Proceedings of The Tenth International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment
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VOLUME I |
VOLUME II |
ABSTRACTS
VOLUME I
ICM Experiences
Taking the Stock of and Advising the Way Forward
with ICZM in the Black Sea Region
Valeria Abaza(1), Ekaterina Antonidze(2), Lyudmil Ikonomov(3),
Mamuka Gvilava(4), Catalina Ispas-Sava(5), Leonid Yarmak(6),
Nihan Şahin Hamamci(7), Victor Karamushka(8) Françoise
Breton(9), Željka Škaričić (10), Brian Shipman(11) and Erdal Özhan(12)
(1) Pollution Monitoring and Assessment Officer, Permanent Secretariat,
Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution
(2) Chairperson, ICZM Advisory Group to the Black Sea Commission
ICZM National Focal Points and Designees for
(3) Bulgaria, (4) Georgia, (5) Romania, (6) Russian Federation, (7) Turkey, (8) Ukraine
(9) PEGASO Scientific Coordinator, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
(10) PEGASO Work Package 2 Leader, Director, UNEP MAP, PAP/RAC, Croatia
(11) ICZM Consultant, UNEP MAP, PAP/RAC, Croatia
(12) PEGASO Work Package 7 Leader, President, MEDCOAST Foundation, Turkey
(4) Corresponding Author
c/o GeoGraphic, 10, Bulachauri Street, Tbilisi, 0160, Georgia
Phone: +995 32 2382542
Mobile: +995 599 546616
Fax: +995 32 2381948
E-mail: MGvilava@ICZM.ge
Abstract
The preliminary results of the stock taking of ICZM are presented for the Black Sea countries and the region, as developed within the framework of the EU FP7 PEGASO project. National responses to the Implementation Audit Questionnaire were reviewed to assess and, to a certain degree, quantify the progress of implementation. Regional implications were highlighted and some recommendations suggested for possible further courses of action on ICZM in the Black Sea Region.
CAMP Levante de Almeria: an Experience on ICZM
Ana Correa Peña
Oficinas Administrativas del PN Cabo de Gata-Níjar C/Fundición s/n 04115
Rodalquilar (Níjar), Almería, Spain
Tel: +34 657647577
E-mail: anaml.correa@gmail.com
Abstract
The East of Almeria is one of the most arid areas in the Mediterranean, while one of the best preserved, it harbours a large variety of ecosystems, marine and terrestrials, unique in Europe. A coastal area like this one, is challenging many interests of occupation and development in addition, another relevant characteristic is having the distribution of competences between different administrations.
For those reasons, the Spanish Ministry of the Environment, and Rural and Marine Affairs, the Andalusian Ministry of the Environment and the Mediterranean Action Plan (UNEP-MAP) have chosen the Levante de Almeria as a CAMP for a pilot project transferable at local, national and regional levels.
The acronym CAMP stands for “Coastal Areas Management Programme” which UNEP-MAP has been implementing in the Mediterranean Countries for around 20 years.
Imagine the future of our coast is the slogan selected for this project which will turn this area into a sustainability laboratory. CAMP Levante de Almeria project is no more and no less than a test, a practical demonstration of how to implement the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) concept in Spain in compliance with the ICZM Protocol (the seventh protocol in the framework of the Barcelona Convention). Therefore, CAMP serves as a way to design and implement new practices in connection with the vertical and horizontal coordination between administrations and the public participation in decision-making processes related to the coast, with the fundamental objective of achieving a more sustainable development of the coast.
It is therefore a new formula which is tested on a trial basis, based on a learning and participatory process. The administration and the territorial stakeholders study the key resources for coastal sustainability, make a diagnosis of the problems including the present management of the coast in order to obtain as the main result a common project for the whole territory, expressed in a strategy which lays down the steps to follow in order to make socio-economic development supportive of the necessary conservation of the environment nature taking into account the social needs. This strategy is named Sustainable Development Reference Framework.
As mentioned above, it should be pointed out that this project means a common effort and special commitment from the entities involved, attracting other administrative levels as the provincial government or the municipalities. At the same time the project aims to promote ownership of the stakeholders and citizens in the decision making processes.
As a final remark, it should be underline that for the first time a CAMP project, Levante de Almeria, has been conceived as a step in the implementation of the ICZM Protocol, the only present legal international instrument on Integrated Coastal Zone Management.
The Effect of Participation on the ICZM Effectiveness:
The Egyptian Experience
Hossam Samir Ibrahim (1) and Ibrahim Hegazy (2)
(1) Faculty of Regional & Urban planning, Cairo University, Egypt
Phone: +2 01522838366, +2 0100 8900 56
Email: h1_sadeldin@yahoo.com
(2) Faculty of Engineering, El Mansoura University, Egypt
Phone: +2 014 9696 411
Email: i.hegazy@ymail.com
Abstract
In the face of ever-increasing population and tourism pressures, coastal managers find it hard to keep their seaside towns and environs healthy and attractive. This occurs despite growing evidence that highlights the problem combined with experience offering proven solutions. While a lack of willingness and money are often cited as key constraints in achieving integrated management in coastal areas, haphazard responses and limited participation by locals in the process of coastal management are more significant factors explaining the lack of successful in the implementation of integrated coastal management. These experiences are very evident in developing countries. Egypt, provides an excellent case study of this experience. Although the Egyptian government has highlighted the importance of environmental issues as a national priority, sectoral policy making still predominates, leading to stakeholder conflict (Abul-Azm et al., 2003, World Bank, 2005). It is along the coastal areas that arguably these conflicts are most intense.
This paper reviews ICZM process in Egypt focusing on discussing the public participation and the stakeholder involvement. It seeks through a critical evaluation to provide some practical recommendations that could help to enhance the implementation of ICZM in Egypt and other developing countries.
