tel: + 39 3459187830

E-mail: ox.sytnik@gmail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

The importance of coastal tourism combined with the evident impacts from overcrowding and associated infrastructures are two realities that coastal managers have to face. Coastal tourism in the Ravenna province started in the end of 19th century and has grown immensely over last 50 years ever since, stimulated by a combination of rapid urban built-up and massive beach tourism. The area under study remains a remarkably representative example of the conflicts and problems arising from tourism pressure framed by a lack of efficient and time-wise planning and management. This paper aims to investigate the evolution of tourism development along the Ravenna coastline and the impacts arising from it. Determination of spatial and temporal features and analysis of the evolution in what concerns tourism development, was performed with the use of the Geographic Information System. Seven critical segments were identified to define tourism sprawl and calculated at each settlement: Casal Borsetti, Marina Romea, Porto Corsini, Marina di Ravenna, Punta Marina, Lido Adriano, Lido di Dante and Lido di Classe. The results reveal that tourism development is a subject of multidimensional phenomenon and require more sophisticated research.

 

 

 

 

Sustainable Development of a Former U.S. Base in Greece

 

Panayota Koulouri⁽¹⁾, Vassiliki Markantonatou⁽²⁾, Corinne Martin^{(1, 3)}, George Alexandrakis⁽⁴⁾, Serafim Poulos⁽⁵⁾, Costas Dounas^{(1, 6)} and Yves Henocque⁽⁷⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Tel: + 30-2810-337801 Fax: + 30-2810-337870

E-mail: yol72@hcmr.gr

⁽²⁾ Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60100 Ancona, Italy

Tel: + 39-071-220 46 49

E-mail: v.markantonatou@univpm.it

⁽³⁾ E-mail: corinne.sophie.martin@gmail.com

⁽⁴⁾ Foundation for Research & Technology, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Tel: +30 2810 391756

E-mail: alexandrakis@iacm.forth.gr

⁽⁵⁾ National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece

Tel: + 30 210 727 4143

E-mail: poulos@geol.uoa.gr

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail: kdounas@hcmr.gr

⁽⁷⁾ IFREMER, 92138 Issy les Moulineaux, France

Tel: +33 01 46482176

E-mail: yves.henocque@ifremer.fr

 

 

Abstract

 

The former U.S. base of Gournes (FUSBG) is located on the northeastern coast of the island of Crete under the regional authority of Hersonissos, a municipality with a coastline of 38 km and a population of more than 27,000 inhabitants. Hersonissos is one of the most important tourist destinations in Greece, representing 15% of the country's tourism resources. During the summer season, there is a substantial flow of touristic visitors, who are accommodated in a large number of hotels. The total surface of the FUSBG is 2.98 km² with only 38% in use and providing a range of facilities. In some cases, FUSBG facilities either malfunction or do not function at all, partly because of the financial and economic crisis Greece has been facing since 2007. In 2011, the Greek Parliament passed a law (Gazette: 3986/152/1-7-2011), which allows the so-called “fast track” procedure for purchasing or leasing of public enterprises and property, in order to meet national financial obligations towards the European Union, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund. FUSBG is included in the list of properties suitable for this procedure. To combat the very real risk of uncontrolled future growth of this coastal area, fuelled by the private sector and disregarding the common good and environmental protection, we put forward a proposal that depends on a strategy of rapid actions, based on an analysis of the existing legislative and institutional framework, together with an exploration of the most important environmental components focusing on the development of the FUSBG. Tools applied in the analysis, such as Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and a Beach Vulnerability Index (BVI) to anticipated sea-level rise, are proposed as important means for setting up the overall framework for a successful Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) implementation in the study area. Additionally, the establishment of a management board consisting of a wide range of local stakeholders from the public and private sectors is strongly recommended, ensuring local interests and enhancing public awareness on issues relevant to the FUSBG's sustainable development. Loss of faith in institutions may result in a need to draw up new cycles of consultations and agreements between different parties that will be built up on trust and transparent procedures, to ensure benefits for the civil society, respect of cultural heritage issues and co-management of the area.

 

 

 

 

Protection of Aquifer Areas from Land Uses: The Case of Gölbaşı Specially Protected Area

 

Barış Ergen

 

Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey

Tel: +90 354 242 10 01/ 2198 (internal) Fax: +90 354 242 10 05

E-mail: baris_ergen@yahoo.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Protected areas (PA) and special protected areas (SPA) are the regions where species, especially endemic ones, are protected for their geographical locations, biotic and abiotic factors as well as biological diversity is maintained. The land use and the variations appearing in the land use may play a crucial role to maintain continuity of these areas. In this study, reduction of the negative interactions between urban settlement and urban land use with aquifer zone is investigated. In order to prevent aquifer zones from the harmful effects of the land use, Gölbaşı (Ankara) Special Environment Protection Area (SPA) was selected as sampling area. Environmental Arrangement Plan of Gölbaşı SPA, Protection of Gölbaşı SPA and aquifer areas, land use (both agricultural and urban) are formed material part of paper. A basic concept and technical process for the application of the GIS technique in the evaluating protection of aquifer areas of Gölbaşı SPA and relation between land uses are evaluated by GIS. The analysis of the evaluation model and data interpolation method for the model in GIS was done. Using Euclidean Distance Mapping (GIS) method, settlements were grouped according to the distance between each other and additional to that, areas, which should integrate through urbanization, were identified. Considering the aquifer zones present in the areas, which should not integrate with each other, a three-stage green area system was proposed. The most important point revealed in this study is that the protected areas suggested in Environmental Arrangement Plan of Gölbaşı overlap with the three-stage green areas formed by EDM technique. Moreover, the integration of the cities is prevented by this suggested study.

 

 

 

 

Effects of Geographical Factors on Spatial Planning Of Coastal Areas in Turkey

 

Özlem Sertkaya Doğan

 

Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

Tel: +90-212-455 57 00

E-mail: srtkydgn@istanbul.edu.tr

 

 

Abstract

 

Spatial planning has been carried out in Turkey since the 1950s. However, planning is still facing major challenges. This is due to the problems related with life, worsening environment, natural and cultural values, and settlement areas, many of which are at risk by natural disasters. Spatial planning needs to be developed especially in consideration of environmental factors.

 

In general, the physical elements of space and determining the development of the land use planning efforts, beginning more oriented society and the economy after the 1980s, the preservation of the environment, ecology-related studies have started to gain weight.

 

As the product of planning, the idea of ​​sustainable development and the resulting ecological planning on a regular basis are among the countries’ most focused planning models.

 

Turkey has sea coastline which is 8333 km. long. Geographical factors with different characteristics are effective in the planning of these areas. The region's natural environmental conditions, especially if you're planning studies, should be taken into consideration. However, over time, developing technology, changing social and economic conditions and a negative dependence on the spatial planning strategies in evolving changes occur in the natural environment.

 

In this study, the geographical characteristics of different regions of Turkey and the elements of effective planning of coastal areas are emphasized.

 

 

 

 

Study on Coastal Management Planning-The Case of Sinop Peninsula

 

Oylum Gökkurt Baki⁽¹⁾ and Osman Nuri Ergun⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾  Sinop University, Vocational High School, Environmental Health Programme, 57000 Sinop, Turkey

Tel: + 90-368-2715742

E-mail: ogbaki@sinop.edu.tr; oylumbaki@gmail.com

⁽²⁾ Ondokuz Mayis University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 55139 Samsun, Turkey

Tel: + 90-362-312 19 19

E-mail: onergun@omu.edu.tr

 

 

Abstract

 

Coastal areas have always been attractive for communities; throughout the history, people have initially settled at coastal areas and established their civilizations on coastal zones. With their characteristically natural structures, coasts have been distinctive areas allowing both economic and social development of communities and taking important part in development of a country. This study revealed the problems and brought alternative coastal usage suggestions for Sinop Peninsula located on Middle Black Sea coast. Problem-centered approach was preferred in the study. First, the existing problem was analyzed based on the problems revealed as a result of the analyses, and then possible solutions were presented. SWOT analysis was conducted in the planning phase of the study, this method sought to provide a starting point so as to ensure best analysis of the data to be obtained for the coastal management activity of the city, and to perform the planning in the optimal way. To this end, the existing strengths and weaknesses were determined taking into account the internal and external factors. In the study, the coastal area was divided into 2 zones as intervened and non-intervened zones. It was revealed what kind of intervention has been made on the intervened coasts, and it was determined where the intervened points were located. These determinations were performed by the measurements conducted on the terrain, and the data obtained were digitized in GIS medium of 1/25.000 sheets, added into GIS medium as raster data, and shown on the maps. As a result of the study, it was considered necessary to plan alternatives that will minimize the threats to result from the existing and potential environmental pressures situated in coastal zone of Sinop, to start the applications of provision of clean waste generation or waste minimization through control of the pollution systematically, to improve environmental quality in urban areas, and to use this as a threshold for increasing total environmental quality and awareness. The study also revealed the requirement of protecting the public use areas, taking all infrastructural measures, developing prevention and rehabilitation principles at the areas where there are pollutant elements and deterioration in the coastal zone.

 

 

 

 

Urban Management

 

Integrated Urban Coastal Management in Singapore

 

Annabelle Ng

 

National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Singapore

Tel: +65-64651691    Fax: +65-64655196

E-mail: annabelle_ng@nparks.gov.sg

 

 

Abstract

 

Singapore is a small island city-state without a hinterland, and thus has a coastline that is inseparable from its urban surroundings. As one of the world’s busiest ports with a limited marine territory of approximately 600 km², issues pertaining to Singapore’s coastal environment are closely tied to urban development.

 

As a result of this unique context, Singapore has adapted the Partnerships in the Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia’s (PEMSEA’s) Integrated Coastal Management framework for application in a highly urbanized city-state. Known as Integrated Urban Coastal Management (IUCM), this framework and process facilitates Singapore’s coastal management through enhancing the coordination of governmental stakeholders and coherence in governance, policies and processes.

 

This paper describes the IUCM experience in Singapore thus far. It includes the principles and objectives of IUCM as well as outline the various instruments, such as Institutional Arrangements, through which Singapore manages its coast. It will also highlight recent and ongoing initiatives – a Comprehensive Marine Biodiversity Survey (CMBS) that includes civil society participation and the application of soft and hard engineering solutions in mangrove restoration for the purposes of coastal protection.

 

Through this, we hope to share the lessons learnt in implementing IUCM in Singapore with other coastal cities.

 

 

 

 

Turning İstanbul into a Disaster Resilient City

 

Fatma Ayçim Türer Başkaya

 

İstanbul Technical University, 34437 İstanbul, Turkey

Tel: +90-212-293-13-00 ext. 2354 Fax: +90-212-251-48-95

E-mail:turerfat@itu.edu.tr

 

 

Abstract

 

Holding a population of 15 million people, İstanbul is the biggest city of Turkey. Ensured by its unique location, İstanbul has always been a remarkable coastal city, throughout its long history dating back to 660 BC. Today this unique location poses a threat to the city. Under the Sea of Marmara, tectonic plates move on one of the most active geologic boundaries in the world, named as the North Anatolian Fault. Existing in an earthquake prone area, the city will probably confront a major earthquake within two decades time. Scientific studies and Earthquake Master Plan for İstanbul highlight the disaster vulnerability of megacity. Today, cities need to improve themselves to resilient ones in order to cope with the challenges of 21st century. This study is an attempt to reveal the power of landscape planning for building this resiliency.

 

Regarding their proximity to the earthquake fault line, southern coastal districts of İstanbul are subject to several earthquake risk analysis and hazard assessments. However, required disaster mitigation studies are still lacking for most of the coastal districts. Seeking to reveal the power of landscape planning in disaster mitigation, this study is utilizing GIS technology and focusing on one of the most significant hazard prone coastal districts of İstanbul called Kadıköy. Due to its dense built space structure, close proximity to the fault line, 3 major urban streams and coastal landfills, Kadıköy is a vulnerable coastal district to the impacts of the major earthquake and the accompanying secondary disasters such as tsunami, liquefaction, landslide and fire.

 

Within this study, mitigation capacities of open spaces are evaluated according to nine major parameters which are ownership, interaction with the secondary hazards, slope, land cover, size, accessibility, perceptibility, provision of technical infrastructure and proximity to sociocultural infrastructures. These analyses indicate that major public open spaces of Kadıköy district cannot be utilized for the social benefit during the post-earthquake period as they are located on tsunami hit areas or along the riverfronts. However, this study proves that it is possible to improve existing green structure of Kadıköy district and utilize the green structure for the purposes of evacuation, gathering and sheltering.

 

Today, there is an urgent need for turning İstanbul into a disaster resilient city. This study highlights the importance of disaster sensitive landscape planning for building disaster resiliency, regarding the benefit of İstanbul megacity and the other hazard prone cities.

 

 

 

 

Polis Program Interventions in Porto Metropolitan Waterfont

 

Rodrigo Coelho

 

CEAU (Centro de Estudos de Arquitectura e Urbanismo), Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidade do Porto, 4150 Porto, Portugal

Tel: +351 226 057 100

E-mail: rodrigo.coelho@arq.up.pt

 

 

Abstract

 

With a history indelibly linked to the sea, with 980 kms of coastline, and with 70% of its population established along the coast, planning, management and conservation of the Portuguese coast is one of the themes of planning and urban design which over the last decade has been occupying Portuguese political actors and technicians.

 

In particular those developed under the Polis Program (National Program for Urban Rehabilitation and Environmental Improvement of Cities), released in 1999 by the Portuguese government, have been identified the waterfronts as a specific urban design line. About a decade after the completion of some projects, it is now possible to make a consistent assessment with regard to the valuation of waterfront public spaces design and strategies in many Portuguese cities.

 

Focusing our analysis on projects developed in the Porto Metropolitan Area (AMP), such as the projects undertaken in Vila Nova de Gaia, Porto and Matosinhos seafront promenades, this paper will seek to clarify the design and urbanistic factors that allowed increasing the urban and landscape quality of the requalified cities and coast spaces. We will seek to highlight the strategic and territorial nature that, as a whole, this series of articulated interventions achieved, particularly through the development of its playful nature, but especially by defining accurate urban guidelines where the experience and qualification of public space is seen as a key component.

 

 

 

 

Estuaries

 

Estuaries of the World: A New Approach to Estuarine Ecology

 

Jean-Paul Ducrotoy⁽¹⁾ and Alexandrine Chéronet⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull,

HU6 7RX, UK

Tel: + 33 322 238074

E-mail: smith@metu.edu.tr

⁽²⁾ Springer, 3311 GX Dordrecht, The Netherlands,

Tel: + 3178 6576161

E-mail: alexandrine.cheronet@springer.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Estuaries are amongst the most endangered ecosystems in the world. Pollution, eutrophication, urbanization, land reclamation; over fishing and exploitation continuously threaten their future. The major challenge that humans face today is managing their use, so that future generations can also enjoy the visual, cultural and edible products that they provide. Such an approach presupposes that all users of the environment share views and are able to communicate wisely on the basis of robust science.

 

The need for conclusive data is pressing. Over the last decade there have been numerous advances in both understanding and approach to estuaries and more and more multidisciplinary studies are now available. The available scientific information has come from a multiplicity of case studies and projects at local and national levels. Regional, international and global programs have been developed; some are being implemented and some are in evolution. However, despite the rapidly increasing knowledge about estuarine ecosystems, crucial questions on the causes of variability and the effects of global change are still poorly understood. Although the perception of politicians and managers of coasts is slowly shifting from a mainly short-term economic approach towards a long-term socio-economic / ecological perspective, there is a need to make existing scientific information much more manageable by non-specialists, without compromising the quality of the information.

 

The “Estuaries of the World” special session is based on a new book series of the same name, launched recently by Springer. The series gives the opportunity to the scientific community to assemble existing knowledge on essential estuarine sites all around the world. The presentation includes selected invited papers and is intended for researchers, practitioners, undergraduate and graduate students in all disciplines who are dealing with complex problems and looking for cutting-edge research as well as methodological tools to set up truly transversal science and technology projects, such as the restoration of damaged habitats.

 

This paper attempts to summarise the philosophy which supports this new approach to estuarine ecology and, doing so, introducing the special session dedicated to “Estuaries of the World”.

 

 

Estuaries of Australia in 2050 and Beyond

 

Eric Wolanski⁽¹⁾ and Jean-Paul Ducrotoy⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia        

E-mail: eric.wolanski@jcu.edu.au

⁽²⁾ Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, The University of Hull. U.K.

E-mail: jean-paul.ducrotoy@hull.ac.uk

 

 

Abstract

 

In 2013, Springer published the book edited by Eric Wolanski “Estuaries of Australia in 2050 and beyond”, which is part of the series “Estuaries of the World”.

 

The book addresses the question: Is Australia’s growing human population and economy environmentally sustainable for its estuaries and coasts by 2050?

 

The book has detailed studies of eighteen iconic Australian estuaries and bays.  They can be divided in three types based on the human impact, namely (1) estuaries that bore the full pressure of the historical developments, (2) estuaries being degraded, and (3) estuaries that are still relatively pristine. This knowledge was synthesised in a chapter by Eric Wolanski and Jean-Paul Ducrotoy in the concluding chapter of the book. In that chapter, they suggest what Australian estuaries may look like in 2050 based on socio-economic decisions that are made now.  It is shown that governance and sustainable development are only practiced where there is a large urban population demanding a high quality of life, such as in southern capital cities and key coastal tourism cities whose livelihood requires clean estuarine and coastal waters. Elsewhere in the country, particularly in the tropical regions, the policy of development at all costs is still practiced although it is hidden behind environmental protection legislation that is however routinely bypassed. This book also details the changes that are needed in governance to ensure sustainable development of Australian estuaries.

 

 

 

 

Input of Nutrients to the Baltic Sea from the Transboundary Rivers

 

Grigory Frumin

 

Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 195196 Saint Petersburg, Russia

Tel: +78123725087 Fax: +78126330182 

E-mail: gfrumin@mail.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

The aim of this research is an attempt to find relationships between input of total phosphorus Q(TP) and total nitrogen Q(TN) to the Baltic Sea from 14 larger international rivers and some characteristics of the rivers basins (area of basin, total number of inhabitants, population density, the areas of  forests, shrubs, cultivated areas, areas of water bodies and total river runoff to the sea in year 2000). Calculations have shown that the most informative characteristic are the population on a river basin and cultivated areas.

 

 

 

 

Isahaya Bay, Freshwater Lake to an Estuary Again

 

Yuichi Hayami ⁽¹⁾ and Takaharu Hamada ^{(1, 2)}

 

⁽¹⁾ Institute of Lowland and Marine Research, 840-8502 Saga, Japan

Tel and Fax: + 81-952-288499 

E-mail: hayami@cc.saga-u.ac.jp

⁽²⁾ Tel and Fax: + 81-952-288498

E-mail: hamada@cc.saga-u.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

The inner 1/3 of the Isahaya Bay which is a tributary of Ariake Sea in Japan was shut off from the sea by a dike for the reclamation and disaster prevention in 1997. On the other hand, several environmental and fisheries problems occurred in Ariake Sea after 1990s. Some fishermen insisted that the major reason for the decrease of fishing must be the influence of the dike construction and filed lawsuits. Now the court decision is fixed and Japanese government must open the gates until December 2013. We made numerical simulations of currents, hydrography and sediment transport to assess the influences of the gate opening. To choose the environmentally wise procedure of gate opening, it is needed to reduce the erosion and deposition of bottom sediments caused by the enhanced tidal current and to minimize the occurrence of hypoxia in the reservoir.

 

 

 

 

Fisheries and Mariculture

 

“Fishery Simulator” to Vitalize Trawl Fishery in Ise Bay

 

Shigeru Tabeta⁽¹⁾, Yoshiharu Nakamura^(1,2),  Takayuki Suto^(1,3), Kodai Saito^(1,4), Mikio Sekine⁽⁵⁾,  Izumi Seki⁽⁶⁾, Kimitoshi Ishikawa⁽⁷⁾, Masayasu Irie⁽⁸⁾ and Keita Furukawa⁽⁹⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ The University of Tokyo,

5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563 Japan

Tel: +81-4-7136-4718 Fax: +81-4-7136-4718

E-mail: tabeta@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp,

⁽²⁾ Japan Fisheries Science and Technology Association

1-9-13 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052 Japan

E-mail: nakamura@jfsta.or.jp

⁽³⁾ E-mail:suto@marenv.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp,

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: t100898@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp

⁽⁵⁾ Fisheries Science & Technological Service Co.

3-13-8 Futaba, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-0043 Japan

E-mail: sekine@fisco-co.jp

⁽⁶⁾ Tokai University, 3-21-1 Orito, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka 424-8610 Japan

Email: izumi-s@tokai-u.jp

⁽⁷⁾ Japan Society for Impact Assessment

E-mail: yatagarasu@cd5.so-net.ne.jp

⁽⁸⁾ Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871 Japan

E-mail: irie@civil.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp

⁽⁹⁾ Ocean Policy Research Foundation

Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001

Email: k-furukawa@sof.or.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

 “Fishery simulator” has been developed for trawl fishery in Ise Bay, Japan which consists of computational models of fishing operation (an operation part), and distribution of fishery products and sales (a marketing part). In order to grasp the current situation of the target fishery for modeling, surveys on fishing information such as fishing field, fishing effort, fish catch, etc. were carried out. The information about the economic management of fishermen or cooperative societies is also collected. It is found that each major fishing community has different styles of fishing operation and distribution system. The operation part of the simulator well reproduced the fishing field and fish catch of the fishing boats. The simulator was applied to evaluate the effect of fishery management in which the fishing gear efficiency is controlled. As the marketing part of the simulator, potential sales of fishery products in coastal region of Ise Bay was evaluated by considering spatial distribution of population, purchasing power and transportation convenience. The potential of existing stores was calculated and compared to their actual sales to validate the employed model. The potential of direct sales store, which is expected to improve the economic situation of fishermen, was also evaluated to discuss its effectiveness.