Integrated Management Strategies for Sustainable
Development of Productive Activities in Sacca di Goro
Rossella Boscolo Brusà(1), Andrea Bonometto(1), Alessandra
Feola(1), Federica Oselladore(1), Massimo Gabellini(1),
Carla Rita Ferrari(2) and Leonardo Palumbo(3)
(1) ISPRA - National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc.
Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia (Venice), Italy
Tel: + 39-041-5543933 Fax: + 39-041-5547897
E-mail: rossella.boscolo@isprambiente.it
(2) Arpa - Regional Agency for the Environmental Protection - Emilia-
Romagna, Cesenatico FC
E-mail: cferrari@arpa.emr.it
(3) Regione Emilia-Romagna, Water Protection and Restoration Unit, Viale
della fiera, 8 - 40127 Bologna
Tel +39.051.5276897 Fax +39.051.5276874
E-mail: lepalumbo@regione.emilia-romagna.it
Abstract
The Sacca di Goro lagoon is a shallow-water embayment located in the Southern part of the Po River delta (Italy) with a surface area of about 30 square kilometers and an average depth of approximately 1-1.5 m. The water exchanges between the Sacca di Goro and the adjacent Adriatic Sea depend on two openings in the southern sand barrier. The lagoon watershed is 860 square kilometers. The eastern part of this watershed belongs to the Po delta, while the western part is for the most part a manregulated system resulting from a centuries old reclamation.
The Sacca di Goro complex and delicate ecosystem is regulated by a system of environmental policies (Natura 2000 network, national/regional and local protected areas and reserves). On the other hand the lagoon is affected by several anthropogenic pressures due to watershed land use and exploitation of lagoon resources. The main economical activities in the study site are clam farming in the lagoon and agriculture in the terrestrial part of the basin. Over the years the lagoon surface reduction was of about 100.000 hectares for land reclamation activities.
At present, the Sacca di Goro is one of the top European sites for clams production. A great part of the lagoon surface is exploited for clam farming managed by cooperatives of fishermen. The watershed of the Sacca di Goro is exploited for agriculture and the main crop types (maize and wheat, rice, sugar beet, soybean and vegetables) are cultivated with conventional techniques, using pesticides and fertilizers with a potential impact on water quality. Nutrient enrichment, loss of self-purification capacity due to watershed land use and low water renewal in the inner part of the lagoon, are the major causes of dystrophic crises in summer, with anoxia, anaerobic processes and inherent high reducing conditions with breakdown of the trophic structure of the system.
Following the DPSIR conceptual approach Drivers, Pressure, State, Impacts have been evaluated in order to identify Responses able to ensure sustainable development of the area. Appropriate mitigation and compensation measures have been identified combining environmental protection requirements, sustainability and economic productivity and achieving multiple goals in a synergistic way. In particular, constructed wetlands, channel restoration and buffering ecosystem creation (riparian buffer strips and buffer zones) have been proposed as multifunctional measures (ecosystem benefits, water pollution control, groundwater recharge, flood control, etc.) for an integrated management of the area.
The proposals have been included in spatial planning to meet both requirements of environmental protection and enhancement of the territory, in an area characterized by delicate balances already heavily modified by anthropogenic actions. Operational proposals of potential interventions have been developed evaluating surface hydrography, topography of the area, land use and urban settlements and related infrastructure. Different areas of possible intervention have been identified immediately behind the Sacca and within part of the basin between the Delta Po and the river Volano Po. Future work will develop a cost-effectiveness analysis.
Coastal Pressures Assessment and Management in
PEGASO Danube Delta Case
Iulian Nichersu (1), Eugenia Marin (1, 2), Marian Mierla (1, 3),
Cristian Trifanov (1, 4) and Iuliana Nichersu (1, 5)
(1) Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Department
of Research, Babadag Street, 165 - 820112 Tulcea, Romania
Tel: +0040-240-524546 Fax: +0040-240-533547
E-mail: iuli@indd.tim.ro
(2) E-mail: jenica@ indd.tim.ro
(3) E-mail: mmierla@indd.tim.ro
(4) E-mail: kriss@ indd.tim.ro
(5) E-mail: iulianan@ indd.tim.ro
Abstract
PEGASO is an FP7 project which aims to bring the science and end-users communities relevant to the Mediterranean and Black Sea together, to work together to identify common threats and solutions in relation to the long term sustainable development and environmental protection of coastal zones, and build the capacity for implementing the principles of ICZM Protocol in order to help countries to put the Protocol into practice. Romania is one the PEGASO partner from the Black Sea basin that will implement and adapt in Danube Delta coastal area case study the tools developed within the project in order to identify most important topics and risks according to the area’s specific needs, will participate at creation of a database for ICZM, develop thematic maps and get involved in organizational design in the field of maritime spatial planning.
This paper assesses the status of the coast of Danube Delta (Romania) in the context of global changes and anthropogenic pressures and its related coastal impacts as habitat degradation, erosion, as well as the present context of coastal management and spatial planning frame policies. Taking into account these pressures, steps towards integrated coastal zone management are urgently required to guide for a sustainable coevolution of natural and human systems within the Danube Delta coastal area.
In order to asses and find new relations between the components of the socioeconomic and the ecological system a very strong tool is to be applied: the SketchMatch participatory method (spatial planning tool).
Coastal Zone Management: Case of Sarıyer, Turkey
Hayriye Eşbah(1), Müge Tokuş(1,2) and F. Ayçim Türer Başkaya(1,3)
(1)Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture Landscape
Architecture Department 34437 Taşkışla, Taksim, İstanbul (212)293 1300,
E-mail: esbah@itu.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: mtokus@itu.edu.tr
(3) E-mail: turerfat@itu.edu.tr
Abstract
The town of Sariyer, is located at the intersection of Black Sea and Bosporus on the European side of Istanbul. It comprises most of the Istanbul’s unfragmented forests and ecologically, economically and socially significant coastal line. On the other hand, Sariyer struggles with the challenges of urbanization: Increasing population and squatter settlements, urban expansion on natural areas, spatially and structurally changing coastal zone, proposed third bridge crossing Bosporus, and pollution are just few to mention. Sustainable urban and coastal zone development and environmental management is essential for Sarıyer’s future, hence contributing to the livability of Istanbul at larger scale. Successful resource management on any scale requires a system of legitimate institutions. Thus, the institutional environment is critical in promoting sustainable land use pattern, as this environment is a major determinant of long-term growth. This environment consists of formal rules such as property rights, laws, constitutions, international treaties and informal constraints such as norms of behavior, conventions, and self-imposed codes of conduct, and characteristics of their enforcement. In this framework, organizations, which include political, economic, social, and educational bodies, are also important. This study inquires about the specific implications of the institutional environment for rapidly urbanizing town of Sariyer. It highlights the typical characteristics of the institutional environment with respect to environmental and coastal zone management in Turkey. The impacts of the inefficient institutional structure on the transformation of the landscapes are illustrated through landscape and site scale examples by using GIS and landscape ecology approaches. The outcomes of the study can help improving sustainable planning practices, hence, in turn, promote sustainable coastal zone development in Sariyer and other coastal towns with similar concerns.
Legal Issues and International Partnership
Joint Investigations of the Coastal Zone of Ukraine and
Russia in the Black Sea
Valery Eremeev (1), Ruben Kosyan (2), Marina Krylenko (3),
Sergey Dotsenko (4), Igor Timchenko (5), Eugeny Godin (6) and
Alexey Khaliulin (7)
(1) Marine Hydrophysical Institute of NASU, 2, Kapitanskaya St., Sevastopol,
99011, Ukraine
E-mail:director@ibss.iuf.net
(2) Southern Southern Branch of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology,
RAS, 353467, Gelendzhik, Russia
Tel.: +7(86141)28281 Fax: +7 (86141) 28089
E-mail:rkosyan@hotmail.com
(3) Southern Southern Branch of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology,
RAS, 353467, Gelendzhik, Russia
E-mail: krylenko@mail.ru
(4) Marine Hydrophysical Institute of NASU, 2, Kapitanskaya St., Sevastopol,
99011, Ukraine
E-mail: sf_dotsenko@mail.ru
(5) Marine Hydrophysical Institute of NASU, 2, Kapitanskaya St., Sevastopol,
99011, Ukraine
E-mail:timchenko.igor3@gmail.com
(6) Marine Hydrophysical Institute of NASU, 2, Kapitanskaya St., Sevastopol,
99011, Ukraine
E-mail: khaliulin.alexey@nodc.org.ua
(7) Marine Hydrophysical Institute of NASU, 2, Kapitanskaya St., Sevastopol,
99011, Ukraine
E-mail: godin.eugeny@nodc.org.ua
Abstract
The paper presents information on the results of the project on scientific research of hydrosphere and lithosphere interaction processes in the ecosystems of the Black sea coast of Russia and Ukraine in framework of cooperation between these countries. On the basis of the research conducted, the experience accumulated in MHI NAS of Ukraine and SB of IO RAS, and current tendencies in organization of integrated coastal zone management, a number of points were formulated to develop the united long term strategy for protection of the Russian and Ukrainian Black sea coastal zone, taking into account its geoecological state, natural and technogenic factors.
Action Plan for the Implementation of the ICZM
Protocol for the Mediterranean
Marko Prem
UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan, Priority Actions Programme Regional
Activity Centre (PAP/RAC), 21000 Split, Croatia
Tel: + 385-21-340 475, Fax: + 385-21-340 490
E-mail: marko.prem@ppa.t-com.hr
Abstract
The Barcelona Convention as the legal framework and its seven specific Protocols complete the legal system for the Mediterranean region. The entering into force of the ICZM Protocol on 24 March 2011 marked the important milestone in the timeline of ICZM. In this way MAP demonstrated its will to keep ahead in terms of legal innovation and marine and coastal governance within the Regional Seas context. The preparation of the Action Plan (AP) for the implementation of the ICZM Protocol shows that this will has not lost its speed. The rationale and the AP itself are presented in this paper. Given are the main principles, objectives and priority activities proposed in the AP for the period 2012 – 2019.
PAP/RAC and MedPartnership - Together for the
Implementation of the ICZM Protocol
Daria Povh Škugor(1), Brian Shipman(2),
Marko Prem (3) and Marina Marković(4)
(1) PAP/RAC, 21000 Split, Croatia
Tel. +385-21-34 04 78; Fax: +385-21-34 04 90
E-mail: daria.povh@ppa.t-com.hr
(2) Tel. +385-21-34 04 92
E-mail: brian.shipman@ppa.t-com.hr
(3) Tel. +385-21-34 04 75
E-mail: marko.prem@ppa.t-com.hr
(4) Tel. +385-21-34 04 76
E-mail: marina.markovic@ppa.t-com.hr
Abstract
The UNEP/MAP GEF Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem (MedPartnership) is a project that pays particular attention to integrated approaches through the first of its four components. PAP/RAC’s project entitled simply “ICZM” is presented in this paper. The period of the development of the MedPartnership project, as well as the period of its implementation, is also the period in which the ICZM Protocol for the Mediterranean has been negotiated, finalised, adopted, signed and finally, in March 2011, entered into force. PAP/RAC’s activities within this project are all aimed at building the knowledge and experience base in order to secure the highest quality support to the Mediterranean countries for the ratification and implementation of the ICZM Protocol. Therefore, one of the major activities is an analysis of the ICZM Protocol and dissemination of the structured examples of harmonisation of national legislation with the ICZM Protocol. This activity is followed by the development of the two guidelines, the guidelines for the preparation of the National ICZM Strategies and the guidelines for the preparation of the coastal plans – both among the major requirements of the ICZM Protocol. Both guidelines will be tested through the pilot cases. The paper presents the background of the PAP/RAC’s project, its activities, goals, methods used and progress achieved.