 

 

 

 

Geographic Potentials and Constraints for the Italian Mariculture

 

Marco L. Bianchini⁽¹⁾, Elena Pigliarien⁽²⁾, Letizia Argenti⁽³⁾ and Eraldo Rambaldi⁽⁴⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ IBAF‑CNR, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo RM, Italy

 IAMC‑CNR, Via L. Vaccara 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo TP, Italy

 Tel: + 39‑06‑90672539

 E‑mail: bradipo50@yahoo.com

⁽²⁾ Science & High Impact Technology ltd, Nihil Street, Somevere, Estonia

E‑mail: me9296@mclink.it

⁽³⁾ Private laboratory, Via Clarice Tartufari 161, 00128 Roma, Italy

E‑mail: letizia.argenti@fastwebnet.it

⁽⁴⁾ Consorzio Mediterraneo, Via A. Guattani 9, 00161 Roma, Italy

Tel: + 39‑06‑44164754

E‑mail: rambaldi@mediterraneo.coop

 

 

Abstract

 

Authors examine Italy’s macro‑scale potentials, i.e. the advantages and constraints deriving from the coastal morphology and from favorable or adverse anthropic factors, with a regional breakdown; competitive uses of the land and the waters are also considered, as well as the legislative instruments already available at national and local level. Authors review the criteria to be met for a good implementation of the coastal mariculture activities, from the biological and environmental as well as from a socio‑cultural and economic viewpoint, underlying the relationships between geographical space and productive characteristics of the most important marine organisms, fish and other species, being presently reared in the Italy, as well as the types and modes of management. It appears that full mariculture capacity has only been achieved in a limited number of cases, mainly with mussels and a few fish species; moreover, the potentials of restocking have not been exploited yet. The development of the mariculture sector in Italy depends on the capacity to have sound planning and management which, nowadays are easily assisted by modern instruments, such as the geographical information systems (GIS). In conclusion, Authors make a few considerations and proposals regarding the Italian mariculture sector.

 

 

 

 

Environmental Factors Influencing Site Selection for Mariculture

 

Birol Baki⁽¹⁾, Oylum Gökkurt Baki⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Sinop University, Fisheries Faculty, 57000 Sinop, Turkey

Tel: + 90-368-2876254

E-mail: bbaki@sinop.edu.tr

⁽²⁾ Sinop University, Vocational High School, Environmental Health Programme, 57000 Sinop, Turkey

Tel: + 90-368-2715742

E-mail: ogbaki@sinop.edu.tr; oylumbaki@gmail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Our country surrounded by seas along three sides has a coastline of around 8,333 km long, and provides provide a high potential for mariculture in the seas. As a rapidly developing industry in our country, mariculture has begun to become part of the coastal usage and coastal area planning in the regions of production. Therefore, natural characteristics of the marine area (depth, stream, wind, wave) and characteristics of the coastal structure are important for the mariculture system. In mariculture activities performed by way of renting the sea surface, the factors such as terrestrial structure (bay, gulf), land-based sources (industrial facilities, urbanization, tourism-recreational areas), and distance of the mariculture site to the settlement area are considered as much as marine characteristics in site selection. The study strived to determine marine and coastal area characteristics taking into account the water products breeding facilities operating in Black Sea, and to reveal the factors influencing selection of production site. In selecting the sites to deploy the facility, besides the requirements laid down by the legislation, the enterprises in Black Sea were determined to prefer protected areas which are remote from industrialization and urbanization as well as because of natural factors particularly in an effort to minimize the pollutant effects.

 

 

 

 

Marine Living Resources and Biology

 

Effect of Climatic Parameters on the Mackerels in Tunisia

 

Chédia Jabeur ^(1,6), Fatma Belhoula ^(1,2), Widien Khoufi ⁽⁷⁾, Yosra Mani^(1,3), Kais Fdhila ^(1,4) and Amina Bakhrouf ^(1,5)

 

⁽¹⁾ Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of the Pollutants of the Environment and the Products. Faculty of pharmacy, Monastir 5000. Tunisia.

E-mail: sirsina@yahoo.com

⁽²⁾ E-mail: tattoumti@live.com

⁽³⁾ E-mail: yaya_1989@live.fr

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: kaisfdhila@yahoo.fr

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: aminafdhila@yahoo.fr

⁽⁶⁾ Detached to the University of Dammam, Arabian Saoudite

⁽⁷⁾ National Institute of Sciences and Technologies of the Sea. Salamboo, Tunis. Tunisia.

E-mail: khoufi_widien@yahoo.fr

 

 

Abstract

 

Pelagic species are particularly abundant in Tunisian coasts and especially in the central eastern part named Sahel of Tunisia and defined by three delegations: Mahdia, Monastir and Sousse.

 

Mackerels are some of these species which have a significant fluctuation of their production. Two species are present in Tunisian fisheries; Scomber scombrus and Scomber japonicus where productions are usually combined by the office authority.

 

In this study, and in order to explain the annual fluctuation of these species in the Sahel of Tunisia, two analyzes were realized; the stock assessment of these species using global models and the effect of some climatic parameters on the production and abundance main the CLIMPROD software. Climatic parameters retained are the sea surface temperature and the rainfall during 12 years from 1998 to 2010.

 

The results of the Sheaffer model show an overfishing these latest years. Global Models combining the fishing effort with climatic parameters (Sea surface temperature and rainfall) separately show that the sea surface temperature has a positive effect and the rainfall not well explained. Thus, the Jackknife test is about 72%, the model conclude that the sea surface temperature explain 85% of the fluctuation of the catch per unit of effort. The value of this test is less significant for the rainfall.

 

 

 

 

Stock Assessment of Loligo vulgaris from Tunisian Northern Coasts

 

Soufia Ezzeddine ⁽¹⁾_, Bachra Chemmam ⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ INSTM, 2025  Salammbô (Tunisie)

E-mail: soufia.ezzeddine@instm.rnrt.tn

⁽²⁾ E-mail: bachra.chemmam@instm.rnrt.tn

 

 

Abstract

 

The Squid Loligo vulgaris is one of four main species of cephalopods exploited along the Tunisian coasts among Octopus vulgaris, Sepia officinalis and Eledone moschata. Although it represents less than 5% of the total landed cephalopods, this squid is coveted because of its nutritional value and fine flesh. It is destinated to the domestical and foreign markets. Few studies have been undertaken on the biology and no study was published on the Tunisian stock assessment. The present work is the first contribution to estimate the squid stock in the Tunisian northern coasts (western Mediterranean) where this squid average production between 2004 and 2009 years represented 37% of the total landings (381 tons).

 

The Virtual Population Analysis method (V.P.A) was applied to assess the population stock from the Tunisian northern waters in the period 2006-2010.

 

The results showed that the profits provided to the stocks came from the recruitment events with a contribution estimated at 1.9%, but the main benefits were supplied from growth processes (98.1%). This result corroborates with the biological specifications of this species related to the fast growth and short life-span. Indeed, these characteristics would attribute to the stock a rapid potential of regeneration justified by the high turnover rate of stock estimated to 198.6%.

 

Nevertheless, the losses of the stock were due to the natural mortality and equally to mortality by fishing respectively evaluated at 18.6% and 81.4%. The high losses rates engendered by fishing were justified from the trawling samplings by the excessive captures of juveniles. These data reflected the overfishing stock of the squid in the Tunisian northern waters.  Indeed, the variation of Yield by recruitment in relationship with fish effort factor showed that the actual stock was over-exploited. In order to attain optimum situation, the actual fishing effort would be decreased by 60%. This state of exhaustion in stock was persisting since the previous assessment from 2005.

 

 

 

 

Chlorophyll-a, Temperature and Fish Catch in Indonesian Waters

 

Suhendar I Sachoemar⁽¹⁾, Tetsuo Yanagi⁽²⁾, Nenie Yustiningsih^(1,3) and Ratu Siti Aliah^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)

JL. M.H. Thamrin No. 8, BPPT, Jakarta 10340, INDONESIA

E-mail :suhendarsachoemar@yahoo.com

⁽²⁾ Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University

Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-shi 1-6, Fukuoka, JAPAN

E-mail :tyanagi@riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ E-mail : nenie.yustiningsih@bppt.go.id

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail : ratusitialiah@yahoo.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Indonesia as one of the largest maritime continent in the tropical area with the large diversity of local environment problems is to be one of an ideal and important area to assess the ability of satellite data for the regional and local marine environmental study as well as marine productivity. The observation of sea surface chlorophyll-a (SSC) and sea surface temperature (SST) in relation to fish catch variability within the Indonesian region were conducted by using satellite data of SeaWiFs, Aqua MODIS and NOAA-AVHRR. The result shows that Sea Surface Chlorophyll-a (SSC) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) within Indonesian water vary among the region and are affected by monsoonal system as well as local and regional environment. The similar situation was also shown on fish catch variability. Seasonal variation in fish productivity has a strong correlation with SSC variability. High fish productivity was well corresponded to high concentration of SSC and the productivity tended to decrease when the SSC concentration was reduced. High SSC variability in the southern coastal area of Java and Lampung Bay was governed by the upwelling that occurred during the southeast monsoon, while in the northern coastal area of Java and South Kalimantan was governed by high precipitation occurred during the northwest monsoon.

 

 

 

 

Improvement of a Horseshoe Crab Spawning Site

 

Masanori Ishikawa⁽¹⁾, Satoquo Seino^(1,2) and Hiroshi Tomida^(1,3)

 

⁽¹⁾ Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan

Tel:+81-92-802-3437 Fax:+81-92-802-3437

E-mail: 2TE13177P@s.kyushu-u.ac.jp

⁽²⁾ E-mail: seino@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ E-mail: tomida@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Sand management carried out within the watershed is one approach to improving a sandy beach environment. We analyzed sediment and sand at an endangered horseshoe crab spawning ground and examined sediment collected at an upstream sand control dam and this sediment was deposited on the beach. We reviewed former beach nourishment efforts by examining ground elevation. We found that the watershed sand management methodology using sand from the dam to nourish the beach posed no particular problem in terms of sand characteristics. This operation was small-scale, but almost all basic sand management aspects were present.

 

 

 

 

River Ascending Mechanisms of Juvenile Seabass

 

Taiki Fuji⁽¹⁾, Akihide Kasai^(1,2), Masahiro Ueno⁽³⁾ and Yoh Yamashita^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

Tel: +81-75-753-6468 Fax: +81-75-753-6468

E-mail: taiki@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

⁽²⁾ E-mail: kasai@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ Kyoto University, Nagahama, Maizuru 625-0086, Japan

Tel: +81-773-62-9078 Fax: +81-773-62-9078 

Email: siranami@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: yoh@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Recent surveys have revealed that juvenile temperate seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus, migrate into upper estuaries in early spring. However, their mechanisms for river ascent are insufficiently understood. In order to clarify these mechanisms, hydrographic conditions and juvenile distribution were observed in early spring from 2009 to 2012 in the Yura River estuary, which is highly stratified due to its small tidal variations and consequent seawater intrusion into the bottom layer of the river as a salt wedge. The timing and distance of salt-wedge intrusion are mainly controlled by river discharge. In all four studied years, juveniles first ascended the river to the middle estuary 4–6 km upstream from the river mouth. Subsequently, they reached the upper estuary, 11–15 km from the river mouth, within one month. The expansion of their distribution coincided with the timing of salt-wedge intrusion from the mid- to upper estuary. This indicates that the distribution of juveniles is dependent on the extent of the seawater intrusion into the bottom layer in early spring. However, juveniles sometimes remained in the nearshore area even when the salt-wedge intrusion had already occurred, indicating that salt-wedge intrusion is only one necessary condition, and that there is likely another trigger for ascent. The effects of temperature on river ascent behaviours were evaluated. There was a significant negative relationship between the mean age of seabass juveniles at the time of river ascent and the mean temperature they experienced from birth until starting the ascent. Most juveniles ascended the river at an effective cumulative temperature of approximately 500˚C. This suggests that juveniles need to reach a cumulative temperature threshold in order to start ascending the river, and higher temperatures would lead to a shorter preparation period for river ascent. It is considered that high temperatures would lead to a short period for the metamorphosis of juveniles. Metamorphosis enables seabass to adjust to environments of different salinities. 

 

 

 

 

Effect of Location Transfer on Decontamination of Clams

 

Leila Hmida ^(1,2) , Fedia Nasri ⁽²⁾ , Driss Ben Naila⁽⁴⁾, Sana Lengliz ^(4,5) and Mohamed Salah Romdhane ^(2,3)

 

⁽¹⁾ Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie Monastir. 5000 Monastir/ Tunisie

Tel:+216 99 98 14 21- Fax: +216 73 90 79 27

E-mail: hmidaleila@yahoo.fr

⁽²⁾ Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie. UR03AGRO1 Écosystèmes & Ressources Aquatiques. 43 av. Charles Nicolle 1082 Tunis

Tél : +216 71 28 71 10 - Fax : +216 71 79 93 91

E-mail: n.fedia@hotmail.com

⁽³⁾ E-mail: ramadhanms@gmail.com

⁽⁴⁾ Institut de Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunis. R Djebel El Akhdhar Errabta 1006, Tunis Tunisie.

E-mail: bennailaidriss@yahoo.fr

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: lengliz_sana@yahoo.fr

 

 

Abstract

 

The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible decontamination of Clam against toxic dinoflagellates, by the transfer from risky to healthy coastal areas. The experiment concern contaminated clams Ruditapes decussatus from Boughrara lagoon (southern Tunisia) transplanted to the estuarine area of Oued Maltine (southern Tunisia). During the essay follow-up of the physicochemical, physiological parameters and phytoplanctonic species are realized every two weeks. Purification assay of the clams is realized during the autumnal period and the early summer period (2011-2012). During this campaign positive relationship is observed between abiotic (physico-chemical), trophic (chlorophyll a and phytoplanctonic biomass) and physiological parameters (condition index and mortality rate). Condition Index shows a good acclimatization for Boughrara clams. Mortality rate was stable on 1% from November 2011 until April 2012 and show increase till 85% at the end of June, related to abiotic parameters mainly the temperature. The phytoplankton richness and diversity reflect the availability of nutrients, diatomee are dominant and we note also the presence of organic pollution indicator species such as Euglene sp and toxic species such as Alexandriumm sp and Gymnodinum sp with low density less than 4%. Toxicity test by qualitative method (mouse test) show a positive result of purification till April 2012.

 

 

 

 

Study on the Mortality and Behavior of Manila Clam during Blue Tide

 

Maya Matsushige ⁽¹⁾, Yasunori Kozuki ⁽²⁾, Ryoichi Yamanaka ^(2,3), Takuro Tsuyama ⁽⁴⁾, Hikaru Kommori ^(4,5), Tatsunori Ishida ^(1,6) and Sosuke Otani ⁽⁷⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Department of Ecosystem Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Technology and science, The University of Tokushima, 770-8506 Tokushima, Japan

Tel: +81-88-656-7334

E-mail: mayaya77@gmail.com

⁽²⁾ Ecosystem Design, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 770-8506 Tokushima, Japan

Tel: +81-88-656-7334

E-mail: kozuki@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ Tel: +81-88-656-7334

E-mail: yamanaka@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁴⁾ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Technology and science, The University of Tokushima, 770-8506 Tokushima, Japan

Tel: +81-88-656-7334

E-mail: c500901030@tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁵⁾ Tel: +81-88-656-7334

E-mail: c501231007@tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁶⁾ Tel: +81-88-656-7334

E-mail: ishida@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁷⁾ Department of Technological Systems, Osaka Prefecture University College of Technology, 572-8572 Osaka, Japan

Tel: +81-72-821-6401

E-mail: otani@osaka-pct.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Blue tide was observed on October, 26, 2009 in the north coast of Osaka Bay, Japan. In this time, it was observed many Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) extended their siphons and foot in the sea. On the following day, Manila clam mass mortality was observed on the tidal flat. Several studies have shown the tolerance of the Manila clams to anoxic conditions or the phenomenon of hydrogen sulfide levels increasing during blue tide. However, data on the abnormal behavior of Manila clam during blue tide has not been studied in detail. Here, we studied the abnormal behavior and energy consumption of Manila clam to understand mortality because of hypoxia during blue tide. We conducted experiments using 120 Manila clams under varying dissolved oxygen (DO) and hydrogen sulfide concentrations to evaluate the effect on mortality, behavior and energy consumption. The following results were obtained; (1) After the clams are placed in an anoxic condition, they behaved shell shutting during the first few hours of exposure, but after a while, they protruded their siphons and foot. This behavior became significant and more evident prior to their deaths; (2) Manila clams performed anaerobic respiration by using glycogen stored in their bodies when exposed to anaerobic condition, but the glycogen consumption increased when they protrude their siphons and foot and engage in intense behaviors.; (3) Because the siphons and foot remain protruded until their deaths, the glycogen consumption is high, thereby reducing their survival time. Furthermore, the threshold value of glycogen at the time of death was 0.89%.

 

 

 

 

Predation Forms in Black Sea Rapana venosa

 

Alisa Kosyan

 

A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Leninsky prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia

Tel: +7-499-783 33 04 Fax: +7495-954 55 34

E-mail: kosalisa@rambler.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

Mechanisms of feeding of the Black sea rapana are discussed based on drilling signatures and radula structure. Drilling marks were always situated at a point along the margin of the closed valves and never on the valve. Based on degree of abrasion of anterior teeth rows in a radula, suggestions were made about the way of prey killing used by the whelk – drilling or opening the valves by the foot. Due to our results, abraded radulae were present in all rapa whelks from sandy grounds and sometimes from rocky grounds. The absence of completed edge-bores could be caused by simultaneous application of boring and suffocation.

 

 

 

 

Coastal Risks and Hazards

 

Towards Coastal Risk Management in the Nile Delta

 

Yasser Eldeberky^(1,2)

 

⁽¹⁾ Canadian International College (CIC), New Cairo, Egypt

Tel: + 20-100-9506999   Fax: + 20-2-26132056

E-mail: yasser_eldeberky@cic-cairo.com, yasser.eldeberky@gmail.com

⁽²⁾ Formerly with Faculty of Engineering at Mataria, Helwan University

 

 

Abstract

 

Intensified storm-surge and sea-level rise due to global warming are typical manifestations of climate change. Consequently, coastal lowlands are becoming more vulnerable to the risk of coastal inundation and, therefore, mitigation of natural hazard is of utmost importance. The Nile Delta is vulnerable to the impact of storm-surge and sea-level rise, in particular the lower delta due to its relatively low elevation. This paper presents observations and hydrodynamic simulation of surge levels in the Mediterranean Sea offshore the delta during a severe storm on December 2010. The results indicate a higher surge (nearly 1 m) compared to the typical surge values (0.4-0.5m) observed previously offshore the delta. Fortunately, many of the consequences can be mitigated by taking measures against natural coastal risk. Adaptation measures could be implemented within the context of coastal zone management.

 

 

 

 

Regional-Level Impacts of Climate Change on the Black Sea

 

Slava Dineva

 

Institute of Fish Resources, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;

Tel: +359 52 63 20 66; Fax: +359 52 63 20 66

E-mail: dineva_slava@abv.bg

 

 

Abstract

 

The sea water plays fundamental role in the climate regulation cycle. Sea water environment issues transcend national boundaries and concerted actions are necessary to ensure effective protection. Regional-level climate change impact assessment on the 10-mile Black Sea zone in front of the Bulgarian coast is based on research in 2009. Overall view of sea surface temperature (SST) throughout the Black Sea and SST in the global context and highlights are produced, as well. Study was performed in front of Cape Galata at 1, 3, and 10 miles offshore. Bulgarian coastal zone in front of Cape Galata is under a process of warming throughout the surface-bottom layer. Considering that Bulgarian Black Sea is under influence of the Danube’s stream, coastal zone in front of Cape Galata is under a process of increase in salinity throughout the surface-bottom layer. As expected outcomes of these processes, animals, plants, and bacteria will migrate to new areas with favourable climate conditions. Certain species will be able to invade areas that they did not previously inhabit. Ecosystems will continue to be disturbed by climate change. Changes in the climate conditions can affect the health and function of the ecosystems and the survival of entire species. A number of human activities are releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and changing the balance of the climate system. Greenhouse gases can remain in the atmosphere for hundreds of years or for thousands of years before being removed by natural processes and their warming influence is projected to persist into the next century, therefore scientific, technological and policy measures against global warming is much needed. Climate change mitigation has to include reducing the emission of greenhouse gases and enhancing the sinks that remove them from the atmosphere, whereas adaptation refers to actions performed at local or regional scale to moderate negative effects of climate change. Climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies for the Black Sea region are needed. Humans may be able to mitigate climate change or lessen its severity. Strategies have to involve shifting from carbon to renewable energy sources, building new infrastructure for alternative energy sources, innovative research and basic change in the way humans use energy.

 

 

 

 

Land Subsidence - A New Dimension in Coastal Hazards of Bangladesh

 

Bazlar Rashid ⁽¹⁾ and Mohammad Feruj Alam ⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾Assistant Director, Geological Survey of Bangladesh

Tel: +88-01720614921

E-mail: bazlarrashid@ymail.com

⁽²⁾Assistant Director, Geological Survey of Bangladesh

Tel: +88-01711206506

E-mail: ferujgsb@yahoo.com

 

 

Abstract

 

A number of fractures and depressions have been created in the south-western coastal part of Bangladesh, created panic among the local people. All the media reported this phenomenon with outmost important. Geoscientists discussed about the causes and ultimate results of these occurrences. In this connection, the area has been investigated from 26 to 31 July, 2011 to unveil the hidden facts of the occurrences.

 

Topographically, the area is flat with low relief. Average elevation of the area is about 1 meter AMSL which slopes gently towards south. The area is blanketed with recent alluvial deposits. The deposits are consisted of about 6 meters thick clayey silt/silty clay layer which is underlain by a peat/peaty clay layer of about 4 meters thick. Peat is comprised with fully to partly decomposed and soft vegetal matters. Two types of depressions, Circular depressions and Elongated depressions- are found. The radius of the circular depressions is generally 1.5 meters and the depth is 2.5 meters. These depressions are commonly funnel-shaped and are found to occur in bamboo bushes. The elongated depressions are about 6 meters long and 1 meter wide with an average depth of about 1 meter. These depressions are occurred in big tree gardens.

 

The possible factors responsible for land subsidence are: sub-surface geological conditions, long prevailing summer, excess withdrawal of ground water and heavy rainfall after long summer. There is no relation of the formation of these depressions to any neo-tectonic activity. Meteorological data confirm that, there is no considerable amount of rainfall in the dry season. As a result, ground water table dropped naturally well below the Peat/Peaty clay layers, might have caused lowering of water table for a long period. As a result, the Peat/Peaty clay layer became totally dry creating a gap between the peat layer and the overlying Clayey silt/Silty clay layer. Besides, numerous fractures in the Peat/Peaty clay layer as well as in the overlying Clayey silt/Silty clay layer might also have created. With the heavy rainfall, surface water was possibly intruded to the previously formed subsurface gap through the big tree roots, rat/fox holes and surface fractures. The intruded water began to flow through the gaps and fractures. As a result, subsurface erosion of peat and sediments was taken place by the flowing water which drastically reduced the total sediment volume leading to the occurrences of these land subsidences. The shapes and sizes of the subsidence depend on the subsurface erosional pattern. It is noticed that these types of depressions are local phenomena. There is no possibility of large depression on regional scale. This is an ongoing process of the delta building activities.