UNEP/MAP GEF MedPartnership: Towards
Sustainable Development in the Mediterranean
Ivica Trumbic
UNEP/MAP, 11635 Athens, Greece
Tel: +30 210 7273 102 Fax: +30 210 7253 196
E-mail: ivica.trumbic@unepmap.gr
Abstract
The protection of the marine and coastal environment of the Mediterranean has become an even greater priority, with constructed areas now covering 40% of the coastal zones and 19% of known Mediterranean species being under threat. In the southern Mediterranean, available fresh water has decreased, and climate change predictions indicate significant increases in temperatures, coupled with increased incidents of drought. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) supported UNEP/MAP and the Mediterranean countries to identify the major transboundary environmental concerns in the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem (LME). The MedPartnership, the biggest ever regional environmental project in the Mediterranean, combines the experience and knowledge of twelve international and regional organizations, with the support of GEF, the EC, participating countries and others to facilitate the implementation of Strategic Action Plan priorities. This is done through a Regional Project, led by UNEP/MAP and with a focus on legal, policy and institutional reforms and the demonstration of good practices, and an Investment Fund component, led by the World Bank. Thirteen GEF beneficiary countries participate in the project, while more than 10 investment projects have been earmarked for GEF support. More than 100 million US dollars have been put together in direct financing and co-financing, while the overall investment is expected to be in excess of 700 million US dollars. Its duration is 5 years and will be completed by mid 2014.
The E-URAL Project: New Opportunity for the EU
and Russia Cooperation in the Field of Environment
Lidia Prokhoda-Shumskikh(1), Antonio Marcomini(2),
Andrea Critto(2,3) and Elisa Giubilato(2,4)
(1) Sochi State University, Sochi, Russia
Tel: +7-8622-689-105 Fax: +7-8622-648-790
E-mail: prohoda_net@list.ru
(2) University Ca’ Foscari Venice, Venice, Italy
Tel: +39-041-2348584 Fax: +39-041-2348548
E-mail: marcom@unive.it
(3) Tel: +39-041-5093020 Fax: +39-041-5093074
E-mail: critto@unive.it
(4) Tel: +39-041-5093184 Fax: +39-041-5093074
E-mail: giubilato@unive.it
Abstract
E-URAL means European Union and Russia Link for S&T co-operation in the area of the environment. The overall strategic objectives of the E-URAL project concern: mapping of research expertise and needs in Russia in the field of Environment; awareness raising and capacity building for multipliers and researchers in Russia through training activities and staff exchanges; promotion of co-operation opportunities between EU and Russia; liaison with Russian and European stakeholders in areas of mutual concern.
With the aim of mapping the niches of excellence existing in Russia (particularly in peripheral regions) for the thematic priorities of the FP7 Environment theme, a Questionnaire on EU-Russia partnership in the field of Environment was developed and disseminated widely to hundreds of identified Russian organizations, and allowed to create the on-line database on Russian major research infrastructures, researchers and multipliers available on the E-URAL website (http://www.e-ural.vsu.ru/en/). Database can be looked up by European and Russian users (http://www.e-ural.vsu.ru/en/uforms/ appforms/search) by several search keys (e.g. research subject, geographical location) and the complete information (contact information, information and description of the scientist’s organisation, expertise offered, previous and present experience in the international cooperation, etc.) of the Russian profiles is obtained. In addition, the questionnaire was equally instrumental for the identification of research needs as well as priorities and obstacles for the EU-Russia cooperation.
To raise awareness and provide capacity building for multipliers and researchers in Russia E-URAL tools also includes training activities. Two-days national training session for Russian researchers, giving them all the necessary information to participate to FP7, and in particular to the ENV theme, were organized in different regions of Russia.
Moreover, a series of thematic workshops on coastal zone management, nature and biodiversity, climate change impacts and environmental technologies for solid waste and wastewater management gave opportunities to local Russian researchers to meet with highly experienced EU researchers (usually coordinators or qualified partners of EU FP6/FP7 projects) and to discuss research themes and collaboration mechanisms, as well as to build up new partnerships.
The main results concerning the perspectives and futures for European Union and Russia co-operation in the area of the environment, obtained through the questionnaire and the workshops, will be presented.