 

 

 

 

Anomalous Natural Phenomenon at the Coastal Zone of Azov Sea

 

Igor Podymov⁽¹⁾ and Tatiana Podymova^(1,2)

 

⁽¹⁾  P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Southern Branch, 353467 Gelendzhik, Russia

Tel: + 7-86141-28281  Fax: +7-86141-28089

E-mail: podymov@coastdyn.ru

⁽²⁾ E-mail: tpodymova@inbox.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

Motions of higher order tectonic plates took place in 2011 at the Taman peninsula area. More than six hectares of land arose from the bottom of the Sea of Azov in one night.

After two-years of field studies and monitoring observations, we estimated the scale of events that took place.

 

The following parameters were calculated using the acquired materials: average vertical velocity of plate motion; time of reaction of major tectonic plates under the influence of large-scale events; time of plate subduction before the restoration of equilibrium; a rate of coastline recession under the influence of natural factors during the process of equilibrium restoration; possibility of secondary movement of the higher order tectonic plates during the process of equilibrium restoration.

 

A hypothetical causal effect model of the occurred events was proposed as a result of these experimental studies. In accordance with the proposed model, the mechanism of the higher order tectonic plates  interaction in the investigated region looks like “raised cock”, “twist-type trigger” for which will be possible the events, analogous to Tohoku earthquake (known as Fukushima earthquake). However, the tectonic processes taking place in the Earth interior demand keen attention. Economical activity in the region has to take them into account.

 

 

 

 

Remote Sensing, Coastal and Marine Database

 

Submesoscale Eddies Seen by Spaceborne Radar

 

Svetlana Karimova⁽¹⁾ and Martin Gade⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Space Research Institute of RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia

Tel: +7-495-333 42 56      Fax: +7-495-333 10 56

E-mail: feba@list.ru

⁽²⁾ Universität Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany

Tel: +49 40 42838 5450    Fax: +49 40 42838 7471,

Email: martin.gade@uni-hamburg.de

 

 

Abstract

 

In the present study, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery was used to derive statistics on spiral eddies in the eastern Mediterranean and Black seas. The dataset used consists of about 1700 medium resolution Envisat ASAR and ERS-2 SAR images obtained in 2009-2011. A comprehensive analysis of the eddy occurrence in SAR imagery was performed, thus providing insight into the eddies’ spatial and temporal distribution and the eddy ‘density’, i.e. the number of eddies per square unit. The analyses of the temporal variability of the derived above-mentioned statistical parameters revealed their strong seasonality, whose main reasons were suggested to be the seasonal variability of the encountered wind speed and surfactant films presenting.

 

 

 

 

Radar Observations in the German Wadden Sea

 

Martin Gade⁽¹⁾, Sabrina Melchionna^(1,2) and Linnea Kemme^(1,3)

 

⁽¹⁾  Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany,

Tel: +49 40 42838-5450, Fax: -7471,

E-mail: martin.gade@uni-hamburg.de

⁽²⁾ Tel: +49 40 42838-2976, Fax: -7471,

E-mail: sabrina.melchionna@zmaw.de

⁽³⁾ Tel: +49 40 42838-7470, Fax: -7471,

E-mail: linnea.kemme@zmaw.de

 

 

Abstract

 

High-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data of dry-fallen intertidal flats have been analyzed with respect to the imaging of sediments, macrophytes, and mussels in the German Wadden Sea. A great number of TerraSAR-X and Radarsat-2 images of five test areas along the German North Sea coast were acquired in 2012 and 2013 and form the basis for the present investigation. Depending on the type of sediment, but also on the water level and on environmental conditions (wind speed) exposed sediments may show up on SAR imagery as areas of enhanced radar backscattering. The (multi-temporal) analysis of series of such images allows for the detection of mussel beds, and our results show evidence that also single-acquisition, multi-polarization SAR imagery can be used for that purpose.

 

 

 

 

EU “Atlas of the Seas”: New Outlook to Coastal Issues

 

Vittorio Barale⁽¹⁾, Jean Dusart^(1,2) and Julien Gaffuri^(1,3)

 

⁽¹⁾ Institute for Environment and Sustainability

Joint Research Centre, European Commission

TP 272, Via E. Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy

Tel: +39 0332 789274   Fax: +39 0332 789034

E-mail: vittorio.barale@jrc.ec.europa.eu

⁽²⁾ E-mail: jean.dusart@jrc.ec.europa.eu

⁽³⁾ E-mail: julien.gaffuri@jrc.ec.europa.eu

 

 

Abstract

 

The European Atlas of the Seas is a web-based database aimed at the general public and selected professionals interested to learn more about Europe's seas and coasts, their environment, as well as related human activities and policies in the EU. It includes a collection of maps, and related fact sheets, based on data originating primarily from the European Commission and its Agencies. The maps present a snapshot of the key natural and socio-economic elements that characterize the coastal and marine environment of EU Countries and Outermost Regions, mirroring the main themes of the EU Integrated Maritime Policy. The Atlas shall be further developed, in order to improve access to information related to the European Seas, and to provide a suite of ready-made instruments for a first-cut assessment of marine and coastal issues.

 

 

 

 

Coastal Spatial Data Infrastructures: So Far So Good?

 

Gonzalo C. Malvárez⁽¹⁾, Emilia G. Pintado^(1,2), Fátima Navas^(1,3) and Alessandro Giordano^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ University Pablo de Olavide of Seville. Ctra. de Utrera Km.1, 41013. Seville (Spain), Tel: +34954349518.

E-mail: gcmalgar@upo.es

⁽²⁾ E-mail: esguipin@upo.es

⁽³⁾ E-mail: fnavas@upo.es

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: agiordano@acu.upo.es

 

 

Abstract

 

In recent years, the development of tools and methods to assess and implement effective Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) have increased since the coastal zone is recognised as a complex system which management need to involve various methodologies and stages to achieve results based on sharing knowledge and expertise between scientists, authorities and stakeholders. The important role of information and its management in all processes related to ICZM and coastal governance is widely recognised. In this framework, and despite significant initiatives such as the EU (Directive INSPIRE, the Global GEOSS or the Protocol on ICZM for the Mediterranean of the Barcelona Convention of the United Nation Environment Programme and the Mediterranean Action Plan), the need for integration in spatial data sourcing and the development of common rules seem to remain somewhat unrelated to the main core of ICZM. With the aim to improve this situation, many nations and regions are attempting to implement Coastal Spatial Data Infrastructures (C-SDI), and have been engaged in various SDI-related initiatives, with a wide variety of results to date. In this scenario some issues arise considering the extra effort needed to be made by local or regional governments in C-SDI development, in terms of implementation and maintenance. Further, there are critical views on the usefulness of these tools for coastal managers, since most times non-experts in cartography or information technologies are landed great technical responsibilities. In addition, the sustainability of these initiatives at medium and long-term scale appears to be a key issue nowadays: what are the main requirements for C-SDI components? How could various nations’ approaches on C-SDI implementation be linked? In this contribution these issues have been analysed and reviewed systematically to assess the state of the art of C-SDI as part of national SDI initiatives or in the frame of research projects, as well as their effectiveness in decision-making processes in coastal management. Results show how the complex physical and

 

 

 

 

Data Sharing Inspired by Pegaso SDI – Georgian CASES

 

Mamuka Gvilava⁽¹⁾, Tamar Bakuradze⁽²⁾, Amiran Gigineishvili⁽³⁾, Karin Allenbach⁽⁴⁾,

Emilia Guisado⁽⁵⁾, César Martínez⁽⁶⁾ and Gonzalo Malvárez^(5,7)

 

⁽¹⁾ ICZM National Focal Point for Georgia, c/o GeoGraphic, 10, Bulachauri Str., Tbilisi, 0160, Georgia

Tel: +995-599-546616

E-mail: MGvilava@ICZM.ge

⁽²⁾ GeoGraphic, 10, Bulachauri Str., Tbilisi, 0160, Georgia

Tel: +995-599-503289

E-mail: TBakuradze@ICZM.ge

⁽³⁾ NGO Lanchkhuti Information Centre, 105 Zhordania Str., Lanchkhuti, 2800, Georgia

Tel: +995-599-917925

E-mail: amiran@lic.org.ge

⁽⁴⁾ UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Geneva, 11, Chemin des Anémones, CH-1219 Châtelaine

Tel: +41-22-9178645

E-mail: karin.allenbach@unepgrid.ch

⁽⁵⁾ Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain

Tel: +34-954978326

E-mail: esguipin@upo.es

⁽⁶⁾ Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Geografia, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain

Tel: +34-93-586-8062

E-mail: Cesar.Martinez@uab.es

⁽⁷⁾ E-mail: gcmalgar@upo.es

 

Abstract

 

ICZM governance platform for the Mediterranean and Black Sea is being built by EC FP7 Pegaso project by, among other pillars, developing Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) for ICZM by building a network of geonodes, as well as by supporting 10 Collaborative Application SitES (CASES), including a Region of Guria at the Black Sea coast of Georgia, where Pegaso ICZM tools are being applied for testing at local scale. Experience with application of the SDI is reported for Georgian CASES, by disseminating existing GIS datasets with open source tools. Recommendations are drawn for dataset holders in the Black Sea region on simple pathways and on advantages of sharing geospatial datasets.

 

Institutional relationships behave and how C-SDI development are rarely considered in isolation from the broader National or Regional initiatives, and also combined with Marine SDIs. Results also highlight the potential need for increased Capacity Building and educational programmes to improve technical expertise of those managing the coast (public administrations) and how this could be fitted in the development and implementation of the ICZM process itself.

 

 

 

 

A Database of Severe Impacts in the Coast of Southeastern Brazil

 

Lucí Hidalgo Nunes

 

Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Tel: (+5519) 3521-45 73 Fax: (+5519) 3289-1562

E-mail: luci@ige.unicamp.br

 

 

Abstract

 

Information on the temporal frequency and magnitude of relevant hazardous processes is essential to prevent disasters. Notwithstanding, Brazil does not have a common, comprehensive and reliable database of disasters triggered by atmospheric events, and although individual efforts for compiling data exist, information is not connected and standardized. Therefore, the aim of this study is to collect and catalogue known incidences of landslides, floods and strong winds in the coast of Southeastern Brazil, area which concentrates population and economic activities but also presents low stability threshold, aspects that put population, apparatus and the rich biodiversity of the area under permanent threat. Partial results show an increase of hazards during the last three decades, especially during Austral summer, and the need to improve a comprehensive data collection of hazardous events to support different actions at national level in view of minimizing the negative effects of hazardous episodes.

 

 

 

 

VOLUME II

 

Marine Biology and Microbiology

 

Bioluminescence Daily Rhythm of Ctenophore Beroe ovata Mayer, 1912

 

Olga Mashukova⁽¹⁾ and Yuriy Tokarev^(1,2)

 

⁽¹⁾ Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, 99011 Sevastopol, Ukraine

Tel: + 38-0692-400418 Fax: +38-0692-544110

E-mail: olgamashukova@yandex.ru

⁽²⁾ E-mail: y.tokarev@gmail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Many ecology-physiological characteristics of ctenophore B. ovata are well-studied. Though, bioluminescence, being such an important characteristic of ctenophore has not been investigated enough yet. Therefore, studying the daily changeability of the Black Sea ctenophore Beroe ovata, Mayer 1912 bioluminescence characteristics was the purpose of the present work. Experimental investigations were carried out in September – October of 2009 – 2010. The just-caught (40 mm) B. ovata were gathered in the layer of 0 – 50 m in the Sevastopol coastal zone. The experiment had been lasting for 24 hours. One group was under illumination and the other one – in the laboratory in the complete darkness. The ctenophore bioluminescence had been recording during 24 hours using the laboratory complex “Light”.

 

Ctenophore B. ovata has two registered peaks of light-emission intensity: at 01 a.m. and at 13 a.m. The ctenophore bioluminescence achieves maximal values at 01 a.m.: under light it makes 1303.92 ± 64.18·10⁸, in the dark – 2717.28 ± 135.86·10⁸ quant·s^-1·cm^-2. The luminescence intensity reduces, achieving the minimal values up to the 10 a.m. 55.08 ± 2.71·10⁸ quant·s^-1·cm^-2 by the specimen, remaining in the darkness and 29.23 ± 1.43·10⁸ quant·s^-1·cm^-2 – in the light. The revealed endogenous rhythm of the B. ovata bioluminescence is connected with the daily changes in the ctenophore functional state, reproductive cycle and bioluminescence reaction substrate daily fluctuation. Luminescence of B. ovata, inhabiting mainly the photic layer and making the daily vertical migrations, allows using the bioluminescence method as the express method of the luminous hydrobionts and plankton community state estimation.

 

 

 

 

Dinoflagellate Cysts in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia)

 

Amel Ben Rejeb Jenhani ⁽¹⁾, Afef Fathalli ^(1,2) and Mohamed Salah Romdhane^(1,3)

 

⁽¹⁾ URA/INAT – University of Carthage, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia

Tel: +216 71 287 110

E-mail: jenhani.amel@gmail.com

⁽²⁾ E-mail: fathalli_afef@yaho.fr

⁽³⁾ E-mail: ramadhanms@gmail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

In marine areas, several planktonic species produce resting stages as part of their life cycle. In confined basins, usually characterised by low hydrodynamic conditions and high productivity, cysts produced in the water column sink to the sediments where they may remain viable for many years, constituting a reservoir of potential biodiversity. Dinoflagellate species are capable of forming dormant cysts. The analysis of these resting forms leads to a better consideration of rare species in the water column and to improve knowledge of planktonic biodiversity. In this context, a study was conducted, through two field campaigns in 2010, touching the four commercial ports situated in the Gulf of Gabes namely the ports of Sfax, Skhira Gabes and Zarzis. Thus, the search for Dinophyceae rest forms was resulted in the identification of 37 cysts taxa that can be added to the list of plankton species, and from which 17 were not found in their active form.  Furthermore, the surface sediments of the Sfax, Skhira, Gabes and Zarzis harbour areas were characterized, respectively, by the presence of 16, 18, 18 and 13 cysts taxa, belonging to the orders, Gymnodiniales, Prorocentrales, Gonyaulacales and Peridiniales. The two latters represented the most dominant groups. Among the non-indigenous species in the Mediterranean sea we identified in this work, 6 encysted forms including those of the five potentially toxic species Gymnodinium catenatum, Karenia selliformis, Alexandrium minutum and Protoceratium reticulatum. The two encysted forms of Gymnodinium cf impudicum and Ensiculifera cf carinata were reported for the first time in Gulf of Gabes. The highest density cyst was mainly observed in the Zarzis port area (660 cysts g^-1 DW sediment).  It was generated by the alien species Scrippsiella trochoida.

 

 

 

 

Effect of Potential Probiotic on Crassostrea Gigas Survival

 

Sadok Khouadja ⁽¹⁾ and Amina Bakhrouf ^(1,2)

 

⁽¹⁾ Laboratoire d’Analyse, Traitement et Valorisation des Polluants de l’Environnement et des Produits, Département de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
Telephone: + 216 97133065

Email: khouadja_sadok@yahoo.fr

⁽²⁾ Telephone: + 216 97133065

Email: aminafdhila@yahoo.fr

 

 

Abstract

 

Bivalves are exposed to a constant challenge by various pathogenic and/or opportunistic bacteria naturally present in the microflora of coastal environments. Although lacking an adaptive immune system, these animals have evolved an effective mechanism for clearing invading bacteria, based upon a complex interplay between cellular and humoral defense responses. During this study we study the interaction between these bacteria and oysters and the effect of lactic acid bacteria on the number reduction of the pathogenic bacteria.

 

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas), 55 isolates selected after their distinct phenotypic characteristics were tested with an agar well diffusion method. The bacteria chosen as pathogenic indicators were Vibrio alginolyticus (ATCC 17749; ATCC 33787), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17802). The isolates that presented antagonistic activity were characterized. Salinity tolerance was evaluated on MRS broths containing 2%, 3% and 6% NaCl. Exoenzymes production was tested on MRS agar, to which one of the following substrates was added: 0.2% [wt/vol] starch for amylase, 1% [wt/vol] skim milk for caseinase, 1% [wt/vol] Tween 80 for lipase, 5% [vol/vol] egg yolk for phospholipase (lecithinase) and 5% [vol/vol] fish blood for haemolysin. Challenge test of candidate probiotics with Oysters (Crassostrea gigas): To evaluate the effect of the LAB strains on Oysters (Crassostrea gigas), tow series of four tests were applied. Each series corresponded to one LAB strain selected for the challenge: The series included four conditions of culture: (1) axenic Oysters; (2) Oysters culture with the test LAB; (3) simple challenge with V. parahaemolyticus; (4) challenge with VP in the presence of the test LAB;. The tests lasted 6 days. Concentrations of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters before and after inoculation and five oysters were randomly picked for analysis at each test time.

 

In this study we try to summarize data on the interactions between vibrios and bivalve haemolymph. In vitro studies demonstrated antagonism against the pathogenic bacterium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The evidence available supports the hypothesis that persistence of bacteria in bivalve tissues largely depends on their sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of the haemolymph and other bacterial community present in bivalve.

 

 

 

 

Coastal and Marine Ecosystems

 

Ecosystem Dynamics in Tokyo Bay; Forces on High Trophic Level Organisms

 

Ayaka Sakamoto⁽¹⁾ and Kunio Shirakihara^(1,2)

 

⁽¹⁾ University of Tokyo,2778564 Kashiwa, Japan

Tel:+81-04-7136-6256

Email: arsenic-ayaka09a@nenv.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp

⁽²⁾ Email: shirak@aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp

 

 

Abstracts

 

Tokyo Bay is semi-closed bay and located in east-central coast of Japan. Tokyo Bay was originally a productive area and rich in biodiversity. A large number of people, industries and government offices were concentrated in Tokyo. Ministry of the Environment control water quality, but, red tide and hypoxia were observed recently. The objectives of this study were to investigate ecosystem dynamics with special attention to high trophic levels (up to fish) and to evaluate the impacts of red tide and hypoxia on the ecosystem in Tokyo Bay.

 

Modelling for ecosystem dynamics in Tokyo Bay was attempted using the Ecopath with Ecosim. A total of 10 groups were picked up taking account of availability of biomass data by species and survival tolerance to hypoxia. Group contains 3 fish groups, 3 benthos groups, zooplankton, phytoplankton, algae and detritus.

 

Following the method described allowed the model to capture most past trend, all group biomass reaches its peak in 1980’s after that biomass decrease gradually. Model results suggest that hypoxia and red tide has impacts on not only benthos but also animals eating benthos.

 

 

 

 

Development of Effective Environmental Management Tools

 

Chika Suzuki

 

Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan

Tel/Fax: 078 803 6444

E-mail: suzukic@aquamarine.kobe-u.ac.jp, suzukic@nagoya-u.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay, and the Seto Inland Sea are the three largest enclosed coastal seas in Japan. A significant correlation between the incidence of red tides and water quality has been observed in the Seto Inland Sea (Honjo, 1991). However, while red tides also occur in Ise Bay and Tokyo Bay, similar correlations have not been observed. Hence, it is necessary to understand what factors cause red tides to effectively manage these semi-closed systems.

 

 

 

 

Oligotrophication in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

 

Tetsuo Yanagi

 

Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, 816-8580 Fukuoka, Japan

Tel: + 81-92-583-7932 Fax: + 81-92-583-7492

E-mail: tyanagi@riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

The history of eutrophication and oligotrophication in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan from 1960 to 2010 is reviewed. The Seto Inland Sea suffered from the frequent occurrences of red tides and hypoxia from 1960 to 1990 but DIN and DIP began to decrease from 1990.  This is thought to be due to the change of material cycling of bio-elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the Seto Inland Sea.

 

We propose the fundamental dynamics of eutrophication and oligotrophication in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan by using the simple ecosystem equations and the concept of multi-phase steady states.

 

 

 

 

Nitrogen Dynamics in the Yodo River Estuary, Japan

 

Ryo Sugimoto⁽¹⁾ and Akihide Kasai⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾  Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, 917-0116, Japan

Tel: +81-770-52-7305 Fax: +81-770-52-7306

E-mail: sugiryo@fpu.ac.jp

⁽²⁾  Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan

Tel: +81-75-753-6314 Fax: +81-75-753-6468

E-mail: kasai@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

The increase in human population in coastal watersheds has increased the delivery of nitrogen from the land to coastal environments. Accelerated nitrogen cycles in coastal environments have led to an increase in hypoxic waters and instances of harmful algal blooms. Physical and biogeochemical processes within estuaries generally regulate nitrogen fluxes from land to sea. The estuaries of major rivers on the continents are thought to be sites of massive nitrate losses. However, function of estuaries to nitrogen transfer must vary according to each estuarine hydrology and biogeochemistry. Osaka Bay is one of the most eutrophic embayments in Japan. A large amount of terrestrial nitrogen empties into the bay head from the Yodo River. Although the estuary would have a crucial role in modifying nitrogen fluxes, its function to nitrogen transfer is still unclear. In this study, we examined concentrations and stable isotope ratios (¹⁵N) of NO3- in the Yodo River Estuary to clarify the dominant biogeochemical processes on DIN dynamics within the estuary and to assess the effect of function of the estuary on eutrophication in Osaka Bay. Contrastive results were obtained from the observations during spring tides in May 2010 and 2011. Nitrate concentrations were high and ¹⁵N was low when high salinity water (>30) intruded into the estuary in 2010. Most of the ¹⁵N variations within the estuary were expressed by the Rayleigh accumulation model with isotope discrimination of nitrification, suggesting the importance of remineralisation for determinant of DIN concentration within the estuary. However, nitrate concentrations were low and ¹⁵N was high when the high salinity water was excluded from the estuary in 2011. ¹⁵N variations essentially depend on the isotopic effect through the algal assimilation process. These results implied that DIN remineralisation and subsequent nitrification within the Yodo River Estuary would promote the eutrophication in Osaka Bay.