ICM Tools and Instruments
Adaptive Management of Coastal Areas: Using the
Open Standards Approach
Lisa Ernoul(1), Stella Vareltzidou(2), Corrado Teofili(3), Xavier
Escuté Gasulla(4) and Ilke Tilders(5)
(1) Tour du Valat, F- 13200 Arles, France
Tel: +33-0-490972966 Fax: +33-0-490972019
E-mail: ernoul@tourduvalat.org
(2) Axios Loudias Aliakmonas Management Authority, Halastra
57300,Thessalonica, Greece
Tel: +30 2310 794811 Fax: +30 2310 794368
E-mail: s.vareltzidou@yahoo.gr
(3) WWF Italy, Conservation Direction Via Po 25/c, 00198 Rome, Italy
E-mail: corrado.teofili@gmail.com
(4) Obra Social De Catalunyacaixa Provença, 08008 Barcelona, Spain
Tel: +93 484 70 08 Fax: +93 484 73 64
E-mail: xavier.escute.fos@catalunyacaixa.com
(5) Foundations of Success (Europe), 1217GR Hilversum, The Netherlands
Tel: + 31 6 218 409 22
E-mail: ilke@fosonline.org
Abstract
Adaptive management was first defined by Holling (1978) as “a structured, iterative process of optimal decision making in the face of uncertainty, with an aim at reducing uncertainty over time via system monitoring. Adaptive management is a tool which should be used not only to change a system, but also to learn about the system”. It recognizes the need for management decisions to examine economic, social and environmental values in an integrated way; taking into account the presence of many diverse stakeholders in environmental management issues and the uncertainty inherent in environmental processes. This paradigm has become fundamental to environmental management over the last 4 decades. Many environmental organizations have incorporated adaptive management schemes into their programs, but the dialogue between projects and programs has been limited due to a lack of standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation management. This has limited the possibility for practitioners to learn from other experiences, causing a repetition of trials and errors. Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation (OS) were developed as response to this problem, with the collaboration of many environmental organizations working together to create a common vocabulary in order to share experiences and adapt methodologies. More and more organizations across Europe are starting to use OS. In 2007, the first adaptive management training using the OS was organized in Europe. Since then a network of areas and people practicing the OS emerged and in January 2011 trained professionals from various European environmental organizations officially launched the European Conservation Coaches Network (CCNET Europe), with a special Mediterranean section. Many sites are now practicing adaptive management using the OS, including the Axios Delta (Greece), Muntanya d’Alinya (Catalunya, Spain), the Tour du Valat (Camargue, France) and the Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) in Italy. Each project is at a different phase of implementation from management plan development to implementation. We have seen that the OS are compatible and complementary to Natura 2000 sites. The advantages that have been seen in the sites include: such as promoting participatory processes, taking into account the cause – effect relationships, designs strategies focusing on the abatement of prioritized threats, and prioritizes strategies and actions. The OS management plans are anchored in biological targets and these targets can allow Natura 2000 sites to move beyond the limits of habitats or species, and include ecological process and habitat fragmentation as well. Despite these positive aspects, we have encountered several obstacles in our application of the OS including the need for more qualified facilitators/coaches, the lack of training materials and computer software in local languages and the important time/human resource needs implicated during the process. These difficulties are currently being addressed by the CCNET Europe through the training of coaches and the establishment of a website to share experiences and learn from others across Europe.
Extending Ecosystem Accounting Methods for the
Mediterranean and Black Sea Basins
Megan Nowell (1, 2), Emil Ivanov (3), François Morisseau (1), Roy
Haines-Young (3) and Françoise Breton (1)
(1) Research Group INTERFACE (SGR 1027), Department of Geography
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Tel: (+34)93 581 3549
Email: francoise.breton@uab.cat
(2) Email: MeganSarah.Nowell@uab.cat
(3) CEM, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Tel: (+44) 0115 951 4076
Email: emildiv@gmail.com
Abstract
Ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, hydrological processes, healthy fisheries and soil formation are increasingly recognized as vital to society and of significant economic and social value. The resilience of ecosystem is threatened by the transformation of land cover and land use by human activities. In order to document these changes, environmental accounting is being used as a method by the EU FP7 project, PEGASO, to measure sustainable development in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Basins. Ecosystem services require valuation so that rational choices can be made regarding competing forms of land use. To assist in this goal, ecosystem accounting is used to reflect on the critical stock and flows of natural capital by describing the quality and quantity of ecosystem services. The application of ecosystem accounting has particular relevance to vulnerable coastal zones of Europe. Europe’s coasts and coastal water quality is degrading. These coastal zones are of significant economic, environmental, social and cultural importance. The key biophysical problems include coastal erosion, habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, contamination of soil and water resources, and reduced quantity and quality of water. This paper includes case studies for the coast-sea interface, illustrating the need for a harmonized and comparable ecosystem accounting method for coastal landscapes and seascapes. The objective of this paper is to present the proposed Sea Ecosystem Accounts (SEAC) method and explore the considerations and inputs for this tool.
Coastal Management Tools and Databases for the
Sevastopol Bay (Crimea)
S. Konovalov(1), V. Vladymyrov(2), V. Dolotov(1,3),
A. Sergeeva(2), Yu. Goryachkin(1,4), Yu. Vnukov(1),
O. Moiseenko(1), S. Alyemov(2,5), N. Orekhova(1) and
L. Zharova(1)
(1) Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2, Kapitanskaya Street, Sevastopol 99011, Ukraine
Tel: +38-050-5881952 Fax: +38 069 2554253
E-mail: sergey_konovalov@yahoo.com
(2) Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine, 2, Nakhimova Avenue, Sevastopol 99011, Ukraine
Tel: +38-050-3251035 Fax: +38-069-2557813
E-mail: v.vladymyrov@ibss.org.ua
(3) E-mail: vdolotov@mail.ru
(4) E-mail: yngor@yandex.ru
(5) E-mail: numa_63@mail.ru
Abstract
The Bay of Sevastopol is one of rare natural inland harbours of the coast of Crimea on the Black Sea that has being serving as a marine shelter and residence for human civilizations for over 25 centuries. This bay has been under very heavy anthropogenic and industrial pressure for several decades, though it is an area that is vitally valuable for recreation and inhabitation. The Bay of Sevastopol has become and remains a subject of intensive oceanographic investigations and quarterly monitoring since 1997, though some data goes back to as far as the 1970’s. We have been intensively studying various issues of the Sevastopol Bay physics, biogeochemistry, biology, and pollution. In 2010, the EC FP7 PEGASO project was launched to address. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) issues, to provide a regional assessment of environmental conditions, to evaluate local conditions and introduce tools and mechanisms (platform) for implementation of the ICZM Protocol. Current results of the long-term monitoring and implementation of the PEGASO project are reported here.