 

 

 

 

Factors Causing Recent Decreases of Nutrients from Rivers

 

Masahide Ishizuka

 

Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan 761-0396

Tel: +81-87-864-2143   Fax: +81-87-864-2188

E-mail: ishizuka@eng.kagawa-u.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Various laws and measures have led to a reduction in the generation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) loads from wastewater in Japan, and since the 1970s there has been a decrease in the number of red tides, which result from the rapid growth of algae and damage culture fisheries. However, the productivity of the fishery in recent years has decreased after the peak in the 1980s and is now equal to that in the mid 1960s. In the Sea of Harima-nada, which is located in the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, bleaching of "Nori" (Porphyra) and poor yields from the oyster culture fishery have become serious problems. This situation has probably resulted from oligotrophication. One possible cause is the reduction of nutrient loads from land. This study evaluated the spatial distribution of the generation of COD and TN loads from domestic sources and their long-term variations during 1985–2005 by using Geographical Information System techniques in the catchment of the Sea of Harima-nada. As a result, the development of sewerage was revealed to be an important factor in the reduction of loading from domestic sources. If it were acceptable to increase the loads to the values in 1985–88, when fishery production was a maximum, the current percent removals in the sewage treatment plants could be reduced from 85–90% (in 2005) to 60–70% for COD. In the case of TN, the present status quo appears to be good enough; there is no need to lower the percent removal. In the future, the control of sewage-treated water will be important to nutrient management in both rivers and semi-enclosed seas.

 

 

Phytoplankton Chlorophyll, Biomass, Inactive Matter

 

Victor Tchmyr and Maria Senicheva

 

Institute of Biology of Southern Seas, 90000 Sevastopol, Ukraine

Tel: 0692420467; 0676924358

E-mail: vikchm@mail.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

Chlorophyll content of plankton was initially deemed to be the principal indicator of phytoplankton biomass.  Willing to specify the estimation of biomass by chlorophyll we had, for the first time, established dependence of chlorophyll “A” (Chl A) content in the cells of different species, cultivated under similar conditions, on their volume and weight expressed in carbon (C), and, afterwards, we suggested a test method to determine C/Chl A ratio in experiment.

 

Information accumulated as for cultivation of different microalgae under various conditions of lightning, temperature and inorganic nutrition was colligated in the scientific literature in the form of equations, which allow calculating expected C/Chl A ratio for particular phytoplankton communities under the given conditions.  However, there should be noted a substantial difference between populations functioning within natural communities and populations of particular species cultivated in the artificial environments. As a rule, algae cultures are maintained in the log growth phase and thus, all researches of cultures can be referred to the primary phase of development of the populations. Whereas populations within natural communities go through all stages of development: from the log growth phase at the beginning to the period of stagnation and dying. Presence of significant amount of dying and even dead cells in the natural communities was found whilst using luminescence microscopy.

 

Therefore, while studying C/Chl A ratio of natural phytoplankton communities, age of population of dominant species at the moment of measurement can be determinative. In this respect, we set a task to analyze fluctuation of C/Chl A ratio in phytoplankton communities in the coastal region of the Black Sea near Sevastopol and possible influence on it of all aggregate factors, taking into account supposed age of population, where amount of its biomass may be considered as a relative index. As a result, it was established that with the increase of natural phytoplankton communities biomass, relative content of Chl A in them decreases. It proves hypothesis about ageing of population within their composition and allows us to consider amount of biomass as an indirect index of their age.

 

Seasonal variation of phytoplankton development in the coastal area in general is determined by seasonal changes of environmental parameters. Regularly, minimum value of C/Chl A is typical for the periods of minimum temperature and light value. It defines peculiar “domed” form of distribution of C/Chl A ratio on the diagrams of seasonal variation, where it can be clearly traced not only through our data from 2009 and 2010, but also through the data from other authors gathered in 2000 – 2003. Using “domed” distribution, we carried out rough estimate of content of inactive substance in the total biomass. Such estimate is based on the assumption that on the bottom edge of “dome” and underneath “dome” there are set the dates which correspond to the communities, which biomass is composed of young population with minimal index of C/Chl A ratio. According to this estimate “dead” matter content within total biomass of phytoplankton near the mouth of Sevastopol Bay falls inside the limits of 0 to 90% and grows along with the increase of biomass. The analysis performed shows that natural phytoplankton communities accumulate a considerable amount of physiologically inactive (old or, possibly, dead) cells with low content of chlorophyll. Significant concentration of such cells by separate massive populations in the areas of “blooming” creates maxima biomass of phytoplankton with the high C/Chl A ratio – up to 1000 and even more.

 

 

 

 

Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum in a Stratified Estuary

 

Akihide Kasai⁽¹⁾, Tatsuhiro Funahashi^{(1, 2)}, Kaori Anbutsu^{(1, 3)}, Ken-ichiro Ishii^{(1, 4)}, Masahiro Ueno⁽⁵⁾ and Yoh Yamashita^{(1, 6)}

 

⁽¹⁾ Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan

Tel: +81-75-753-6314 Fax: +81-75-753-6468

E-mail: kasai@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

⁽²⁾ E-mail: tatsuhiro@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ E-mail: kanbutsu@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: ken1ro@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

⁽⁵⁾ Kyoto University, Aza Nagahama, Maizuru, 625-0086, Japan

Tel: +81-773-62-9078 +81-773-62-5513

E-mail: siranami@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail: yoh@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Estuaries are formed around the river mouths, where lighter fresh water meets denser sea water. Many comparative studies have shown that production in estuaries is highest in marine systems, although there is a great deal of variety in mixing processes and salinity distributions. This study was conducted in the Yura Estuary, which is highly stratified because of the small tide, facing to the Sea of Japan. Seasonal and temporal variety of river discharge affects the dynamics in the estuary; the salt wedge intrudes into the bottom layer in summer when the river discharge is low. Consequent primary production is high in summer and a chlorophyll maximum is generated around the halocline, indicating that the salt wedge plays an important role in the ecosystem in the estuary.

 

A hydrodynamic-ecosystem coupled model was developed to investigate the formation mechanism of the chlorophyll maximum in the subsurface layer in the Yura Estuary. Salinity and chlorophyll distributions obtained by the model agreed well with field observations. The model results shows that in addition to the seasonal variation, the salt wedge responds over short time scales according to the flood events, and consequent distribution of chlorophyll frequently changes. Marine diatoms grow using a plenty of nutrients from the river when the salt wedge is formed in the bottom layer. However, production around the halocline is not always higher than the other layers. Direct measurements of the primary production in the Yura River showed the highest production in the surface layer, supporting the model results. These results indicate that the retention of advected phytoplankton is important for the formation of the chlorophyll maximum in the subsurface layer in the Yura Estuary.

 

 

 

 

Macroalgae on Concrete Contained Amino Acid

 

Chizuru Tara⁽¹⁾, Noboru Murase⁽²⁾, Kazuhiro Sato^(1,3), Mahiko Abe^(2,4) and Jiro Haga^(1,5)

 

⁽¹⁾ Bioscience Products and Fine Chemical Division, AJINOMOTO co.,inc., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan,

Tel: +81-952-47-2214

E-mail:chizuru_tara@ajinomoto.com

⁽²⁾ National Fisheries University,Yamaguchi,Japan,

Tel: +81-83-286-5111

E-mail:murasen@fish-u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ E-mail:kazuhiro_satou@ajinomoto.com

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail:abemahi@ fish-u.ac.jp

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail:jiro_haga@ajinomoto.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Microalgae are a primary producer in a water ecosystem, and have an important function also as fixation of carbon dioxide, the nest of fishes, and human being's food. For Japan surrounded by the sea in the four quarters, it is a serious problem that the marine forest of a neritic region decreases in recent years. Various organizations have been tackled to regrow of the marine forest in various places in Japan. An important point is how to regrow a marine forest efficiently.

 

Arginine which is a kind of amino acid is mixed and environmentally vitalizing concrete has the function to promote growth of algae. It is checked in the experiment in Osaka Bay for 2 years that the growth speed of the algae accelerated 5 to 10 times with Arginine. Moreover, the algae which grew thick on concrete were Chlorophyceae, Diatoms, and Sargassum horneri. This experiment proved that Arginine has the function to promote growth of Microalgae. However, there is no telling whether other amino acid has the same effect. Then, we experimented in whether amino acid other than Arginine has an effect which growth of microalgae and macroalgae promotes.

 

We chose Sargassum horneri and Rhodophyceae as macroalgae. These are widely distributed over every place in Japan, and are grown ordinarily also to an inner bay. Sargassum horneri is not only nest of fish and shellfishes but edible materials. And we have been used Gelidium elegans as a material of agar.

 

We chose Arginine, Lysine, and Sodium Glutamate Acid as amino acid added to concrete. An ordinary concrete was put on the conditions as comparative data. Each amino acids of the quantity equivalent to 1% of nitrogen concentration is contained in concrete. We put the ripe alga of Gelidium elegans and embryo of Sargassum horneri on the concrete. These were sunk into the sea water tub and the growth situation of seaweed was observed periodically.

 

Sargassum horneri on Arg concrete showed rapid growth in 1 month after the start of the experiment. About growth of Sargassum horneri, the ordinary concrete was as same as Arginine concrete, but Lysine and Sodium Glutamate Acid concrete were less than the ordinary concrete and Arginine concrete. 2month after, Arginine concrete surface was covered with other algae than Sargassum horneri. About growth of Gelidium elegans, the alga grew mostly on a Sodium Glutamate Acid concrete. Because, others algae which were carried in from sea water on concrete grew preferentially than Gelidium elegans .Therefore, Gelidium elegans on the Sodium Glutamate Acid concrete with few other algae showed good growth. Thus, the concrete which added amino acid is expectable in early growth of macroalgae. However, when putting the concrete in which was added Arginine which shows a good effect of growth to any algae, it is necessary to choose the season to put. In doing so, by using proper amino acid to the target microalgae, a marine forest would be developed at an early stage.

 

 

 

 

Duration of Amino Acid in Concrete for Algae

 

Kazuhiro Sato⁽¹⁾, Yasunori Kozuki⁽²⁾, Hirokazu Nishimura⁽³⁾, Chizuru Tara^(1,4), Takashi Nakanishi^(3,5), Yuta Mizuguchi^(2,6), Ryoichi Yamanaka^(2,7), Tatsuru Tabohashi^(1,8), Mitsunori Fukuda^(1,9) and Jiro Haga^(1,10)

 

⁽¹⁾ Bioscience products and fine chemical division, AJINOMOTO co.,inc., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Tel: +81-952-47-2214;

E-mail: kazuhiro_satou@ajinomoto.com

⁽²⁾ Department of Ecosystem Engineering, the University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan,

Tel: +81- 88 - 656 - 7335;

E-mail: kozuki@eco.tokushima–u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ Engineering division, Nikken Kogaku co., ltd., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan,

Tel: +81-3-3344-6081;

E-mail: nishimura@nikken-kogaku.co.jp

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: chizuru_tara@ajinomoto.com

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: naka24@nikken-kogaku.co.jp

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail: yuta012@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁷⁾ E-mail: yamanaka@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁸⁾ E-mail: tatsuru_tabohashi@ajinomoto.com

⁽⁹⁾ E-mail: mitsunori_fukuda@ajinomoto.com

⁽¹⁰⁾ E-mail: jirou_haga@ajinomoto.com

 

 

Abstract

 

The blocks containing amino acid, Arginine, were developed as Environmentally Vitalizing Concrete (EViCon). It has been reported that the efficacy of acceleration to form marine periphytic algae on the concrete block containing Arginine in the actual water area.

 

This work aimed to investigate the behaviour of amino acids in the concrete block in laboratory and actual field to ensure the long duration of the effect. In consequence of the actual field test, Arginine contained in the concrete continued to stimulate the growth of green algae at least four years. These concrete blocks containing Arginine were put in the cistern poured marine water by pump for a half year. Blocks were periodically salvaged. And time courses of distributions of Arginine in the blocks were analysed. Arginine showed to be eluted from the surface till one to two cm of depth. In parallel, elution of Arginine from the blocks was analysed to examine slow release of Arginine for enough long life effect. The elution behaviour was divided to two steps. Firstly, Arginine was sharply eluted. And then elution rate become gentle curve. And more the elution rates were depend on the concentration of Arginine in the concrete. And then, in order to obtain these data, analysis method of amino acids in hardened concrete block was developed with over 90% of recovery ratio.

 

 

 

 

Historical Changes in Algal Diversity  in the Gulf of Naples

 

Maria Cristina Buia⁽¹⁾, Antonia Chiarore^(1,2), Martina Mulas^(1,3) and Lucia Porzio^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ Stazione Zoologica ‘Anton Dohrn’, Benthic Ecology Group, 80077 Ischia, Italy

Tel: + 39-081-5833521 Fax: + 39-081-984201

E-mail: mariacristina.buia @szn.it

⁽²⁾ E-mail: antonia.chiarore@szn.it

⁽³⁾ E-mail: martina.mulas@szn.it

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: lucia.porzio@libero.it

 

 

Abstract

 

An attempt to measure historical changes in macroalgal diversity has been performed along the Gulf of Naples (South Italy), subject in the last century to intense anthropic pressures, ranging from dense urban settlements to industrial areas located on the coast, and from intense maritime traffic to land runoff. A check-list of the benthic seaweeds recorded in the Gulf of Naples since 1878 has been compiled. After nomenclature and taxonomic updating, a total of 565 species (including 381 Rhodophyta, 111 Ochrophyta and 73 Chlorophyta) have been inventoried. A comparison on algal records between the two periods 1860-1955 and 1956-2007 have been carried out. In the second period the percentage of new taxa and that have disappeared or have not been found were similar (22-24%). In the last 60 years a decreasing trend of cold affinity species in contrast to an increasing of cosmopolitan and sub-cosmopolitan species has been pointed out from the analysis of biogeographic elements. The result could testify the warming trend in the Mediterranean Basin and the increase of global trades, in particular shipping transports. In order to assess the changes in the macro algal diversity and to quantify the species loss, a research project is in progress to assess the actual occurrence of Cystoseira and Sargassum spp., canopy forming species particularly sensitive to anthropogenic pressure. Historical sites along the upper sub littoral zones of the Gulf were revisited firstly. Preliminary results confirm, even for the Gulf of Naples, a decrease in the diversity of the upper sub littoral Cystoseira species due to the loss of seven fucoids. This decrease is more evident in the inner parts of the Gulf, where the industrial and urban settlement pressures were the highest.

 

 

 

 

Coastal Dunes Features of Endemic Ipomoeo – Elymetum farcti Association

 

Ahmet Serteser

 

Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science and Literature, 03030, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye

Tel: +90-272-228 13 39

E-mail: aserteser@aku.edu.tr

 

 

Abstract

 

Ipomoeo – Elymetum farcti (Géhu and Uslu, 1989) association is endemic for coastal dunes of East Mediterranean of Turkey. This association is identifed in Patara, Kumluca, Side of Antalya province, in Anamur and Taşucu, in Atakent-Narlıkuyu between Silifke- Erdemli, of İçel province and in Karataş-Innaplihoyuk of Adana province. The association consists of grasses whose lentgh vary between 5-50 cm. The association’s dominant species are Elymus farctus ssp. farctus, Ipomoea stolonifera, Cyperus capitatus, Eryngium maritimum, Medicago marina, Euphorbia paralias, Otanthus maritimus and Sporobolus virginicus. This association has embryo and mobile dune vegetation is perennial.

 

“Flora of Turkey” of Davis (1965-1985), Davis et al., (1988) and Güner et al., (2000) are essentially used in the identification of the plants. The vegetation of the region has been categorized according to Braun-Blanquet (1932). Climate data from General Directorate of Meteorology (1990) and geological information from General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (1963, 1981).  Samples of soil which are mostly representative were obtained from the depts. of cms 0-30 to establish the relationship of the plant associations with soil and the physical and chemical analysis of these samples were done with related method in Soil Fertilizer and Water Resources Central Research Institute Laboratories (Tüzüner, 1990).

 

The work area is coastal dunes as the type of land. Mediterranean floristic region of about 60 vascular plants have been identified within the study area. Most of the work place is filled with quaternary type of land. Stations in the study area, The central Mediterranean (WASS) and the Eastern Mediterranean I. Type (WSAS) precipitation regimes show and the work place has “Rainy Sub Soft, Rainy Sub Hot, A Little Rainy Warm, A little Rainy Soft” Mediterranean Bioclimate. Soil analysis results, especially the quantities of water and grain sizes, were evaluated with all data grain distributions vary with sampling location, particularly.

 

 

 

 

 

Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Impacts

 

Causes of Coastal Ecosystem Degradation in Bangladesh

 

Abiar Rahman⁽¹⁾ and Giashuddin Miah⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh

Tel: + 88-01552495452 Fax: +88-02-9205333

E-mail: abiarbd@yahoo.com

⁽²⁾ Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh

Tel: + 88-02-9205310/2104 Fax: +88-02-9205333

E-mail: giash1960@gmail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

The coastal region of Bangladesh contributes to about one fifth of the country’s landmass and one seventh of the total population. Once the region was diverse and rich in natural resources with huge forest vegetation, fishes, crops, poultry, livestock and wildlife, but at present, the whole region is at the verge of serious degradation due to human interventions and climate change. The study was carried out in Batiaghata upazila under Khulna district. Long term climatic data showed that there is an increasing trend of both maximum and minimum temperatures. On the other hand, although the annual rainfall has been increased in recent years but monthly distribution of rainfall is not even and it showed that the monsoon rainfall was increased by 56%, while dry season rainfall decreased by 60%. Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns are accelerating flood, salinity and drought hazards, which are depleting both resources and environments. Increasing trend of cyclonic storms as well as tidal surges would be more and more vulnerable to climatic extremities in the coastal region. Due to intrusion of saline water for brackish water shrimp farming and increasing prolong drought, soil and water salinity have been increased remarkably, which adversely affecting both floral and faunal resources in the region. Increased soil and water salinity hampered soil fertility status and it was observed that around 27.36% soils organic matter has been depleted compared to base value of 1999. Suitable coping and adaptation measures should be taken immediately to restore the coastal ecosystem for sustaining agricultural production and development.

 

 

 

 

Trophic Dilution of PAHs through Benthic Food Web in Tidal Flat

 

Sosuke Otani^(1,5), Ikumi Tamura⁽²⁾, Hiroshi Yamamoto⁽³⁾, Yasunori Kozuki⁽⁴⁾ and Yoshihisa Shimizu⁽⁵⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Osaka Prefecture University College of Technology, 5728572 Osaka, Japan

Tel: +81-72-821-6401   Fax: +81-72-821-0134

E-mail: otani@osaka-pct.ac.jp

⁽²⁾ Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 7708502 Tokushima, Japan

Tel: +81-88-656-7618 Fax: +81-88-656-7618

E-mail: c100951007@stud.tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ Institute of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 7708502 Tokushima, Japan

Tel: +81-88-656-7618 Fax: +81-88-656-7618

E-mail: hiroshi@ias.tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁴⁾ Institute of Technology and Science, the University of Tokushima, 7708506, Tokushima, Japan

Tel: +81-88 -656-7335 Fax: +81-88 -656-7335

E-mail: kozuki@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁵⁾ Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 5200811 Otsu Shiga,Japan

Tel: +81-77-527-6221 Fax: +81-77-524-9869

E-mail: shimizu@biwa.eqc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are anthropogenic and ubiquitous substances in coastal environments. They are also known to have relatively hydrophobic and potent toxicity such as carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Therefore, it is important to understand trophic transfer of PAHs for the better understanding of contamination by anthropogenic compounds through food web. The objective of this research is to reveal biomagnification of PAHs in lower level of the benthic food web using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in the selected tidal flats near river mouth surrounded by reed marsh.

 

The concentrations of PAHs in potential food sources were 14-67 times higher than those of macroinvertebrates. The PAH compositions in potential food sources were dominated by five to six ring PAHs with higher molecular weight and the level of two to three ring PAHs was relatively low. Significant negative relationships were found between the nitrogen stable isotope ratios and lipid concentrations of 8 PAHs (fluorine, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(b)fluoranthene). Trophic Magnification Factor tended to decrease with increasing logK_ow and molecular weight of PAHs, which suggests that low molecular weight PAHs tends to remain in macroinvertebrates. These results confirm the trophic dilution of PAHs in lower trophic level of the benthic food web.

 

 

Effect of Steelmaking Slag on Marine Benthos

 

Yoshihiro B. Akiyama ⁽¹⁾, Hitomi Yano ⁽²⁾, Takahiro Katayama ^(2,3), Masayuki Takeda ^(1,4), Tetsuji Okuda ^(1,5), Satoshi Nakai ^(2,6) and Wataru Nishijima ^(1,7)

 

⁽¹⁾ Environmental Research and Management Center, Hiroshima University, 1-5-3 Kagamiyama Higashihiroshima 739-8513, Japan

Tel: + 81-82-424-6195

E-mail: yakiyama@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

⁽²⁾ Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan

Tel: + 81-82-424-7622

E-mail: m116836@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ E-mail: m130068@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: b091502@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: okudaenv@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail: sn4247621@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁷⁾ E-mail: wataru@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

This paper shows that dephosphorization slag mixed with 8% dredge soil (in total) significantly increase the cover degree of seaweed and the density of Haminoea japonica, but leads to an obvious decrease on the frequency of appearance of an Asian mussel Musculista senhousia. These results indicate that if the mixed soil is used as a material for creation of an artificial tidal flat, some community structures in the coastal ecosystem will be different from the natural ecosystem. Therefore, further improvement of the slag is needed towards its wise use for biodiversity conservation on a tidal flat.

 

 

 

 

Impact of Environmental Stress on Metabolism of Perinereis cultrifera

 

Hind Gasmi⁽¹⁾, Ouided Maamcha ^(1,2), Tarek Daas ^(1,3) and Patrick Scaps ⁽⁴⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology. Departement of Biology. Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba. Algeria.

Fax: +213 38 87 53 95/96

E-mail: hindgasmi@gmail.com.

⁽²⁾ E-mail: ouided_dz_maamcha@yahoo.fr

⁽³⁾ E-mail: tarek63daas@yahoo.fr

⁽⁴⁾ GEPV CNRS UMR 8189 EMA (Eco immunology of Marine Annelids), UST, Lille France.

 

 

Abstract

 

The aim of this study was to investigate marine environmental quality of Skikda coast, which has been subjected for a long time to large amounts of industrial effluents. We have assessed the impact of pollution on a keystone species of benthic communities Perinereis cultrifera using changes in biochemical contents of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, monthly determined in oocytes ; thus worms were sampled at two study sites Skikda (polluted) and El-Kala (comparatively clean).

 

Energy reserves variation levels were similar for both populations, although concentrations were found higher in females sampled from El-Kala, suggesting a better physiological status.

 

 

 

 

Decline in Biodiversity of Copepods in Coastal Waters of Mumbai

 

Rosamma Stephen⁽¹⁾, K.V. Jayalakshmy⁽²⁾ and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair⁽³⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ National Institute of Oceanography (retired), Ajantha Elamkulam Road, Kochi-682017, Kerala, India.

Tel: +91-484-2203087   Fax: +91-484-2393256

E-mail: rosamma.stephen@gmail.com

⁽²⁾ National Institute of Oceanography, PB NO.1913 Kochi 682018, India,

Tel: +91-484-2390814   Fax:  +91-(0) 484-2390618

E-mail: jaya@nio.org

⁽³⁾ National Institute of Oceanography (retired), HB 50, Vijaya, South Bridge Avenue, Panampilly Nagar Kochi 682036, India 

Tel: +91-484-2316 999

E-mail:vijayalakshmi40@hotmail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Coastal waters of metropolitan cities face severe ecological threat due to sewage discharge and effluents from the industries. Copepods being the most abundant component in zooplankton some species can act as signals of alterations of water quality. Analysis of biological communities is adopted as an effective tool for indicating environmental conditions. Baseline studies were conducted on water quality and species composition of copepods along the coastal waters off Thal (Mumbai), the location proposed for installing large fertilizer plant in 1980’s which was repeated after a decade. Hydrography of the water at Thal was normal where 24 species were recorded in the baseline study. But in the post outfall study the suspended load and the nutrient level especially nitrate and ammonia showed marked increase and the number of copepods decreased to 8 species at the discharge point. Copepods were also studied from Mumbai harbour from4 sites namely Thane, Bassien, Versova and Mahim creeks upstream where sewage and other discharges are slowly converting the area into an imperilled ecosystem. Nutrients were high during pre-monsoon; PO4, 42.0µ at/l and NO3, 43. 0µ at/l, being the highest values recorded. The suspended load in the creeks were high namely 87.5mg/l during pre-monsoon and 121mg/l during post-monsoon. The upper reaches of the creeks sustained high nutrients and suspended load and low density of zooplankton and diversity of copepods. Species diversity was high in the coastal stations away from the mouth of the creeks. From the Bassein sector 33 species were recorded whereas 35 species were observed in Thane sector. Only 10 species were encountered in Versova and Mahim compared to 68 and 46 species recorded two decades back. Bestiolina similis and Acartia spinicuda together accounted for the copepod standing stock in both localities. Average density of copepods at Thal is very high (2716/m³) compared to the Mumbai coast (Mahim310/m³,Versova 213/m³and Thane 185/m³).The hydrographical features point to habitat degradation.

 

 

 

 

Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Management

 

Optimization and Comparison of Underwater Mapping Methods

 

Marina Bonacorsi⁽¹⁾, Christine Pergent-Martini^(1,2), Philippe Clabaut^(2,3), Gwenaël Jouet⁽⁴⁾ and Gérard Pergent^(1,2)

 

⁽¹⁾ UMR CNRS SPE 6134, Corsica University, Faculty of Science of Corte, BP 52, 20250 Corte (France)

Tel : 00 33 495 450 055 Fax : 00 33 488 100 593

E-mail: bonacorsi@univ-corse.fr; pmartini@univ-corse.fr; pergent@univ-corse.fr

⁽²⁾ GIS Posidonie – Corsica Center, Faculty of Science of Corte, , BP 52, 20250 Corte (France)

Tel : 00 33 495 450 146 Fax : 00 33 488 100 593

E-mail: pmartini@univ-corse.fr; pergent@univ-corse.fr

⁽³⁾ Clabaut Consultant, 9, Impasse du Boutillier, 62240 Selles (France)

E-mail : philippe.clabaut@wanadoo.fr

⁽⁴⁾ Laboratoire Environnements Sédimentaires  Ifremer - Centre Bretagne - ZI de la Pointe du Diable - CS 10070 - 29280 Plouzané

Tel : 00 33 298 224 244 Fax : 0033 298 224 570

E-mail: Gwenael.Jouet@ifremer.fr

 

 

Abstract

 

A mapping of assemblages and bottom-types which can be found from the surface to a depth of 100 m, was carried out around Cap Corse (Western Mediterranean, France). Various sensors (optical and acoustic) are compared at common sites in order to (i) optimize their conditions of use, and (ii) to assess their benefits and limitations.

 

From the experiments, it appears that the pixel dimension of the aerial photographs makes it possible to adjust the degree of accuracy of the rendering and to better distinguish the different assemblages. But reducing the range of the side-scan sonar, which provides a more accurate picture, does not necessarily offer better discrimination of the assemblages.

 

If optical sensors are becoming increasingly efficient for superficial bathymetric depths (0 to -15 m), acoustic sensors provide very useful complementary information. Moreover, only acoustic data can be used effectively. Side-scan sonar is more efficient because it allows complete coverage of the bottom and its height relative to the sea bottom can remain constant, regardless of the depth. However, data acquisition by the multibeam echosounder provides specific data that requires interpolation to achieve full coverage; furthermore, its accuracy decreases as the depth increases. The availability of newer multibeam echosounders, making it possible to acquire more information for a given area, is likely to make the sensor more efficient, especially as its geo-positioning system is more accurate. However, apart from the mapping technique, any strategy must take into account the aims of the study (surface, accuracy) as well as the available resources.

 

 

 

 

Application of Ecological Evaluation Index on Albanian Coastal Rocky Shore

 

Sonila Gogo ⁽¹⁾ and Lefter Kashta ⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Faculty of Natural Sciences, Blv. “Zogu I”, Tirana, Albania.

Tel: + 355-69-20-86-018

E-mail: sonilagogo3@gmail.com

⁽²⁾ Research Center of Flora and Fauna – Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tirana University

Tel: +355-67-23-03-450

E-mail: lefter.kashta@yahoo.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Ecological Evaluation Index (EEI) is an important tool in assessing quality of coastal and transitional rocky water shores. This index uses phytobenthos as bio indicator for assessment. This method is considered by The Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) to achieve “good” Ecological Status of water bodies (WB) by monitoring temporal changes in communities of benthic macroalgae. These long term changes play an important role in identifying the degree of anthropogenic processes to water and its living communities. All the monitoring done by EEI at the end aims to create water bodies (WB) which will be classified at a specific Ecological Status and will give the opportunity to create and implement management for coastal zones.

 

In this study destructive and visual sampling were performed on macrophytobenthic populations of three major taxonomic groups: Chlorophyceae, Fucophyceae and Rhodophyceae of the upper infralittoral zone. The aim of the study is to estimate the ecological status, using the Ecological Evaluation Index (EEI) and to know the composition of these floristic communities in space and time. Samples were taken seasonally (April, July, and September) from 6 rocky shore stations in Albania (two stations in Adriatic and four stations in Ionian Sea). All sites are characterized by anthropogenic disturbance of different degrees. 68 taxa were identified and the diversity, evenness and similarity Index were calculated. Results classified the six sites in three different Ecological Status Categories, ranging from “low” to “good”. Although a gradient of Ecological Statuses is noticed seasonally passing from North to South, further studies in terms of seasonality are necessary in order to confirm these results.

 

 

 

 

Biodiversity Assessment: Preliminary Findings in Köycegiz-Dalyan SEPA

 

Elif Can Yılmaz⁽¹⁾, Barış Akçalı^(1,2), Remzi Kavcıoğlu^(1,3), Murat Özaydınlı^(1,4), Fethi Bengil^(1,5), Janset Kankuş^(1,6), Tuba Tümer^(1,7), Reyhan Sönmez⁽¹⁾, Şebnem Kuşçu⁽¹⁾, Özge Özgen^(1,8), Ceren Ergüden⁽¹⁾, Damla Hepsöğütlü⁽¹⁾, Serpil Kozludere^(1,9),

Gökhan Kaboğlu^(1,10) and Kemal Can Bizsel^(1,11)

 

⁽¹⁾  Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylül University,

Haydar Aliyev Bakü Bulvarı. No: 100, İnciraltı 35340, Balçova, İzmir.

Tel: +90-232-278 55 65 Fax: +90-232-278 50 82

E-mail: elif.can@deu.edu.tr,

⁽²⁾ E-mail: baris.akcali@deu.edu.tr,

⁽³⁾ E-mail: remzi.koglu@deu.edu.tr,

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: murat.ozaydinli@deu.edu.tr,

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: fethi.bengil@deu.edu.tr,

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail: janset.kankus@gmail.com,

⁽⁷⁾ E-mail: tubatumer@gmail.com,

⁽⁸⁾ E-mail: ozge_ozgen1987@hotmail.com,

⁽⁹⁾ E-mail: skozludere@sad.org.tr,

⁽¹⁰⁾ E-mail: gokhan.kaboglu@deu.edu.tr,

⁽¹¹⁾ E-mail: can.bizsel@deu.edu.tr

 

 

Abstract

 

In Turkey, biodiversity assessments in Coastal-Marine Protected Areas (CMPA) were started with the Datça-Bozburun Special Environmental Protection Area (SEPA) Biodiversity Project by the Authority of Special Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the Oceanos Team of the Istanbul University in 2002. “Köycegiz-Dalyan SEPA Biodiversity Project” was the fourth one in this field performed in 2010, the “International Year of Biodiversity”, with cooperation between the Underwater Research Society and Dokuz Eylül University. The coastal and marine sites of the SEPA, especially İztuzu Beach is important for nesting and breeding of Caretta caretta. Under the scope of the project, the study was carried out only once in autumn within the 0-50 meter depth zone with both sampling methods and visual observations of marine flora and fauna. The study aimed to define biodiversity of the marine area including seabed habitats and facies formations. Seven facies formations and six different benthic habitat types were defined during the study. Determinations of 17 species under several categories of IUCN Red List and 10 exotic species were other important findings which should be considered as significance of threat upon the marine ecosystem of the Köycegiz-Dalyan SEPA.

 

 

 

 

Biodiversity for Carrying Capacity Assessment

 

Barış Akçalı⁽¹⁾ Elif Can Yılmaz^(1,2), Remzi Kavcıoğlu^(1,3), Murat Özaydınlı^(1,4), Fethi Bengil^(1,15), Janset Kankuş^(1,6), Tuba Tümer^(1,7), Reyhan Sönmez^{(1, 8)}, Şebnem Kuşçu^(1,9), Özge Özgen^(1,10), Ceren Ergüden^(1,11), Damla Hepsöğütlü^(1,12), Serpil Kozludere⁽¹⁵⁾,

Gökhan Kaboğlu^{(1, 13,15)} and K. Can Bizsel^{(1, 14)}

 

⁽¹⁾ Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylül University,

Haydar Aliyev Bakü Bulvarı. No: 100, İnciraltı 35340, Balçova, İzmir.

Tel: +90-232-278 55 65 Fax: +90-232-278 50 82

E-mail: baris.akcali@deu.edu.tr,

⁽²⁾  E-mail: elif.can@deu.edu.tr,

⁽³⁾ E-mail: remzi.koglu@deu.edu.tr,

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: murat.ozaydinli@deu.edu.tr,

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: fethi.bengil@deu.edu.tr,

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail: janset.kankus@gmail.com,

⁽⁷⁾ E-mail: tubatumer@gmail.com,

⁽⁸⁾ E-mail: ryhnsnmz@yahoo.com,

⁽⁹⁾ E-mail: sebnemkuscu@gmail.com,

⁽¹⁰⁾ E-mail: ozge_ozgen1987@hotmail.com,

⁽¹¹⁾ E-mail: cerenerguden@hotmail.com,

⁽¹²⁾ E-mail: damladh@hotmail.com,

⁽¹³⁾ E-mail: gokhan.kaboglu@deu.edu.tr,

⁽¹⁴⁾ E-mail: can.bizsel@deu.edu.tr,

⁽¹⁵⁾ Underwater Research Society, Akıncılar Sok. 10/1 GMK Bul, Maltepe, Ankara.

Tel: +90-312-230 35 23, Fax: +90-312-230 35 23

E-mail: skozludere@sad.org.tr

 

 

Abstract

 

Determination of marine vessel carrying capacity (MVCC) of an area is rather a new and challenging concept not only in Turkey, but also throughout the world. Determination of MVCC is a site specific process, and management objectives also play an important role during this process. Thus, MVCC calculation depends on various datasets comprising physical, ecological, social, economical or political components of the area in consideration. Ecological components, such as important habitats of endangered species and facies formations are considered as reduction factors for calculating MVCC of an area. This paper introduces ecological components identified for Kaş-Kekova Special Environmental Protection Area (SEPA), one of the four areas where carrying capacity assessments have been performed in Turkey. Seven flora species were observed in the study area, which contribute to facies formations. Among these, Posidonia oceanica, Zostera marina and Cystoseira sp. were taken as reduction factors because of the direct interaction with mooring and anchoring activities in the area. The habitat of critically endangered Mediterranean monk seal was taken into consideration as another reduction factor because of the probability of cave formation and adjacent area being a sheltering zone for this species. The area coverage of ecological components which were considered as reduction factor was calculated as 2.246 km² within the study area (in total 7.387 km²).

 

 

 

 

Effect of Biological Invasions on Eutrophication of the Baltic Sea

 

Umar Malikov

 

Russian State Hydrometeorological University, St. Petersburg, Russia

Tel: +78122245464 Fax: +78126330182

E-mail: umalik@mail.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

The greatest number of discoveries of alien species in the Baltic Sea is confined to the most eutrophic areas - bays and inlets of the southern Baltic, the Neva River estuary. Many colonizing species (for example, the North American crayfish Balanus improvisus, Ponto-Caspian mollusc Dreissena polymorpha) also reach the greatest quantitative developments in eutrophic areas. The destruction of benthic communities in the eastern part of the Finland Gulf, because of the deterioration of the oxygen regime, provoked a massive biological invasion, in a result of which almost a monoculture resistant to the hypoxia of alien species polychaetes Marenzelleria arctia populated vast areas of deep-see zones.

 

There are three groups of alien organisms, which actively influence the processes of eutrophication through alteration of biogeochemical cycles and / or structure of the food web.

 

Thus, the results suggest a complex interaction of processes of biological invasions, and eutrophication. However, introduced materials show that very often the consequences of the new species’ activity (biofiltration, aeration of sediments) may facilitate reduction of eutrophication and (or) its negative manifestations, and, in this aspect, it can be assessed as a positive event.

 

 

 

 

Plankton Diversity in Ballast Waters at Tunisian Ports

 

Mohamed Salah Romdhane ⁽¹⁾, Afef Fathalli ^(1,2), Jaafar Aouani⁽³⁾ and Amel Ben Rejeb Jenhani^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ URA/INAT – University of Carthage, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia

Tel: +216 71 287 110

E-mail: ramadhanms@gmail.com

⁽²⁾ E-mail: fathalli_afef@yaho.fr

⁽³⁾ Sotinfor/SERAH, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia

Tel: 216 71 787073

E-mail: Sotinfor@planet.tn

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: jenhani.amel@gmail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Modern shipping can not operate without ballast water which provides stability to uncharged ships and thus presents opportunities for species to be transported to new environments. In this context, the Gulf of Gabes (southern Tunisia), with four commercial ports, is regarded as being susceptible to species invasion due to its extensive human impact from shipping and eutrophication. The investigations carried out during the year 2009/2010 in the four port areas have achieved 19 commercial ships called at the port of Sfax, Skhira, Gabes and Zarzis. This study focused on the specific composition, status, abundance and viability of plankton in ballast water. For all ships, the qualitative analysis of samples was mainly marked by low diversity. Thus, a total of 61 taxa across five classes of phytoplankton were identified. The diatoms followed by Dinophyceae are the major groups. The abundance of phytoplankton varied between 0 and 27.6 10³ ind./L. The majority of species (54 taxa) found in ballast water have been reported in different regions and are assumed to be cosmopolitan. Among taxa inventoried, 8 species are potentially toxic including 3 diatoms and 5 Dinophyceae. The results of cell viability, measured by flow cytometry, reveals a viability rate equal or less than 1% for 85% of ships. Only the ballast water of 2 ships from Eastern Mediterranean waters, and 1 ship from Western Mediterranean waters, showed a significant viability between 50 and 60%. Furthermore, no significant correlation between the parameter residence time of water in the thanks and the pourcentage of cell viability was detected. Microfauna in the ballast water is very weakly represented. Among protozoa, two Spirotrichea and a Seisonida were identified. The presence of these microfauna, as indicated in bibliography as cosmopolitan distribution, has been reported in the ballast water of 15% of ships. No introduced species was detected.

 

 

 

 

Investigation of Invasive Species in Ballast Waters

 

Daniela Klisarova

 

Institute of Fish Resources, 9000, Varna, Bulgaria

Tel: +359 52 632066 Fax: +359 52 632066

E-mail:danielaklisarova1@abv.bg

 

Abstract

 

During the last years an unusual form of pollution by the merchant ships, seriously harm the Black sea ecosystem.

 

Thus the exotic species accidentally transported from the other parts of the Ocean with the ballast waters pumped out close to the Black sea coast were adapted successfully and developed violently, because they have not natural enemies to restrict their population.

 

Investigation of the ballast waters by taking samples from ship’s ballast tanks carried out in 2008-2009 in the frame of the national project. Within the frame of this project an useful contacts was established between the Institute of Fish Resources and Maritime Administration Directorate – Varna. The discussions held and expressed opinions allowed to suggest that ballast water exchange in the Black Sea regardless of the region poses risks for the ecosystem.

 

Comparing the results from the project and previous multiannual data for Port of Varna and Varna-West shows tendency of decreasing of the invasive phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos species.  In the regions where high phytoplankton values have been registered there were not negative consequences for the bottom fauna.

 

The aim of the paper was to prove existence of plankton and benthos species and their origin. The general picture of ballast water sample analysis shows availability of phytoplankton and proterozoic species but absence of macrozooplankton and zoobenthos species.

 

The determined species were mainly from the Mediterranean and domestic origin. On basis investigation and analysis of the main World ports was found that the basic donors of introduction species are Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The analyses of ship’s samples shows that the exchange of the ballast were carried out in the open sea area as per Rules Ballast water analysis of the Bulgarian Black Sea area was performed for the first time.

 

 

 

 

Water Quality

 

Water Quality Control Concept in Seto Inland Sea

 

Masanobu Kii⁽¹⁾ and Masahide Ishizuka^(1,2)

 

⁽¹⁾ Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan

Tel: +81-87-864-2140

E-mail: kii@eng.kagawa-u.ac.jp

⁽²⁾ Tel: +81-87-864-2143

E-mail: ishizuka@eng.kagawa-u.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

The successful implementation of policies that protect the maritime environment by setting limits on the total load of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus in wastewaters has led to improved water quality in the Seto Inland Sea. As a result, red tides (harmful algal blooms) have become less frequent and smaller compared with the 1960s, and fisheries such as the yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiara) culture fishery have benefited from the reduced risk of red tide damage. The implementation of quality control standards for river water and conversion of paddy fields to urban areas have also reduced the amount of nutrients in the sea derived from surrounding lands and inflowing rivers. These policies, along with a decline in the areas of seagrass beds and tidal flats, have caused oligotrophication of the sea. Recently, the "Nori" (Porphyra spp.) culture fishery has claimed that the oligotrophic seawater constrains Porphyra growth, and that the amount of nutrients entering the sea should be allowed to increase.

 

We propose a new conceptual model for evaluating water quality control levels that uses a risk management method to determine the optimal nutrient load to maximize total fishery production. Because the available data indicate that the relationship between the nutrient load in seawater and fishery production is probabilistic, the damage to fisheries caused by both eutrophication and oligotrophication must be captured as risk. We quantified the cost of the risk as the price of an insurance bond to compensate for fishery damage caused by red tides or reduced growth. The difference between the expected maximum production of a fishery and this cost is an indicator of the impact of policy on the fishery. This indicator will be low both when the nutrient load is too high and when it is too low. Thus, there exists an optimal nutrient load at which the value of the indicator will be maximized. This study evaluated the COD load that maximizes the sum of the expected incomes of these fisheries is 75 ton/day, and the TN load that maximizes the sum is 65 ton/day. Both these amounts are much higher than the current loads.

 

We applied our model to the evaluation of water quality control levels in Sea of Harima-nada, in the eastern Seto Inland Sea, by carrying out statistical analyses of time series data of yellowtail and Porphyra fishery production, and of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus loads from the surrounding land. Our results suggest that the Porphyra culture fishery would benefit from a change in the environmental pollution control policy.

 

 

 

 

Water Quality Protection: Grand-Marina, Sochi

 

Igor Kantardgi⁽¹⁾, Vladimir Maderich⁽²⁾, Elena Terletskaya ⁽²⁾, Igor Brovchenko⁽²⁾ and Lidia Prokhoda-Shumskikh⁽³⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Moscow State Civil Engineering University, Dept. of Water Resources and Sea Ports, 26 Yaroslavskoe Shosse, 129337 Moscow, Russia

Tel: +7 495 2614721, Fax: +7 495 2614721

E-mail: kantardgi@yandex.ru

⁽²⁾ Ukrainian Center of Environmental and Water Projects (UCEWP), 42 Prospect Glushkova, 03187 Kiev, Ukraine

Tel:  +380 44 526 6187 Fax: +380 44 5263615

E-mail: vladmad@gmail.com

⁽³⁾ Sochi State University, Dept. of Information

Technologies, 26A Sovetskaya Str., 354000 Sochi, Russia

Tel: + 8-8622-68 91 05   Fax: + 8-8622-648-790

E-mail: prohoda_net@list.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

It’s presented the method based on the numerical modeling of the processes for the forecasting and protecting of the sea water quality at the stage of design of the coastal constructions like the ports, recreation and shore protection. The enclosed coastal water bodies are the areas of the intensive pollution and in the same time have the limited water exchange with the main basin. The objective of the study is the development of the method of forecasting of the port water quality and recommendations on the required water quality supply.

 

The protection of the water quality in the yachting ports is very actual problem because the water quality is not only environmental but also the consuming property of the marinas. The study has been carried out for the conditions of the yachting port “Grand-Marina Sochi”, which is designed for placing in the sea port Sochi, Russian Black Sea coast. The capacity of marina is 300 yachts; the water area of marina is bounded by construction of the additional breakwater in the main sea port.

 

The discharges of the oil, as well as the accidence at the sewage system are considered like the sources of the pollution. The numerical modeling of current pattern has been applied to forecast the spreading of the pollution under the determined hydro-meteorological scenarios. 3D circulation of the currents inside and in the gate of the marina is modeled by application of the SELFE-code – the numerical solution of the hydrodynamic equations on the unstructured grids. To simulate the dynamics and evolution of the oil spill the 3D OILTOX-code is used. The both codes have been developed in Ukrainian Center of Ecological and Water Projects. The system dynamic model of the water quality evolution has been designed on the base of PowerSim program, and applied to simulate the changes of the water quality parameters after sewage system damage.