A Socio-economic Approach for Coastal Zone
Assessment
Eric Le Gentil(1), Rémi Mongruel(1,2), Pascal Raux(1,3), Céline
Jacob(1,4), Régis Kalaydjian(1,5) and Jean-François Cadiou(6)
(1) Ifremer, Marine Economics Department, UMR M101 AMURE, BP70
F-29280 Plouzané, France
Tel: +33 (2) 98 22 49 89 Fax: +33 (2) 98 22 47 76
E-mail: Eric.Le.Gentil@ifremer.fr
(2) E-mail: Remi.Mongruel@ifremer.fr
(3) E-mail: Pascal.Raux@ifremer.fr
(4) E-mail: Celine.Jacob@ifremer.fr
(5) E-mail: Regis.Kalaydjian@ifremer.fr
(6) Ifremer, 83507 La-Seyne-sur-Mer, France
Tel: +33 (4) 94 30 49 75 Fax: +33 (4) 94 30 44 17
E-mail: Jean.Francois.Cadiou@ifremer.fr
Abstract
The PEGASO project (People for Ecosystem based Governance in Assessing Sustainable development of Ocean and coast) develops an ICZM governance platform which aims at producing integrated assessments in support of policy making decision for the sustainable development of the Mediterranean coastal zone. This paper presents the socio-economic approach developed for the assessment of the “Bouches du Rhône” (France) where conflicting uses and coastal waters pollutions are common management issues. In order to support decision-making, the socio-economic assessment intend to i) identify indicators at appropriate scales, ii) produce a clear overview of socio-economic pressures and associated environmental degradation, iii) analyse the existing links between ecosystem services production and human well-being and iv) underline the cost of management responses. This paper outlines detailed methodological approach developed for this task and the first results obtained in a case study dealing with the analysis of seaside tourism, nautical activities and coastal water quality.
Imagine: The Systemic and Prospective Sustainability
Analysis
Julien Le Tellier, Jean-Pierre Giraud and Antoine Lafitte
Plan Bleu / UNEP / MAP. 15 rue Ludwig Van Beethoven. 06560 Valbonne,
France. Web site: www.planbleu.org
Abstract
As one of the Regional Activity Centres of the Mediterranean Action Plan (UNEP/MAP), Plan Bleu works on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) since the 1990’s, particularly through the Coastal Area Management Projects (CAMPs). Plan Bleu has taken part in CAMPs as a leader of participatory approach, and especially by involving local stakeholders within the implementation of the Imagine method.
With environmental concerns coming increasingly to the fore, social and political calls are being made in favour of public involvement in the design and implementation of long term territorial strategies. Against this backdrop Plan Bleu has developed, tested and consolidated Imagine, a systemic and prospective method of territorial analysis which provides tools to describe, assess and examine the level of sustainability of an eco-socio system in the past, present and future by means of indicators and based on a participatory approach considering local stakeholders as experts within their own area. This method has proven its strengths in producing shared insight into a given coastal area (diagnosis, scenarios) and fostering stakeholder participation, thus leading to the identification of desirable futures and the drafting of collegially defined and approved action plans.
In the context of the Pegaso project – that aims at building a “Shared ICZM Governance Platform” for bridging the gap between scientists and end-user communities, to support the Mediterranean ICZM Protocol, and to help Black Sea countries to develop a similar instrument – Imagine is being simplified and adapted to Pegaso’s context and needs; Indicators, Scenarios and Participation are subject to special consideration in this project.
Spatial Data Infrastructures as a Critical Tool for
ICZM in the Mediterranean Basin
Gonzalo C. Malvárez(1), Emilia G. Pintado(2), Fátima Navas(3)
and Ann-Katrien Lescrauwaet (4)
(1) University Pablo de Olavide of Seville
Ctra. de Utrera Km.1, 41013. Seville (Spain)
Tel: +34954349518
E-mail: gcmalgar@upo.es
(2) E-mail: esguipin@upo.es
(3) E-mail: fnavcon@upo.es
(4) Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ
InnovOcean site Wandelaarkaai 7 B-8400 Oostende (Belgium)
Tel: +32 (0)59/34 21 30
E-mail: annkatrien.lescrauwaet@vliz.be
Abstract
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a complex process that involves various methodologies and stages to achieve results based on sharing knowledge and expertise between scientists, authorities and stakeholders. Recently, European Directives and Recommendations have supported the necessity and adequacy of taking a multidisciplinary approach to achieve "integration". In particular the role of the data (spatial data and databases) in the process of coastal zone management has emerged as one of the most important issues for the establishment and enforcement of integrated approaches to institutional and policy response. The importance of the INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe (INSPIRE) Directive, which provides an adequate framework for responding to and utilizing the potential exchange of environmental datasets that is collected and created by public agencies throughout the European Union, together with many environmental Directives, facilitates the assembly of large marine datasets collected by public institutions and enhances the re-use of data. This policy framework has underlined the necessity for incorporating new approaches in spatial data analysis, integrated and shared through common Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) for ICZM; The "Protocol on ICZM in the Mediterranean" (UNEP, 2008), needs of common approaches drawn through a set of indicators to measure the applicability of the Protocol and management processes. According to this purpose, the Pegaso project is creating an SDI for the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, including the most important efforts made by the public institutions and agencies in creating spatial datasets. This provides the framework to create and develop indicators and other tools to achieve ICZM for these two basins. The main objective is to construct a set of geonodes in each partner institution which facilitate partners to display and share their data and experience in ICZM to the rest of the community through the Pegaso SDI, and therefore enhance spatial data availability in the decision making process for coastal management and implementation. The diversity of needs in coastal and marine spatial data to implement ICZM strategies due both to the variety of coastal issues and the diversity of coastal regions, the harmonisation of datasets and the necessity for training within the Pegaso Consortium to assure a well developed SDI are some of the challenges faced on this work. Results thus far indicates that: (i) the capacity for data production and management is varied, (ii) geonode implementation will improve capacity of institutions to respond to ICZM challenges and (iii) a new paradigm in interoperability for spatial data will transform coastal governance through SDI’s interactive viewer as stakeholders and policy makers and managers interact on new further informed capacities.