 

Three meteorological scenarios with the wind velocity, 5, 10, and 15 m/s have been considered. It was shown that the currents have the 3D structure with the surface velocities following wind direction, and near-bottom velocities having the opposite direction. The oil spill dynamics simulated using the Lagrange approach, the total volume of the discharged oil is taking as 500 liters, the time of discharge is 10 minutes, the number of model Lagrange tracers is 6200. As the result, the time of reaching by the oil the coastline (breakwater or port mole) has been obtained. That should be included to the planned measures of the water quality protection system. 

 

The analysis of the sources of pollution of the Sochi sea port resulted that the main source is the surface rain water discharge. That gives the main input of the organic matters to the sea water. The main mechanism of the cleaning of the water body is the water exchange between marina and the Black sea. It’s shown the evolution of the water quality as the result of the chemical reactions and the flushing by water exchange.

 

The results of the study apply for development the recommendation for program of the environmental monitoring of the sea water quality in the port basin at the stage of port operation.

 

 

 

 

Impact of Warm Water in Upstream on Water Quality of Headwaters Reservoir

 

Ikuyo Makino⁽¹⁾ and Yuji Yahagi⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Tohoku University, 6-6-4 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai

Tel: +81-22-795-3782

E-mail: makino@aporg.che.tohoku.ac.jp

⁽²⁾ Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo

Tel: +81-3-5859-8012

E-mail: yahagi@sic.shibaura-it.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

As remarkable geographic reasons, most of rivers in Japan form short distance and steep difference of altitude. In additions, the mountainous area is covered by headwater conservation forest to obtain fine quality water as well as suitable place for dam reservoirs. However, for these past 20 years, a water-bloom as the typical water pollution phenomena came to occur in the dam reservoir established to around 500m above sea level of the headwater conservation forest. We investigated the Nutrient salts and water temperatures of the rivers inletting to dam reservoir in Kanto mountain region. The temperatures of the sampling rivers water remarkably increased.

 

In the present study, the effects of inletting river water temperature on the water quality of a reservoir located in Kanto mountain region are investigated by multivariate analysis. As the results, (1) In three decades from 1982 to 2011, feeder rivers water temperature increased. The highest affecting matter is Chlorophyll a which is an index of water-blooms. The Chlorophyll a gradually increased and the water quality deteriorated. The increased water temperature is a primary factor for the water pollution of the reservoir. (2) The selective intake system to control the water temperature of the downstream river started in 1992 is an additional factor to deteriorate the reservoir water quality. It became a trigger to decrease the mid layer water temperature in the reservoir.

 

 

 

 

Purification Effect of a New Plant in Amagasaki Canal

 

Ryoichi Yamanaka⁽¹⁾, Yasunori Kozuki^(1,2), Hironori Okegawa⁽³⁾, Yasuhiro Kutsukake^(1,4), Romio Shimameguri^(1,5), Kentaro Yamanaka^(1,6), Keisuke Isshiki⁽⁷⁾, Takashi Nakanishi^(1,8), Hiroshi Kawai⁽⁹⁾, Mamoru Ishigaki⁽¹⁰⁾,

Hideki Ueshima^(10,11) and Atsushi Tsukahara⁽¹²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan

Tel: +81-88-656-7334

E-mail: yamanaka@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽²⁾  E-mail: kozuki@eco.tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ Kiso Kensetsu Consultant, Co, Ltd., Japan 

E-mail: okegawa@kisocon.co.jp

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: c501231025@tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: c500901024@tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail: c500901076@tokushima-u.ac.jp

⁽⁷⁾ KOBELCO Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd, Japan

E-mail: k.isshiki@kobelco-eco.co.jp

⁽⁸⁾ E-mail: naka24@nikken-kogaku.co.jp

⁽⁹⁾ Kobe University, Japan

E-mail: kawai@kobe-u.ac.jp

⁽¹⁰⁾ Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Japan

E-mail: m.ishigaki.dx@cc.it-hiroshima.ac.jp

⁽¹¹⁾ E-mail: ueshima@cc.it-hiroshima.ac.jp

⁽¹²⁾ Hyogo Prefecture, Japan

E-mail: atsushi_tsukahara@pref.hyogo.lg.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Amagasaki Canal has been polluted because it is sheltered by artificial vertical structures and is contaminated by wastewater (Nakanishi et al, 2007). To meet recreational demands for the Canal, a new water quality improvement plant was constructed by Hyogo Prefecture of Japan in March 2012, on the basis of the findings of the Amagasaki Sea Blue Project of Hyogo Prefecture. The new water quality improvement plant comprises a tank for removing suspended solids and an algae channel with algae harvesting for composting by civic collaboration. The suspended solids removing tank reduces organic suspended solids in the pumped surface seawater and converts organic suspended solids to dissolved nutrients using bivalve biology. Algae channels serve to assimilate the dissolved nutrients in the canal’s treated water from either the suspended solids removing tank or the water pumped up from the bottom of the sea, using the primary productivity of green algae and blue green algae that grows naturally in the channel. In this study, we evaluated a part of the purification effect of the system by on site observation. The purification rate of the suspended solids removing tank was estimated more than 40%. In the algae channel, reduction ratio of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and the dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) was estimated by measuring the distribution of dissolved nutrient in the channel. The values after reduction by advanced sewage treatment were varied in every season, especially about more than 65% of the amount of DIN were removed from the channel in summertime.

 

 

 

 

Eco-monitoring of Dredging in the Gulf of Finland

 

Julia Lednova⁽¹⁾ Alexander Chusov^{(1 ,2)} and Mikhail Shilin^(1,3)

 

⁽¹⁾ St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University (SPbSTU), 195251 St.Petersburg, Russia,

Tel.: +7-812-297-59-28,   Fax: +7-812-297-59-28

E-mail: lednovajulia@mail.ru,

⁽²⁾ E-mail:chusov17@mail.ru

⁽³⁾ E-mail:shilin@rshu.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

In 2012 the Strategy of port’s infrastructure development to 2030 was passed in Russia. Ignoring of influence of construction works might bring to losses of breeding and feeding sites of fish and another valuable biological species of fishery. Based on the program of ecological monitoring (EMDR) laboratory experiments with bioindicators of Chironomus plumosus and Elodea canadies were made to determine influence of turbidity, thickness of sedimentation and its frequency on benthic communities in case of soil discharge. As demonstrated by the research and experience of EMDR activities and comparison of long-term data in the areas of dredging and deposition of dredged spoil in the underwater deposit site in the Eastern Gulf of Finland, short and long-term impacts were only unable to lead to environmental degradation, but it could have a significant economic losses associated with directly or indirectly influences of dredging.

 

 

 

 

Coastal and Marine Pollution, Management

 

New Direction for Water Environmental Management

 

Yoshio Nakura⁽¹⁾，Takayuki Nishida^(1,2) and Shintaro Ichiki ^(1,3)

 

⁽¹⁾         Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Tel: +81-3-5521-8320 Fax: +81-3-3501-2717

E-mail: YOSHIO_NAKURA@env.go.jp

⁽²⁾         E-mail: TAKAYUKI_NISHIDA@env.go.jp

⁽³⁾    E-mail: SHINTARO_ICHIKI@env.go.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Japan experienced severe water pollution throughout the period of high economic growth in the 1960s. With the concentration of population and industries in coastal regions, large quantities of pollutants such as chemicals, organic matters and nutrients flowed into the sea, and these caused health hazard and harmful algae blooms which damage fishery and living environment. To cope with this situation, the Water Pollution Control Law and various other laws and systems for pollutant control were established, and the installation of sewage systems and wastewater treatment facilities has been promoted. Total Pollutant Load Control System (TPLCS) has been implemented in Tokyo bay, Ise Bay, and the Seto Inland Sea. TPLCS is designed to reduce the total amount of pollutant loads (target item; chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus) flowing into enclosed water area.

 

In the Seto Inland Sea, the largest enclosed coastal sea in Japan, the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus came to meet Environmental Quality Standards in almost all areas as a result of 40 year efforts including TPLCS. But it is pointed out that not only the diminishment of seaweed beds and tidal flats brought about by industrialization but also the long-term decrease of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations may have caused the recent decline in biological productivity and fish catches.

 

On the other hand, in the areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11th of 2011, the sea environments were greatly damaged by landform changes of coastal lines and sea bottoms as well as disappearance of seaweed beds and other habitats.

 

Under such circumstances, Central Environment Council submitted a report last October on Desirable Future Vision of the Seto Inland Sea. According to the report, the sea has multifunctional roles/values likened to “Garden”, “Farm” and “Seaway”. In addition, the report set out a vision of “Bountiful Seto Inland Sea” where these three functions are maximized in harmony with the environmental conservation for the sustainable use of the ecosystem service in the future.  In response to the report, we will revise the master plan for the environmental conservation of the sea by FY 2013.

 

While the water quality of some enclosed coastal seas still need to be improved, some, like the Seto Inland Sea, have overcome the severe eutrophication problems. In this regard, we have entered the next phase and are setting a new direction toward a beautiful, bio-diverse, bustling-with-people and bountiful sea.

 

 

 

 

A Proactive System for Maritime Environment Monitoring

 

Davide Moroni⁽¹⁾, Gabriele Pieri^(1,2), Marco Tampucci^(1,3) and Ovidio Salvetti^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ Institute of Information Science and Technologies, ISTI-CNR, 56124 Pisa,Italy

Tel: +39-050 315 3120 Fax: +39-050 315 2810

E-mail: Davide.Moroni@isti.cnr.it

⁽²⁾   E-mail: Gabriele.Pieri@isti.cnr.it

⁽³⁾   E-mail: Marco.Tampucci@isti.cnr.it

⁽⁴⁾   E-mail: Ovidio.Salvetti@isti.cnr.it

 

 

Abstract

 

The ability to remotely detect and monitor oil spills at sea is becoming increasingly important due to the high demand of oil based products. As a consequence, shipping routes are becoming very crowded and the likelihood of oil slicks occurring is also increasing. In this frame, a fully integrated remote sensing system can act as a valuable monitoring tool. We propose an integrated and interoperable system able to monitor ship traffic and marine operators, using sensing capabilities from a variety of electronic sensors, along with geo-positioning tools, and through a communication infrastructure. Our system is capable of transferring data, freely and seamlessly, between different elements of the information system (and their users). In this way different data are brought together, easily and in a consistent and usable form. The system also integrates a collection of decision support services providing proactive functionalities. Such services demonstrate the potentiality of the system in facilitating dynamic links between different data, models and actors, as indicated by the performed field tests.

 

 

 

 

Bacterial Quality of Coastal Waters of Annaba (East Algeria)

 

Sabrina Hidouci⁽¹⁾, Abdallah Borhane Djebar⁽²⁾, Rachid Amara⁽³⁾  and Houssem Sahraoui^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ University Kasdi Merbah BP 511 Road of Ghardaia-Ouargla. 

Tel: 213 29715679   Fax: 213 29715679 

E-mail:bioannaba@yahoo.fr

⁽²⁾ Laboratory of Marine Environments Ecobiology and Littorals. Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences. University Badji Mokhtar BP 12. Annaba 23000.Algeria

Tel: 2133887106   Fax: 21338871062

E-mail: djebarborhane2000@yahoo.fr

⁽³⁾ Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Naturel. Université du littoral côte d’opale 32 avenue Foch 62930 Wimereux. France.

E-mail: rachid.amara@univ-littoral.fr

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: s_houss@yahoo.fr

 

 

Abstract

 

With a length of nearly 50 km, Annaba coast at the east of Algeria, offers an exceptional maritime front attracting 2 to 3 million tourists each year. It is also a major base of heavy industry in Algeria, including ArcelorMettal, ASMIDAL, Orelait, ENCG which use sea water in their manufacturing process as a direct or indirect receptacle of their discharges, causing its contamination.

 

The wastewater treatment is intended to discharge into the natural environment water of acceptable quality affecting the environment the least possible.

 

In order to further understand the implications, we proceed to a comparative study of the bacteriological quality of coastal waters around the city of Annaba, before and after the commissioning of the first sewage plant located at Lallelick, distant of approximately 10 kilometers to the southeast of Annaba, which has been operating since 2010 with a capacity of 683,000 population equivalent.

 

The results show a decrease in bacterial contamination including that of Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Intestinal Enterococci in the summer of 2011, after the commissioning of the sewage plant with respective average rates of 87, 37 and 83 bact/100 ml, against rates up to 1100, 460 and 2400 bact/100 ml of seawater recorded in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010.

 

The construction of the sewage plant in 2010 was part of the 2002 national action plan to reduce marine pollution from land-based activities with the enacting of a series of laws, including the coastal Law, the waste Act and the environment Act in the context of sustainable development.

 

 

 

 

Impact of Antifouling Biocide on Marine Environment

 

Noritaka Tsunemasa

 

Environmental Conservation Division of the Environment Bureau, City of Hiroshima, 730-8586, Hiroshima, Japan

Tel: +81-82-504-2188 Fax: +81-504-2229

E-mail: tunemasa-n@city.hiroshima.lg.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

The impact of antifouling biocides on the marine environment in the northern part of Hiroshima Bay is the focus of this research. In this report, the effect on the marine environment was evaluated by the fertilized oyster egg’s development. Unlike previous research that investigated Ot compounds Ot alternative antifoulants were chosen in this research. The Ot alternative antifoulants Diuron, Sea-Nine 211, TPBP, Irgarol 1051 and the latter’s degradation product, M1, and Ot compounds were investigated.

 

At first the antifouling biocide’s concentration in sea water was investigated, then the toxicity was tested, followed by the risk factor being calculated from the concentration and toxicity, and finally the environmental risk was evaluated. Sea-Nine 211 was present in the concentration that affected oyster embryo development in the northern part of Hiroshima Bay. So, it was clear that antifouling biocides had had a negative impact on the northern part of Hiroshima Bay’s ecosystem.

 

 

 

 

Contamination of Bourgas Port Waters with Oil

 

Vasko Galabov⁽¹⁾, Anna Kortcheva^(1,2), Georgi Kortchev^(1,3) and Jordan Marinski^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria

Tel: + 359-2462-4606 

E-mail: Vasko.Galabov@meteo.bg

⁽²⁾ E-mail: Anna.Kortcheva@ meteo.bg

⁽³⁾ Tel: + 359-2462-4732 

E-mail: Georgi.Kortchev@ meteo.bg

⁽⁴⁾  E-mail: marinski@bas.bg

 

 

Abstract

 

Accurate prediction of the behavior of oil pollution is crucial for successful decision making and planning of operations to combat pollution of the coastal zone to protect the environment. In addition, the oil spills in the Bourgas Bay of West Black Sea may cause extra contamination of port waters in different terminals of Port of Bourgas with oil and liquid dangerous products which is extremely undesirable from the environmental point of view. The present study aims to assess the impact of the risk of oil spills in the auquatory of Bourgas Port and to determine potentially dangerous areas of contamination in the inner basins of the port and the conditions for their occurrence. The numerical   model MOTHY, developed by Météo-France, have been used to predict the drift of pollutants on the sea surface. Numerical simulations are carried out in the Bourgas Bay and harbor waters for potential and real oil spill accidents. The range of hypothetical scenarios includes various winds and current conditions. The simulation results indicate the places with a high risk of oil pollution in the Port of Bourgas. The proposed methodology utilized in this study is applicable to risk assessments for other ports and coastal areas potentially affected by floating pollutants.

 

 

 

 

Oil Pollution of Small Rivers in Kaliningrad Region

 

Elena Demenchuk⁽¹⁾, Olga Ryabkova^(1,2) and Oxana Krylova^(1,3)

 

⁽¹⁾ Immanuel Kant Baltic federal university

Tel: +7962-269-91-74

E-mail: demlen@mail.ru

⁽²⁾ Tel: +79506749835

E-mail: ryabko5195@mail.ru

⁽³⁾ Tel: +79097962610

E-mail: vashchenko1@mail.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

Monitoring of oil pollution in small rivers of Semba peninsula and in small rivers flowing into the Kaliningradskiy Bay (Vistula Lagoon) was conducted during 2004-2012. Oil content in water and sediments was determined and main sources of pollution were identified. Statistically-valid upper confidence bound of possible mean values of oil concentrations calculated for the most unfavorable hydrological conditions or the most adverse water quality period in the annual cycle (p = 0.95) has been used as a water pollution index. The data was received under condition of uniformity of analysis methods, water regime, pollution form etc.

 

 In a number of watercourses on the Semba peninsula statistically- valid mean values of oil concentrations were significantly reduced from 2004 to 2012. At the same time some rivers (Svetlogorka and Medvezhya) can be defined as polluted. Statistically- valid mean values of oil-concentration in those rivers went up from 0.8 to 1.0 MAC (Maximum Allowable Concentration) and from 0.8 to 3.0 MAC respectively.

 

Oil concentrations in the rivers flowing into the Kaliningradskiy Bay amounted to 7.2 -17.4 MAC (Graevka higher up the river and near the mouth respectively) and 1.8 MAC (river Primorskaya)

 

Economical and recreational activities (use of tourist complexes, open car parks, riding a quad bike on the beach, etc.) have greatly contributed to total oil pollution of rivers and coastal waters of Semba peninsula. Main sources of water pollution of the rivers flowing in Vistula Lagoon have been enterprises (railways, oil terminals) and dacha communities.

 

 

 

 

Effect of Grain Size Fractions on Distribution of Cr in Sediments

 

Maha Ahmed Mohamed Abdallah

 

Department of Marine Environment National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Marine Pollution lab. Alexandria, Egypt

Tel: +2 01007205032

E-mail: mahaahmed001@yahoo.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Estuarine deposited sediments is an important environmental medium that is widely used for characterizing anthropogenic contaminant levels in urban systems. It has significant implications for human health, and can directly impact aquatic biota. Assessment of Cr contamination and its distribution in different grain size fractions of the surface sediments of Abu Qir Bay, one of the Mediterranean coastal bays, as industrial development area has been investigated. Since the persistent toxic metals pose serious health risks, this research concentrated on investigating the concentrations and spatial distribution of Cr in Abu Qir Bay. Ten sampling points were selected and approximately 500 g of surface sediments were obtained from different depths. Samples were sieved and six grain size fractions (1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.063 and <0.063 μm) from each sample were selected for the analysis of Cr. Data indicate significant Cr contamination in all samples.

 

The finest sediment fractions (0.063 and <0.063 μm) contained the highest concentrations of Cr and organic matter. The concentration of this metal was generally four times greater than in coarse grained-fractions. Silt plus clay (<0.063 μm) was the single most important mass component with >40% of the total sediment stored in this fraction. Mass of sediment <63 mm combined with a median labile Cr concentration of 239.1 μg/g accounted for 45% of the total Cr load stored in road sediments. These findings are significant from an environmental management perspective, and these issues are discussed in light of street sweeper sediment grain size removal efficiencies. This indicates anthropogenic origins of this metal.

 

 

 

 

Marine Litter

 

A Novel Best Practices Approach: the MARLISCO Case

 

Xenia I. Loizidou⁽¹⁾, Michael I. Loizides^(1,2) and Demetra L. Orthodoxou^(1,3)

 

⁽¹⁾  ISOTECH Ltd Environmental Research and Consultancy

1 Kalliopis Str. & Larnakos Ave., Apt. 401,2102 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus

www.isotech.com.cy

Tel: +357 22452727, Fax: +357 22458486

E-mail: xenia@isotech.com.cy

⁽²⁾ E-mail: michael@isotech.com.cy

⁽³⁾ E-mail: project@isotech.com.cy

 

 

Abstract

 

MARLISCO ‘Marine Litter in Europe Seas: Social Awareness and Co-Responsibility’, is an FP7 funded project that aims to develop and evaluate an approach that can be used to address the problems associated with marine litter and that can be applied more widely to other societal challenges. Considering that marine litter is a key threat to marine habitats, MARLISCO aims to achieve substantial benefits through better integration among researchers, stakeholders and society.

 

One of the project aims is to identify best practices that can effectively minimise the amount of marine litter in European Seas. In MARLISCO, best practices were approached in a novel and smart way, trying to get the most impacts and added value for the innovative character of the project. Best practices served as a tool to identify the most implementable practices to be promoted, and also to enhance the active participation and capacity building of key actors through the implementation of an innovative decision support method.

 

In the framework of the MARLISCO project, each partner was given the task of identifying the best practices for the reduction of marine litter. Thus a dedicated template was developed, which also served as a way of recognising and emphasising the key characteristics of a successful practice, and those attributes that are necessary for making any practice the ‘best’ practice. The 72 best practices proposed by the MARLISCO partnership have been evaluated through the DeCyDe-4-Marlisco decision support tool.

 

The process for the evaluation and analysis of best practices and the involvement of key actors, took place in Cyprus from February 2013 to May 2013. A detailed mapping of marine litter stakeholders took place, and the dedicated decision support tool DeCyDe-4-Marlisco was developed and implemented.  The key actors and stakeholder panel was set up, the evaluation criteria were defined, DeCyDe-4-Marlisco matrices were prepared and the evaluation process took place with the participation of the key actors, which demanded the achievement of consensus for each decision. The method uses a numerical approach that quantifies the results, rather than simply providing qualitative indications, so that at the end of the assessment, each best practice is assigned an overall score. This means that the user can easily check what would happen if the scoring of a best practice is changed for one or more of the criteria. The evaluation of the MARLISCO best practices, implementing the DeCyDe-4-Marlisco tool, identified five interesting attributes, as “preferences” for a successful marine litter management practice:

 

·   Preference in preventative measures rather than mitigating actions

·   Preference in practices with high degree of social responsibility

·   Preference in initiatives that involve the public and promote active citizenship

·   The support of the local administration has been considered as indication for sustainability

·   Monitoring of the implementation of each practice is crucial. It is important to have data/information in order to record and document the impact of a best practice, which otherwise is hard to assess.

 

The paper also presents a snapshot of the key attributes of the recorded best practices as a means of helping the reader, and particularly decision makers, recognise the characteristics that will make their marine litter management efforts more successful.