A Marine Information System for Environmental
Monitoring
Michele Cocco(1), Sara Colantonio(2), Mario D’Acunto(2,3),
Massimo Martinelli(2,4), Davide Moroni(2,5), Gabriele Pieri(2,6),
Ovidio Salvetti(2,7) and Marco Tampucci(2,8)
(1) National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago, Loc. Enfola, 57037 Portoferraio,
Italy
Tel: +39-0565919411 Fax: +39-0565919428
E-mail: cocco@islepark.it
(2) Institute of Information Science and Technologies, ISTI-CNR, Via Moruzzi,
1 – 56124 Pisa, Italy
Tel: +39-0503153120 Fax: +39-0503153128
E-mail: sara.colantoni@isti.cnr.it
(3) E-mail: mario.dacunto@isti.cnr.it
(4) E-mail: massimo.martinelli@isti.cnr.it
(5) E-mail: davide.moroni@isti.cnr.it
(6) E-mail: gabriel.pieri@isti.cnr.it
(7) E-mail: ovidio.salvetti@isti.cnr.it
(8) E-mail: marco.tampucci@isti.cnr.it
Abstract
The ability to remotely detect and monitor oil spills at sea is becoming increasingly important due to the high demand of oil based products. As a consequence, shipping routes are becoming very crowded and the likelihood of oil slicks occurring is also increasing. In this frame, a fully integrated remote sensing system can act as a valuable monitoring tool. We propose an integrated and interoperable system able to monitor ship traffic and marine operators, using sensing capabilities from a variety of electronic sensors, along with geo-positioning tools, and through a communication infrastructure. Our model is capable of transferring data, freely and seamlessly, between different elements of the information systems (and their users). In this way different data are brought together, easily and in a consistent and usable form, in order to facilitate dynamic links between different models and analytical processes.
Using the Digital Terrain Model in the Integrated Spatial
Planning Systems for Danube Delta Coastal Area
Iulian Nichersu (1), Iuliana Nichersu (1, 2), Marian Mierla (1, 3),
Eugenia Marin (1, 4) and Cristian Trifanov (1, 5)
(1) Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development,
Department of Research, Babadag Street, 165 - 820112 Tulcea, Romania
Tel: +0040-240-524546 Fax: +0040-240-533547
E-mail: iuli@indd.tim.ro
(2) E-mail: iulianan@ indd.tim.ro
(3) E-mail: jenica@ indd.tim.ro
(4) E-mail: kriss@ indd.tim.ro
(5) E-mail: mmierla@indd.tim.ro
Abstract
The high-resolution maps (digital terrain model - DTM, digital elevation model - DEM, elevation classes - EC orthophotomaps - OFP) are the basis for support of actions from the Management Plan of Danube Delta, because it’s able to represent very accurate the land surface, which is very useful for spatial planning, management and conservation of ecosystems, management of risk situations, land applications and orthophotomaps precision.
Until recently, the cartographic support used in Danube Delta was the one made in 1965, with a reduced precision and not accurate now because of the geomorphologic changes.
The DTM can be made using the most advanced method, remote sensing (LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging,) which leads to a high precision both on X, Y (1 m) and the Z (0.2 m). The advantages of digital mapping support so provided are:
- Faster and cheaper preparation of maps;
- Designing maps for users in different areas of interest;
- The possibility to obtain maps in crisis;
- Facilitate data analysis aimed at interaction between statistics and mapping;
- Increase efficiency by using digital maps versus printed maps;
- The possibility of achieving three-dimensional and stereoscopic representations;
- Automation the entire process of mapping.
General support of high resolution digital map consists of four components: digital terrain model (DTM), digital elevation model (DEM) elevation classes (EC), orthophotomaps (OFP). These components are the basic support for carrying out most of the actions set out in Management Plans. Results in the form of digital maps will be transferred to the system of Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Administration.
The Digital Terrain Model for Danube Delta Coastal Area can be considered as a pilot to achieve high-resolution cartographic support for other Natura 2000 network sites.
The Primary Goals of DSS in
Coastal Zone Management
Yuriy I. Dreyzis (1), Irina V. Grigoriyn(1,2)
and Vladimir V. Kovalenko(1,3)
(1) Sochi State University, Sochi, Russia
Tel: +7-8622-68-91-05
E-mail: Yurid2006@yandex.ru
(2) E-mail: grira@rambler.ru
(3) E-mail: vlvas@mail.ru
Abstract
For the decision problems of management in the coastal area of the sea offers model decision support system (DSS). Work of system will be based on constant updating, accumulation and analyzed knowledge of a situation in region which are necessary for forecasting steady development of region, minimization of negative influences on a nature and supports of acceptance of administrative decisions.
It is offered to use multivariate OLAP-cubes for storage in system of the data on natural resources of region, ecological indicators of natural processes, results of the analysis and forecasting of an ecological situation.
Determination of the Shore Edge Line at Kundu
(Antalya, Turkey)
Candan Gökçeoğlu(1), Hakan A. Nefeslioğlu(2), Aykut
Akgün(3), Dilek Türer(1,4) and Mert Temimhan(5)
(1) Hacettepe University, Department of Geological Engineering
Ankara/TURKEY
Tel: +90-312- 297-7735 Fax: +90-312-299-2034
E-mail: cgokce@hacettepe.edu.tr
(2) General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Remote Sensing
and GIS Unit, Ankara/TURKEY
Tel: +90-312-287-3430 Fax: +90-312-286-2038
E-mail: hanefeslioglu@mta.gov.tr
(3) Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering
Tel: +90-462- 377-3508 Fax: +90-462- 325-7405
E-mail: aykut.akgun@ktu.edu.tr
(4) E-mail: dturer@hacettepe.edu.tr
(5) Lara, Tourism Investors Association, Antalya/TURKEY
Tel: +90- 242-352-0585 Fax: +90-242-352-0587
E-mail: merttemimhan@gmail.com
Abstract
Determination of shore edge line is a very important part of coastal planning in order to provide sustainable development in coastal areas. City of Antalya (Turkey), being world-wide famous touristic location, has been undergoing intense infrastructure development in order to accommodate the demand. In order to provide guidance to such developments, in this study, shore edge line of Lara-Kundu (Antalya) region has been determined depending on geological, geomorphological and other natural conditions in accordance with the definitions given in Turkish Coastal Law (3621) No. 4. In the field, high tide-low tide water levels and shore edge line with corresponding coordinates have been determined using differential GPS with application of “real-time measurement” technique. The extent of natural vegetation, degree of compaction of sediments and topographic rises has been used as criteria for determination of shore edge line. In order to observe natural state of the coastal area before the constructions, to complete geomorphological map and to confirm the shore edge line determined in the field, high resolution Quickbird satellite images of 2002 and 2009 were used. Also, the extent of natural vegetation before the construction works was determined using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) approach. The result of the study shows that the shore edge line in the study area ranges between 25 m and 205 m starting from low tide water level.