 

 

 

 

Marine Litter: Social Awareness and Co-responsibility

 

Joana M. Veiga⁽¹⁾, Thomas K. Doyle⁽²⁾, Bonny Hartley⁽³⁾, Richard Thompson^(3,4), Peter Kershaw⁽⁵⁾, Thomie Vlachogianni⁽⁶⁾, Iro Alampei^(6,7), Demetra L. Orthodoxou⁽⁸⁾, Xenia I. Loizidou^(8,9), Matthias Mossbauer⁽¹⁰⁾ and Luigi Alcaro⁽¹¹⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Coastal & Marine Union (EUCC)

P.O. Box 11232, 2301 EE Leiden, The Netherlands

Tel.: +31 71 5122900, Fax: +31 71 5124069

E-mail: j.veiga@eucc.net

⁽²⁾Coastal & Marine Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland

E-mail: t.doyle@ucc.ie

⁽³⁾ School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, UK

E-mail: bonny.hartley@plymouth.ac.uk

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: R.C.Thompson@plymouth.ac.uk

⁽⁵⁾ Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture (Cefas), UK

E-mail: peter.kershaw@cefas.co.uk

⁽⁶⁾    Mediterranean Information Centre (MIO-ECSDE), Greece

E-mail: vlachogianni@mio-ecsde.org

⁽⁷⁾    E-mail: alampei@mio-ecsde.org

⁽⁸⁾    ISOTECH Ltd Environmental Research and Consultancy, Cyprus

E-mail: project@isotech.com.cy

⁽⁹⁾    E-mail: xenia@isotech.com.cy

⁽¹⁰⁾   The Coastal Union – Germany

E-mail: matthias.mossbauer@io-warnemuende.de

⁽¹¹⁾   Province of Teramo, B7 Sector, Via Milli 2, 64100 Teramo, Italy

E-mail: l.alcaro@provincia.teramo.it

 

 

Abstract

 

Marine litter – any human-made item that accidently or purposely reaches the coastal or marine environment – but in particular its plastic fraction, is now globally recognised as an emerging issue of concern, that leads to major economic costs to maritime and coastal sectors, ecologic impacts and possibly other not yet fullyunderstood risks. Marine litter originates from land and sea-based sources, at different levels of the life-cycle of the item. Given the cross-sectorial nature of this issue and the fact that the way we produce and manage waste reflects our social and economic paradigms, marine litter is a complex problem, where responsibilities are often unclear and the burden of costs unequally divided.

 

In the last few years, marine litter has received major attention from the European Commission: it represents one of the 11 descriptors within the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and several funding schemes have been made available to improve the understanding of associated processes and implications but also to promote and facilitate the coordination of efforts of its Member States towards effective solutions.

 

MARLISCO - Marine Litter in Europe's Seas: Social Awareness and Coresponsibility is a FP7 – Science in Society project (2012-2015) that seeks to raise societal awareness, trigger co-responsibility across the different sectors and facilitate dialogue between the different players on both the problems and the potential solutions regarding marine litter.

 

MARLISCO will provide a series of mechanisms to engage and empower key stakeholders and implement awareness activities which will be tailored appropriately to the targeting sector. This will be achieved by organizing activities across 15 European countries, including national forums in 12 of them, involving industry sectors, scientists and the public; a European video contest for school students; educational activities and tools targeting the younger generation; and exhibitions to raise awareness among the wider public. MARLISCO will make use of innovative multimedia approaches to reach the widest possible audience, in the most effective manner. The project will develop and evaluate approaches that can be used to address the problems associated with marine litter and which can also be applied more widely to other societal challenges where there are substantial benefits to be achieved through better integration among researchers, stakeholders and society.

 

 

 

 

Microplastics in the Solent Estuarine Complex, UK: Threat and Implications for Management

 

Anthony Gallagher⁽¹⁾, Aldous Rees^(1,2) , Rob Rowe⁽³⁾, John Stevens^(3,4) and Paul Wright^(1,5)

 

⁽¹⁾ Southampton Solent University, Maritime and Technology Faculty, East Park Terrace, Southampton SO14 0RD, UK

Tel: + 44 2380 319748

E-mail: Anthony.gallagher@solent.ac.uk

⁽²⁾ E-mail: aldousrees@hotmail.co.uk

⁽³⁾ Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK

Tel: 02380 796264

E-mail: Rob.Rowe@uhs.nhs.uk

⁽⁴⁾  E-mail: John.Stevens@uhs.nhs.uk

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: Paul.wright@solent.ac.uk

 

 

Abstract

 

The annual global demand for plastics has increased consistently over recent decades and now stands at approximately 245 million tonnes pa.  A significant proportion of this is known to culminate as waste in the marine environment, though estimates vary as to the true extent. Of this, microplastics, defined as barely visible particles that can pass through a 500 µm sieve, and composed of either virgin resin pellets or fragments of larger plastic debris, are now known to be an increasing component found both within marine sediments and the water column. Whilst the mechanisms by which such microplastics impact upon marine ecosystems have been documented there is an urgent need to quantify the magnitude of the problem, as well as to consider how best to manage the threat of rising levels of microplastics in the marine environment.  

 

This study determined the levels of microplastics present within the Solent estuarine complex in the UK, focusing specifically on the water column.  A plankton net trawl survey was carried out, with samples analysed allowing for a qualification of the nature of the microplastics found; and in turn an identification of possible impacts.  Overall the study identified significant quantities of plastics, ranging in colour and shape, with key local sources attributed to be wastewater treatment plants and the numerous boat yards found in the estuary. 

 

In eliciting the extent of a local problem that will undoubtedly be felt more widely in the marine environment, this paper also considers the challenges and difficulties inherent in trying to manage or control microplastics, as well as highlighting some potential mechanisms by which this could be pursued.

 

 

 

 

Coastal Hydrology and Oceanography

 

Modeling Flash Floods in Vouraikos River Mouth, Greece

 

Kleomenis Kalogeropoulos ⁽¹⁾, Sotiris Karalis ⁽²⁾, Efthimios Karymbalis ^(1,3), Christos Chalkias ^(1,4), George Chalkias ^(1,5) and Petros Katsafados ^(1,6)

 

⁽¹⁾ Harokopio University, Athens, Greece

Tel: + 30-210-9549347 

E-mail: kalogeropoulos@hua.gr

⁽²⁾ Τechnological Educational Institute, Athens, Greece

Tel: +30-210-5385731

E-mail: skaralis@teiath.gr

⁽³⁾ E-mail: karymbalis@hua.gr

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: xalkias@hua.gr

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: giorgos.chalkias@gmail.gr

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail: pkatsaf@hua.gr

 

 

Abstract

 

Natural hazards are historically a substantial threat to the progress and development of human communities. This study deals with the evaluation of flash flood in the torrential catchment of Vouraikos River, which is located in Northern Peloponnesus. Vouraikos is an 8^th order stream (according to Strahler’ s stream ordering system, 1957). Ιt has a total main channel length of 36 km, and drains an area of 239.6km². It discharges into the Gulf of Corinth, flowing through the coastal town of Diakopto. This work incorporates rainfall data (using a Forecasting Weather Model) and spatial data (such as Digital Elevation Model and land cover maps) in order to establish a GIS-based spatially distributed direct Unit Hydrograph for an excess rainfall which took place on 16-20January 2013 by estimating the stream flow response at the outlet of Vouraikos catchment. The proposed methodology can be useful for predicting areas which are susceptible to intense flood events. Consequently, such models could contribute to the economic and environmental protection of a potentially affected area.

 

 

 

 

Rare Flashflood Occurrence in the Ashamba River and its Impact on Gelendzhik Area

 

Sergey Mukhametov

 

M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation

Tel: +7 495 9392215    Fax: +7 495 9328836   

E-mail: 11May1978@gmail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

This paper describes and analyzes data on the conditions of formation of the catastrophic rain flashflood. The consequences of the passage on the bed of a small river to the population, infrastructure, the bottom and the sea area near the mouth of the river described. Conditions of formation of the rare occurrence of water flow based on meteorological, hydrological information evaluated. The influence of river flow on the bottom topography and the hydrological and hydrochemical structure of waters in the Blue bay of the Black Sea is described.

 

Flash dangerous meteorological phenomena is natural process which not known well due to rarity, the short duration and adverse weather conditions for the collection of the data. A detailed analysis of the information received by academics and students of the Geography Department of Oceanology, Lomonosov Moscow State University during a catastrophic flood on July 6-7, 2012 at the Blue Bay Gelendzhik, will provide a more detailed understanding of the influence of extremely high precipitation on the small area. Department of Oceanology with the Institute of Oceanology RAS engaged in collaborative complex research in the Gelendzhik area from 1999 to the present, with different synoptic conditions. The article refers to the regional research.

 

 

 

 

Comparison between Flooded Areas and Flood-risk Areas

 

Christophe Esposito⁽¹⁾ and Frédéric Pons^(1,2)

 

⁽¹⁾ Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, CEREMA-Méditerranée, Département REC, CS 70499, F-13593, Aix-en-Provence, cedex

Tel: + 33-442-24 79 57   Fax: + 33-442-24 79 96

E-mail : christophe.esposito@developpement-durable.gouv.fr

⁽²⁾ E-mail : frederic.pons@developpement-durable.gouv.fr

 

 

Abstract:

 

June 15th and 16th, 2010, heavy rainfall strikes the department of the Var and provoked numerous floods, essentially concentrated on the Argens and Nartuby rivers. The ministry services decided to launch studies to know the flood extension zones. This approach allowed to obtain an envelope of the zone flooded in June 2010. Besides, those services had studies, previous to the flood, that define envelopes of flood-risk area according to different methods such as a hydrogeomorphological approach, a geological approach, a numerical approach based on DEM interpretation (Exzeco) and the method developing for the risk prevention plan. The aim of this paper is to compare these limits of the flood-risk area and that of the 2010 flooded zone. A digital comparison method by means of the software Mapinfo allowed highlighting sectors where the limits of flood-risk areas were exceeded by the event of June 2010. The results show that the geological mapping allows a coherent approach of the flood-risk area at a maximal scale of 1/50.000. For the Plans of Risk Prevention of Floods, their mapping does not allow to report the envelope of the zone flooded in June 2010 because the limits are often exceeded. The method “Exzeco” supplies a spatial information about the whole territory but thresholds defined for filling the topography do not supply a sufficient extension of the flood-risk area. Hydrogeomorphological mapping appears as being the best method to define the flood-risk area for such an event but it was not carried out everywhere, so was not available for some zones of interest.

 

 

 

 

Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Obama Bay

 

Hisami Honda ⁽¹⁾, Ryo Sugimoto ^(1,2), Shiho Kobayashi ⁽³⁾, Yoshitake Takao ⁽⁴⁾, Daisuke Tahara ^(1,5), Osamu Tominaga ^(1,6) and Makoto Taniguchi ⁽⁷⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, 917-0166 Japan

Tel: + 81-770-52-7305 Fax: +81-770-52-7306

E-mail: s1274009@fpu.ac.jp

⁽²⁾ E-mail: sugiryo@fpu.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan

Tel: + 81- 075-753-6216 Fax: +81-075-753-6468

E-mail: shihok@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

⁽⁴⁾ Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003 Japan

Tel: + 81-770-52-6300 Fax: +81-770-52-6003

E-mail: takyoshi@fpu.ac.jp

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: tahara@fpu.ac.jp

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail: tominaga@fpu.ac.jp

⁽⁷⁾  Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita,

Kyoto, 603-8047 Japan

Tel: + 81-075-707-2255 Fax: +81-75-707-2506

E-mail: makoto@chikyu.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Coastal seas are the most productive regions in the world. Surface runoff from a river is considered to be one of the most important pathways for the nutrients for primary that sustain production in coastal seas. However, in recent years, a number of studies have shown that submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an alternative nutrient pathway and can drive primary production in coastal seas. In Obama Bay, which is located in central Japan facing the Sea of Japan, a prominent chlorophyll-a maximum layer is formed in the bottom layer (Depth: 15-20 m) around 2-3 km offshore from the river mouth. Although the aquifer distribution in Obama Plain indicates that discharges of unconfined groundwater may induce these phytoplankton blooms, the influence of SGD on phytoplankton production is unclear. In this study, we examined seasonal and spatial changes of ²²²Rn (a natural groundwater tracer) in the bottom layers from the river mouth to the bay mouth, and assessed the influence of SGD on phytoplankton production in Obama Bay. Seasonal variation of ²²²Rn concentrations in the bottom layer were observed, with higher levels in spring and lower levels in summer. The higher ²²²Rn concentrations in spring were recorded at ~20 m depth around 3 km offshore from the river mouth. Assuming that the ²²²Rn concentration in groundwater is constant, the seasonal variations of ²²²Rn concentrations in bottom waters are generated by the SGD flux. The strong influence of SGD in spring would be driven by melting of snow within the watershed of the bay. Seasonal and temporal changes in nutrients and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the bottom layer were similar to the changes in ²²²Rn concentration. This implies that nutrient supply through SGD is an important nutrient source for the maintenance of phytoplankton production in Obama Bay.

 

 

 

 

The Use of Cold Sea Waters to Produce Fresh Water

 

Victor Tchmyr

 

Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, 90000 Sevastopol, Ukraine

Tel: 0692436441; 0676924358

E-mail: vikchm@mail.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

There is enormous atmospheric moisture content in air masses over the Black Sea in summer. And sea waters are characterized by large temperature gradients. In summer the atmospheric moisture off the Crimean coast is 10 – 15 g/m³ at air temperature over 20 – 25 ^оС. Meanwhile water temperature of cold intermediate layer is about 8 ^оС. The nucleus of cold intermediate layer off the Crimean coast is at a depth of 90 – 100 m, its upper bound is at a depth of 55 – 70 m and its lower bound at a depth of 125 – 135 m.  In the Caspian Sea in summer cold waters with the temperature 7 – 8 ^оС are at a depth of 80 – 100 m. It is a unique opportunity to get fresh water on the arid shores of these inside seas by the condensation of atmospheric moisture on the outer surface of the tube condensers that are cooled by deep sea water.

 

Air cooling on the condenser surface to 10 °C will cause condensation of about half  air moisture or 5 g of 1 m³ of air when air temperature above the sea is 20 °C and atmospheric moisture content is 10 g per 1 m³. Thereby to get 1 kg of fresh water is necessary to cool 200 m³ of air to 10 °C. The condensation of 1 kg of moisture will emit 2258*10³ joule of heat, cooling of 200 m³ of air to 10 °C 2676*10³ joule more. To produce 1 kg of fresh water the condenser must absorb about 5000*10³ joule of heat energy. To withdraw such quantity of heat is necessary to heat 240 kg of deep water    (T 8 °C) to 13°C.

 

These theoretical estimates were confirmed experimentally off the Black Sea coast in Sevastopol by exposition of a cold water vessel at fixed test duration, obtained condensate mass and water temperature changes in the vessel. According to the experiment, as 24-hour period equivalent about 11 kg of fresh water was obtained from 1 m² of vessel surface or 35 kg of 1 m² of condenser cross-section. This quantity at wind speed about 3 m per second is hardly 1,5 % of atmospheric moisture general content in air composition that cross 1 m² of wind current cross-section during  24-hour period.

 

Using a complex tube condenser this index can be increased by an order, placing the tubes at a distance equal to the diameter of each other in a checkerboard pattern. So, it’s very possible to obtain up to 350 kg of fresh water per 24-hour period on 1 m² of condenser cross-section.

 

Cold water feed to the coastal slope can be carried out by electric pumps through plastic pipes of large diameter having thermal insulating properties, to a height suitable for the condenser location. The condensers can be assembled of individual sections, consisting of thin polyethylene tubes. Passing through the condensers sea water can accumulate in pool and then reset to the turbines, returning the spent energy on lifting, during its deficit in electrical supply. Operating in Hydro-accumulator power plant regime the complex of condensers can fully supply with drinking water a town with a population of 500 thousand in the summer time, occupying only a few kilometers of sea coast. To get a commensurate amount of fresh water by the thermal desalination, it would require energy of a nuclear power station. Moreover, these condensers and storage pool can be located close to the coast outside the actual beach area, without infracting its economic and recreational use. At the same time rich of mineral substances surfaced deep waters can be used in developing the aquaculture.

 

 

 

 

Estimation of the Air-sea N₂O Flux Based on the Measured Data in the Japanese Coastal Sea

 

Mitsuru Hayashi⁽¹⁾, Mitsuki Ohya⁽²⁾, Kentaro Sakamoto⁽³⁾ and Eiji Yamashita⁽⁴⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Research Centre for Inland Seas, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami, Higashinada, Kobe 657-0022, Japan

E-mail: mitsuru@maritime.kobe-u.ac.jp

⁽²⁾ Sankyu Inc.

⁽³⁾ Public library of Kobe City

E-mail: 098w309w@stu.kobe-u.ac.jp

⁽⁴⁾ Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai, Kitaku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan

E-mail: yamasita@bme.ous.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

The dinitrogen monoxide (N₂O) concentration in the air and seawater were measured in the Seto Inland Sea and the Pacific Ocean, and N₂O flux between the air and the sea was estimated. The variation of N₂O concentration in seawater was large compared with the concentration in the air.  Osaka Bay shows remarkably large concentration and variation, and is a source of N₂O throughout the year.  Therefore it would seem to be important that the estimation at such a bay in detail and widely is necessary.  The variation of N₂O flux in Osaka Bay depended on the N₂O concentration in seawater.  On the other hand, the N₂O concentration in the seawater of the Seto Inland Sea (except Osaka Bay) is higher than the concentration in the Pacific Ocean. The region has a tendency to behave as a source in summer and as a sink in winter.  This seasonal variation was applied to the Pacific Ocean, and found to be dependent on variations of the water temperature.

 

 

 

 

Secular Change of Semidiurnal Tide in The Ariake Sea, Japan

 

Akira Tai ⁽¹⁾, Kaori Tanaka^(1,2) and Tomonori Saita⁽³⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan

Telephone: +81-92-802-3439

Email: tai@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp

Telephone: +81-92-802-3411

⁽²⁾ Email: 5TE13011G@s.kyushu-u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ Kagoshima University,, 890-0065 Kagoshima, Japan

Telephone: +81-99-285-8481

Email: saita@oce.kagoshima-u.ac.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

There are a lot of tidal flats in the Ariake Sea and the Yatsushiro Sea. The area has been reduced by large reclamation since the beginning of twentieth century. Changes in the coastline could have made the eigen-oscillation period of the bays short, which might decrease amplification of tidal amplitude in an inner bay. We tried to clarify the effect using two approaches:(1) harmonic analysis of observational water level data at Misumi and (2) numerical experiments using a three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model (POM). As a results of this study, it was clarified data decrease of outer sea tidal amplitude was the most influential factor in long-term changes of the M₂ tidal amplitude and the M₂ tidal amplitude in 2000s was the smallest value over the past 80 years.

 

 

 

 

Coastal Hydrodynamics

 

Variability of Salinity in the Mafragh Estuary (South-Western Mediterranean)

 

Haridi Ahcène⁽¹⁾, Ziouch Omar-Rmzi⁽²⁾, Belbacha Said⁽³⁾ and Ounissi Makhlouf⁽⁴⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Marine Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Annaba

PO Box 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria,

E-mail: harididz2002@yahoo.fr

⁽²⁾ Ecology and environment Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Khenchla, Algeria,

E-mail: oziouch@yahoo.fr

⁽³⁾ Marine Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Annaba, PO Box 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria,

E-mail: said_belbacha @yahoo.fr

⁽⁴⁾ Marine Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Annaba, PO Box 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria,

E-mail: ounissi_mk@yahoo.com

 

 

Abstract

 

The Mafragh estuary is considered as one of the most important wetlands in North Africa. The Mafragh hydrosystem is a semidiurnal tidal estuary, considered as a rare shallow water network in the region since it is a mixture of fresh water and marine water from the Bay of Annaba. The hydrological cycle of the estuary was studied through four seasonal cruises in 2006. Samples were taken in 10 stations at the two branches of the estuary. The Mafragh seems to function as an atypical estuary both for the distribution of its vertical salinity and for its hydrological cycle. The continental flows controlled the estuary ones where marine water intrusion was limited in space and time. According to the quantities of rainfall, the hydrological variability of the estuary can evolve in three different phases along the season. These phases are respectively as follow: river; salt wedge and lagoonal phases.

 

 

 

 

Fluctuation of Residual Current in Sendai Bay

 

Satoru Takahashi⁽¹⁾  and Munehiro Yamasaki^(1,2)

 

⁽¹⁾ Coastal Environment and Monitoring Research Group, IGG, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046 Japan

Tel: +81-82-420-8264; Fax: +81-82-420-826

E-mail: s-takahashi@aist.go.jp

⁽²⁾ E-mail: yamasaki.m@aist.go.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

Water current in Sendai bay is calculated by using the numerical model due to the clarification of the characteristics of the sediment transport. In this paper, the yearly fluctuation of the residual current is mainly introduced. As a result model experiment, phenomena in the open ocean are predominant in the area that is deeper than 200m. On the other hand, the residual current in Sendai bay fluctuates through the year, and it is revealed that river discharge and wind influence the fluctuation of the residual current in Sendai bay. Furthermore, the residual current in bottom level fluctuates through the year, too. This fact suggests that, sediment transport on the sea bed fluctuates through the year.

 

 

 

 

Analysis of Seawater Run Up in the Yodo River Estuary

 

Mitsuru Hayashi⁽¹⁾, Ryutaro Koge⁽²⁾, Tomoyasu Fujii⁽³⁾ and Keigo Yamamoto⁽⁴⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Research Centre for Inland Seas, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami, Higashinada, Kobe 657-0022, Japan

Tel: + 81-78-431-6255   Fax: + 81-78-431-6366

E-mail: mitsuru@maritime.kobe-u.ac.jp

⁽²⁾ Graduate School of Maritime Science, Kobe University

E-mail: 121w110w@stu.kobe-u.ac.jp

⁽³⁾ Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara city 630-8528, Japan

E-mail: fujii@nara-edu.ac.jp

⁽⁴⁾ Marine Fisheries Research Center, Research Institute of Environment,

Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture

E-mail: YamamotoK@o-suishi.zaqrs.jp

 

 

Abstract

 

The seawater expansion spreads a habitat of Alexandrium tamarense.  In order to clarify the seawater expansion upstream of Yodo River estuary, the field observations were carried out.  In case of the spring tide and the stable river discharge condition during 2 days, specific river discharge brings the minimum seawater wedge.  On the other hand, since weak tidal current cause strong estuary circulation, the length is extended.  Moreover, the temporal variation of length occurs even under the constant river discharge in case of the neap tide. 

 

 

 

 

Coastal and Marine Modelling

 

50-Year Biogeochemical Model Simulations in the Mediterranean Sea

 

Adolf Konrad Stips⁽¹⁾ and Elisa Garcia-Gorriz⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Water Resources Unit, TP272, 21027 Ispra, Italy, 

Tel: +39-0332-789876,

E-mail: adolf.stips@jrc.ec.europa.eu,

⁽²⁾ E-mail: elisa.garcia-gorriz@jrc.ec.europa.eu

 

 

Abstract

 

We present a detailed statistical analysis of the results from 50-year physical-biogeochemical simulations in the Mediterranean Sea. The data are generated by the 3-D General Estuarine Transport Model - GETM for the hydrodynamic fields and by the Fasham and ERGOM biogeochemical models for nutrients and chlorophyll. The coupled model is forced with ECMWF atmospheric data, realistic bathymetry, river discharges and riverine nutrient inputs. The horizontal resolution of the model output is 5'x5' and the multiannual runs cover the period from 1960 to 2011. The different data are analyzed with respect to autocorrelation, linear trends and the occurrence of breakpoints in the time series. The applied statistical methods always comprise significance tests and confidence limits for the investigated characteristics. It was not possible to identify a clear regime shift in the Mediterranean Sea at the end of the 1980s as proposed by Conversi et al. (2010). Most investigated physical and ecosystem variables are better described by a linear trend than by a non-linear function having a breakpoint.

 

 

 

 

Numerical Model Study of the Maximum Turbidity  at the Mouth of Wadi El-Harrach (Algeria)

 

Mustapha Kamel Mihoubi ⁽¹⁾, Taha El Guizi^(1,2), and Rabah Belkessa⁽³⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Laboratory Mobilization and Recovery of Water Resource (LMVR-ENSH), National School for Hyraulics (ENSH), Algeria

Tel: +213-25399447

E-Mail: mihkam@ensh.dz

⁽²⁾ E-Mail: elguizi_ENSH@hotmail.com

⁽³⁾ National School for Marine Sciences and Coastal Management (ENSSMAL), Algeria

Tel: +213-219188908

E-Mail: belkessarabah@yahoo.fr

 

 

Abstract

 

We consider the coastal environment as being a place of exchange and transport of the sediments in the marine and river environment, in particular near an estuary or close to an opening. Consequently, it is of primary importance to examine the evolution of the cohesive suspended materials under the influence of the hydrodynamic parameters such as the agitation of the waves and the river currents of rejection on the level of an embouchure.

 

With this intention, we studied the evolution of the suspended materials being able to be at the origin of formation of muddy clog what leads at the same time to a deterioration of the operation of the marine and coastal hydro-system.

 

On the basis of risk and event, a study of the mode of the incidental waves according to the directions of the wind in open sea and flows of seasonal rejections, a modelling was established by using the modules of the computer code of MIKE 21 software.

 

This modelling has allowed understanding the processes of mixture by an advanced prediction making it possible to clear the erosion and sediment deposit, particularly areas of forming a turbidity maximum in low water period due to the low rate of flushing and increased concentration in the mouth of the river.

 

 

 

 

Water Quality Simulation of Lakes Cernek and Balık at the Kızılırmak Wetlands (Turkey)

 

Kübra Küçük⁽¹⁾ and Gülfem Bakan⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾Ondokuz Mayıs University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kurupelit, Samsun

E-mail:kubrakucuk@outlook.com

⁽²⁾Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kurupelit, Samsun

Tel: +90-0362-312-1919

E-mail: gbakan@omu.edu.tr

 

 

Abstract

 

Besides playing an important part in both achieving ecological balance and protecting biological diversity, wetlands are ecosystems that make significant contributions to the economy of regions and countries. The Kızılırmak Delta in the Central Black Sea region is defined as a Ramsar Area by virtue of its natural habitats and rich biodiversity. The delta has very important wetlands whose natural features have been well-preserved. One of these wetlands, Lakes Cernek and Balık, constitutes a significant ecosystem in terms of agriculture, tourism and fishing. The ecosystem of the lakes are gradually getting degenerated due to irrigation, sedimentary residues, and contamination by agricultural and domestic waste and therefore the tropic level of the lakes are faced with a serious problem. Environmental models provide a quick evaluation of the relationships between reasons and the impacts of pollution. Therefore the models are in the need of estimation of the effects of eutrophication over the aquatic ecosystems. The permission of generating the future scenarios is the major advantage of models. The eutrophication problem in shallow lakes is different from deep lakes which are more common. In this study, which is one of our country is very important and sensitive ecosystems in the Kızılırmak Delta, in order to ensure sustainable management of Cernek and Balık lakes, decision-makers the information necessary for the decision support system is one of the tools that can be used in the design phase, water quality modelling is carried out. The elements which make shallow lake’s forms complicated are; interfering the water layers, the sediment which isn’t strong completely, is suspended, the nutrient loading which is sediment from water layer and the external load. For this purpose, the water quality simulation model WASP7.5, supported by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), was used and the present and future trophic state of the lakes tried to be modelled and discussed in detail.

 

 

 

 

Numerical Study of Detached Breakwaters

 

Mohamad Ahmad Morad⁽¹⁾, Karim Ahmad Rakha⁽²⁾ and Ahmad Gamal Abul-Azm⁽³⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Dept. of Civil Eng., Faculty of Engineering, Fayoum University, Egypt,

Tel: +201001849658   Fax: + 20846303050

E-mail: morad_ama3@yahoo.com

⁽²⁾ Department of Irrigation and Hydraulics, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt.

Tel: +201123000343   Fax: +20235732949

E-mail: rakhak@access.com.eg

⁽³⁾ Department of Irrigation and Hydraulics, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt.

Tel: +201222110617 

E-mail: ecma@access.com.eg

 

 

Abstarct

 

Offshore detached breakwaters are used along many beaches for protecting the beaches against erosion or to create artificial beaches. Traditional detached breakwaters with the crest emerging above the water level have received considerable attention. Submerged breakwaters however, have received less attention. This paper provides a numerical study for the wave-induced currents in the vicinity of submerged and emerged detached breakwaters. This paper provides sediment transport rates and shoreline evolution behind detached breakwaters. Submerged breakwaters are included in the model by using the eigenfunction technique for the calculation of the transmission coefficient. Different cases are presented to study the effect of the submergence level on the wave-induced currents. This study showed that several eddies may be generated behind submerged breakwaters. These eddies might be dangerous for swimmers.

 

 

 

 

Sediment Transport and Shoreline Management

 

Innovative Approaches and Tools for Erosion Control and Coastline Management

 

Alessio Giardino⁽¹⁾, Wiebe de Boer^(1,2),  Kees den Heijer^(1,3), Bas Huisman^(1,4), Jan Mulder^(1,5) and Dirk-Jan Walstra^(1,6)

 

⁽¹⁾ Deltares, Unit Marine and Coastal Systems,

Rotterdamseweg 185, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands

Tel: + (31) 88 335 8132     Fax: +31 (0)88 335 8582          

E-mail:alessio.giardino@deltares.nl

⁽²⁾ E-mail:Wiebe.deBoer@deltares.nl

⁽³⁾ E-mail:Kees.denHeijer@deltares.nl

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail:Bas.Huisman@deltares.nl

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail:Jan.Mulder@deltares.nl

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail:DirkJan.Walstra@deltares.nl

 

 

Abstract

 

Coastal zones around the globe host about two-third of the world population. Besides their economical and social value, coastal areas are extremely valuable from an ecological point of view. Nevertheless, coastal zones are also extremely vulnerable. Erosion and associated loss of land is the most evident sign of this vulnerability.

 

Adequate solutions require knowledge of the underlying morphodynamics and ecological processes. The Dutch experience shows that a very effective and sustainable way to deal with coastal erosion is to work with nature. In case of sandy costs, the most appropriate material for restoring, raising or building out sandy coasts is sand. Different approaches and tools have been developed in recent years as design basis to deal with erosion control and management of sandy coasts. The use of different approaches is mainly linked to the spatial and temporal scale of the problem under consideration.

 

The present paper describes results from different erosion management studies involving research institutes (e.g. Deltares), universities, governments, coastal managers and landscape architects. Innovative approaches and tools were applied to deal with erosion issues at three different spatial and temporal scales: small- (from days to months; meters), medium- (years; kilometers), and large-scale (from decades to centuries; from tens to hundreds of kilometers).

 

 

 

 

Using Sustainable Solution for Shoreline Management

 

Akram Soliman⁽¹⁾ and Mohamed El-Dakkak⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt

Tel: +20-100-170 88 65   Fax: + 20-348-299 30

E-mail: akram.soliman@pti-aast.org

⁽²⁾ Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

E-mail: dakkak1@hotmail.com.

 

 

Abstract

           

The city of Alexandria is located at the southern Mediterranean coast with a population of about 4 million inhabitants. It occupies an area of about 300 square kilometers, with an increasing demand for development of new land. Alexandria coastal zone suffers from erosion and flooding problems, it also tolerates degradation of water quality due to land-based pollution. The Strategic Action Plan for the Mediterranean countries has identified two hot spots (El-Mex Bay and Abu-Qir Bay) on Alexandria coastal zone. These hot spots have been experiencing a continuous increase in population, development, and environmental degradation.

 

Obtaining a sustainable shore protection and stabilization method which provides environment-friendly coastal solution with less execution cost and duration is an important issue for governors and design makers. One of these methods is the Artificial Submerged Reefs, ASR, which has minimum influence on the environment and sea traffic, in addition to being a suitable environment for the growth of useful fauna and flora.

 

A new numerical tool has been used to predict the sedimentation at the lee of the Artificial Submerged Reefs (Geo-textile Mega-containers sand filling) and its stability. The environmental impacts of Alexandria conventional submerged breakwater, constructed four years ago to protect Alexandria coastline from erosion, is discussed. A comparative analysis between Alexandria conventional submerged breakwater and proposed Mega geo-containers artificial submerged reef is presented.

 

The artificial submerged reef saves fifty percent of the cost and seventy percent of construction time compared to conventional shore protection structure.

 

The artificial submerged reef has also positive impacts on the marine environment. These sustainable environmental techniques will help in touristic development and protection of Egypt coastal zone and will also be applied in light of the objectives set by Alexandria Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (AICZM), Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, Arab Republic of Egypt, 2009).

 

 

 

 

Sediment Dynamics of the Coast of Gabes

 

Ikram Bardi⁽¹⁾, Wissem Gharbi^{(1, 2)}, Mongi Souayed^{(1, 3)},  and Saadi Abdeljaouad^{(1, 4)}

 

⁽¹⁾ Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Environment, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis-El-Manar, University Campus, 2092, Tunisia.

Tel: 00216 24662206  Fax: 00216 70860325

E-mail: bardiikram@gmail.com

⁽²⁾ E-mail: wissem.gharbi@gmail.com

⁽³⁾ E-mail: mongi_souayed@yahoo.fr

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: saadi_abdeljaouad@yahoo.fr

 

 

Abstract

 

Tunisia is located at the junction of the Western Mediterranean and the Eastern Mediterranean, opens about 1300 kms of coastline spread over the northern and eastern limits. The Tunisian coastal extends from the Tunisian-Algerian border up to the furrow Tripolitan. The Gulf of Gabes, southern coastal, occupies the greater part of the eastern Tunisian coastal. It is characterized by extensive continental shelf and shallow slope. Our interest focuses on the southern coastal of the Gulf of Gabes (South-East of Tunisia), which extends about 20 kms, from the city of Gabes to the estuary of the wadi Ferd, is a sandy coastal micro tidal. The coastal consists of a succession of sand spits sheltering lagoons crossed by tidal channels.

 

To understand the sediment dynamics of the Coast of Gabes and identify the processes behind the formation and evolution of spits, we are based on the grain size analysis and on the Coastal Modelling System (C.M.S).

 

Thus, the evolution of the sand spits is controlled by two main currents longshore drift. These currents are in opposite directions namely SE-NW and NW-SE direction, following the directions alternating swells.

 

To complement these results and have an overall idea about sediment dynamics at the studied coastal, it was necessary to estimate the rate of sediment transited through the longshore drift. To do this, we have apply a quantitative approach using empirical formulas the L.C.H.F.

 

Through this study, we have shown that sediment dynamics at the south Coast of Gabes, is controlled mainly by two longshore drift currents that transiting fine sediments along the coastal and responsible for formation and development of sand spits.

 

 

 

 

Impact on the Beach Due to Construction of a Marina

 

Margherita Aguzzi⁽¹⁾, Nunzio De Nigris^(1,2), Maurizio Morelli^(1,3) and Mentino Preti^(1,4)

 

⁽¹⁾ ARPA Emilia-Romagna, 40122 Bologna, Italy

Tel: + 39-051-528 12 11  Fax: + 39-051-528 12 61

E-mail: maguzzi@arpa.emr.it

⁽²⁾   E-mail: ndenigris@arpa.emr.it

⁽³⁾  E-mail: mauriziomorellii@arpa.emr.it

⁽⁴⁾  E-mail: mpreti@arpa.emr.it

 

 

Abstract

 

During the period 2006-2007, a new marina was built in the west side of Cattolica jetties (Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy). The littoral downdrift to the new marina is a low-lying and sandy beach protected by a series of detached breakwaters.

 

In the present paper we aim at present the results of monitoring in order to assess the impact on down-drift beach due to construction of marina. Monitoring activities were carried out by the Sea and Coast Unit of ARPA – Emilia-Romagna. The following activities have carried out for 5 years (2007-2012): topographic and bathymetric surveys of backshore, foreshore and nearshore zone, surveys of shoreline, sampling and grain size analysis of sediment samples, photogrammetric surveys an wave climate analysis. For an adequate analysis have been also collected data on the volume of sand used for beach nourishment, the volume of sand removed from beach in accretion and interventions on hard defence structure.

 

The monitoring showed that, in the first three years, the beach to the seaside of breakwater evolved and this allowed the achievement a new equilibrium state that has been maintained for the next two years. However, the modifications have not caused critical conditions to the beach and hard defences structures.

 

 

 

 

Shoreline Changes behind Offshore Detached Breakwaters

 

Mohamad Ahmad Morad⁽¹⁾and Tarik Helmy Omran⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Eng., Faculty of Engineering, Fayoum University, Egypt

Tel: +201001849658   Fax: + 20846303050

E-mail: morad_ama3@yahoo.com

⁽²⁾ Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Eng., Faculty of Engineering, Fayoum University, Egypt

Tel: +201001702149   Fax: +20846337580

E-mail: omran567s@yahoo.com

 

 

Abstract

 

A numerical and physical model were performed to study the effect of crest dimensions of an offshore breakwater on the deformation of shoreline due to on-off shore sediment transport resulted from normal wave attack. The experiments of the physical model are divided into two experiments, one for the effect of the crest elevation above or under the water surface, while the other is to study the effect of crest width. The integrated numerical model consists of three main modules; a wave module, a hydrodynamic module, and sediment transport module. The offshore incident wave height, wave period, approaching angle and the bathymetry are the main input data for the wave module. The hydrodynamic module computes the mean water surface level and the depth averaged current velocities using the radiation stresses calculated from the waves as the forcing terms and includes bottom friction, adjective acceleration terms and the lateral diffusion of current momentum. The sediment transport module uses the energetic approach for calculating the cross-shore and alongshore sediment transport rates in the nearshore area. There is a great agreement between the results of the physical and numerical models.

 

 

 

 

Coastal Erosion Monitoring at the Barents and Kara Seas

 

Stanislav Ogorodov⁽¹⁾, Anatoly Kamalov⁽²⁾, Nataliya Belova⁽³⁾, Alisa Baranskaya⁽⁴⁾, Dmitry Kuznetsov⁽⁵⁾, Nikita Kopa-Ovdienko⁽⁶⁾, Nataliya Shabanova⁽⁷⁾ and Aleksey Vergun⁽⁸⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia, Tel: +7-495-939 25 26   Fax: +7-495-932 88 36

Zubov State Oceanographic Institute, Kropotkinskiy per. 6, 119034 Moscow,

Russia, Tel-Fax: +7-495-708 39 26,

E-mail: ogorodov@aha.ru

⁽²⁾ E-mail: kamalov-msu@mail.ru

⁽³⁾ E-mail: nataliya-belova@yandex.ru

⁽⁴⁾ E-mail: alisa.baranskaya@yandex.ru

⁽⁵⁾ E-mail: dkzn.at@gmail.com

⁽⁶⁾ E-mail: nike137@yandex.ru

⁽⁷⁾ E-mail: nat.volobuyeva@gmail.com

⁽⁸⁾ E-mail: alvergun@mail.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

Coastal dynamics monitoring on the key areas of oil and gas development at the Barents and Kara Seas has been carried out by Laboratory of Geoecology of the North at the Faculty of Geography (Lomonosov Moscow State University) together with Zubov State Oceanographic Institute (Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring) for more than 30 years. During this period, a unique monitoring technology, which includes direct field observations, remote sensing and numerical methods, has been developed. The dynamics of thermal-abrasion coasts are directly linked with climate and sea ice extent changes. We have also evaluated the influence of local anthropogenic impacts on the dynamics of the Arctic coasts. As a result, a method of forecasting the dynamics of thermal-erosion coasts taking into account climate changes has been developed.

 

 

 

 

Coastal Engineering, Geology and Geomorphology

 

Wind and Wave Data Selection for Climate Studies in Enclosed Seas

 

Saleh Abdalla

 

ECMWF, Shinfield Park, RG2 9AX, Reading, UK.

Tel: +44-118-949 9703, Fax: +44-118-986 9450

E-mail: Saleh.Abdalla@ecmwf.int

 

 

Abstract

 

The availability of reliable sources of wind and wave data for climate studies used to be limited especially in enclosed basins. More than two decades of satellite wind and wave measurements together with high quality numerical weather prediction models changed this situation. The nature of satellite coverage and the limited life of any satellite are two main issues to worry about. The degraded quality of early stages of models and the frequent changes to improve these models introduces inconsistencies that limit the use of operational model results for wind and wave climate studies. Reanalysis model fields, e.g. ERA-Interim of ECMWF, which are produced by frozen models and extend to several decades, are attractive source of data for climate computations. The course resolution of such models (~100 km) and the change in the data used in the reanalysis are two drawbacks. These sources of wind and wave data are reviewed with emphasis on the Blacks Sea as an enclosed basin.

 

 

 

 

A Study of Wave Reflection at Oran Port

 

Benameur Hamoudi ⁽¹⁾, Yamina Bakhti ^{(1, 2)} and Chioukh Nadji ⁽³⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, Mohamed Boudiaf, BP 1505 El-Mnaouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria

Tel.: 00 213 41290461

E-mail: hamoudi_benameur@yahoo.fr

⁽²⁾ E-mail: Bakhti-amina@hotmail.com

⁽³⁾ University of Djillali Liabes, Sidi Belabès, Algeria

E-mail: nadji100@hotmail.com

 

 

Abstract

 

In severe weather, excessive wave heights are undesirable and the wave motion is highly complicated and in its propagation the reflection depends upon the shape, dimensions, position of obstacles such islands, marine structures, ports and piers. A parametric study is carried out with the aim of studying the effect of structures on the propagation of waves; in particular the influence of the nature of the slope surface represented by the coefficient k which is the nature of the surface slope, and the geographical and bathymetric port protection, in particular the port of Oran in the Western region of Algeria. This present work shows that the port of Oran is protected to some extent against certain propagating waves of certain heights. The calculation is programmed in Visual Basic, and the model is applied to the jetty port of Oran in the western region of Algeria. The validation is made between this work and other previous findings. It has been noted that there is a good correlation in terms of trend between the two results. Given the values ​​of the wave steepness, slopes over 35 ° are likely to produce a splash. This work was also carried out in order to suggest a good protection against a Tsunami wave. Other parameters, such as operating time and costs, are taken into account in the recommendation for the proposed rehabilitation, reinforcement and construction of jetties.

 

 

 

 

The Expected Changes of the Morphology of the Albanian Coastal Area

 

Monika Burba⁽¹⁾ and Ted Hoxhaj⁽²⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ Polytechnic University of Tirana, Blvd. D. Kombit, No. 4, Tirana,  Albania

Tel: +3554506449    Fax: +3554506449            

Email: burba.monika@gmail.com

⁽²⁾ Faculty of Geology and Mines, PUT, Rr. Elbasanit, No. 12, Tirana, Albania

Tel: +3554374809    Fax: +3554374809            

Email  thoxhaj@yahoo.com

 

 

Abstract

 

Based on the analysis of the rivers system and its impact on the geomorphology of coast, the river bed deformation, migration and new river mouths investigations, geological onshore and bathymetric mapping have been classified the zones which have different characteristics in mainland and marine area along the Albanian Adriatic coastline.

 

Accumulative coastlines are extended at plain areas and sandy beaches and dunes are main elements of these areas. Narta, Karavasta, Viluni, Patoku and Kune-Vaini Lagoons are located in plain area of the littoral and are formed in some sea bays, which are closed by solid sediments transported by rivers into the sea. Erosive coastlines are extended in the hilly base of some capes. Neotectonic development at the present has caused submergence of three sectors within the accumulative areas.

 

The Albanian Adriatic coastline has a very intensive dynamics. The sediment deposits are mainly around the mouths of the rivers and their changes have been caused by both climatic change and human activities. The erosion process under the wave action and marine currents is analysed too.

 

 

 

 

Gulf of Finland Coastal Systems in Holocene

 

Daria Ryabchuk⁽¹⁾, Alexander Sergeev⁽¹⁾, Vladimir Zhamoida⁽¹⁾, Tatiana Gusentsova⁽²⁾, Petr Sorokin⁽²⁾, Marianna Kulkova⁽³⁾ and Dmitry Gerasimov⁽⁴⁾

 

⁽¹⁾ A.P.Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Russia, 199106, St.Petersburg, Sredny pr.,74,

Tel: +7 921 7893367,   Fax: +7 812 3289159,

E-mail: Daria_Ryabchuk@mail.ru

⁽²⁾ North-Western Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage, Russia, 199226, Nakchimova st. 3-1,

Tel: +78123557604, Fax: +78123557604,

E-mail: ddut@mail.ru

⁽³⁾ Herzen State University, Russia, 191186, St.Petersburg, Moika Emb., 48, Tel: +78123144796,

E-mail: kulkova@mail.ru

⁽⁴⁾ Peter the Great Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russia, 199034, St.Petersburg,

Tel: +7812 3280025, Fax:+7 8123280811,

E-mail: dger@kunstkamera.ru

 

 

Abstract

 

Recent on-land geoarcheological studies of the Eastern Gulf of Finland coasts, as well as detailed marine geological research of the Gulf of Finland near-shore bottom, provided new data for developing a hypothesis about the paleogeographical development of the area. Geoarcheological studies carried out around Sestroretsky Artificial Lake and within Okhta Cape, as well as analyses of previous studies of the Neolithic–Early Metal settlements, have shed new light on some aspects of coastal system development. GIS-based modelling of Holocene shorelines for the different time periods can be useful for future archaeological research. A series of submarine terraces was found at the bottom of the gulf (sea depths from 10 to 2 m). The analysis of marine geological data and distribution of archaeological monuments can be explained by a possible rise in the relative sea-level around the Gulf of Finland at 5000 BP and regression around 3000 BP.