Coastal Conservation
Integrated Management Principles for Coastal
Cultural Landscape Areas of Turkey
Nida Naycı(¹) and Neriman Şahin Güçhan(²)
(1)Mersin University, Faculty of Architecture, Çiftlikköy Campus, Mezitli,
Mersin, Turkey.
Tel: + 90-324-361 0001,
E-mail: nidanayci@mersin.edu.tr,
(2)METU, Faculty of Architecture, 122 Inonu Bulvarı, 06531, Ankara, Turkey.
Tel: +90-312-210 22 03,
E-mail: neriman@metu.edu.tr
Abstract
Cultural landscape contexts generated by natural, historical and rural environments are significant aspects of Mediterranean coastal areas, which possess accumulated information related to past experiences and meanings showing relationship of man-kind with coastal environments. Introduction of ‘cultural landscape conservation’ as a new topic into international mediums has become important especially after 1980s as a result of the increase in the awareness of “sustainability” and “sustainable development”. Cultural landscape areas are significant potentials in utilization of traditional lifestyles and local information showing sustainable use and living in harmony with nature to achieve ICZM principles and required appropriate governance models. Thus, traditional cultural landscapes are supported as the source for ‘sustainable land use’ to achieve balance between nature and human; as well as maintaining biodiversity. Being a significant Mediterranean country with its rich and diverse coastal heritage values, Turkey deserves special attention regarding coastal cultural landscape areas. Problems aroused from lack of appropriate ICZM policies, fragmentation of existing legislative tools and lack of designation status related to cultural/rural landscape areas causing severe threats on these has been the basis for discussions of this paper. For this purpose this paper aims to focus on achieving appropriate integrated management policies for coastal cultural landscape values of Turkey within the goals and strategies of ICZM principles.
First section of the paper includes review on generation of important key concepts and milestones regarding cultural landscape management with specific emphasis on coastal areas and ICZM policies that are put forth by intergovernmental organizations. Second part continues with a brief overview and portrayal of the present situation in Turkey within existing legislative and administrative context. Third section continues with a detailed analysis on Mediterranean Region related to identification of coastal cultural landscape values and portrayal of current planning and management problems in these areas. For this purpose, two case-study areas selected from Mediterranean region in order to show regional similarities and differences are analyzed in detail: Erdemli-Silifke Coastal region in Mersin also called as the ancient Olba Territorium during historic ages and Datça-Bozburun Peninsula in Muğla, which is designated as a Specially Protected Area (SPA).
Methodology of case-study researches based on multi-site analysis including survey and documentation of their archaeological and cultural characteristics in relation with natural context they are located within. Examples discussed in this paper base on the data gathered by site visits and cataloguing of related information throughout previous researches conducted by the author1; which includes survey of 14 archaeological settlements located within traditional rural settlements in Erdemli-Silifke Coastal Region in Mersin; and survey of 21 traditional villages from Datça-Bozburun SPA. Based on the experiences derived from case-study areas, last section of the paper concludes with proposals related to principles to achieve integrated principles for cultural landscape management.
Setting up the Medposidonia Programme in the
Mediterranean Region
Gérard Pergent(1), Yelda Aktan(2), Said Belbacha(3), Aslam
Djellouli(4), Renaud Dupuy de la Grandrive(5), El Maki Ayad
Elagil(6), Souha El Asmi(7), Ali Cemal Gucu(8), Habib
Langar(9), Saida Laouar(10), Christine Pergent-Martini(1,7),
Chedly Rais(11), Rachid Semroud(12) and Mohamed Sherif(6)
(1) UMR CNRS SPE 6134, Corsica University, Faculty of Science of Corte,
20250 Corte, France
Phone: 0033 4 95 45 01 46
E-mail: pergent@univ-corse.fr
(2) Istanbul University, Fisheries Faculty, 34470 Laleli, Istanbul, Turkey
(3) Jijel University, Faculty of Science, Ouled Aissa, 18000 Jijel, Algeria
(4) Tunis-El Manar University, Faculty of Science of Tunis, 2092 El Manar,
Tunis, Tunisia
(5) ADENA, Domaine du Grand Clavelet, 34300 Agde, France
(6) Environment General Authority, Janzoor, Al-Ghiran – Tripoli, Libya
(7) Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas, 1080 Tunis, Tunisia
(8) Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, 33731
Mersin, Turkey
(9) National Institute of Marine Science and Technology, 2025 Tunis, Tunisia
(10) Ministry of Land Planning, Environment and Tourism, 16100 Algiers,
Algeria
(11) OKIANOS, 8110 Tabarka, Tunisia
(12) National Higher School for Marine Sciences and Coastal Management,
Dely Ibrahim, 16320 Algiers, Algeria
Abstract
The MedPosidonia programme, an initiative of the Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (UNEP/MAP) supported by the Total corporate Foundation, aims at collecting information on the geographic distribution and evolution of Posidonia meadows (Posidonia oceanica) in four Mediterranean countries with a view to using these information to elaborate and/or adjust their conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity programmes.
Within the framework of this programme, activities were performed at two locations in Algeria (Kouali Cove and El Kala coasts), three in Tunisia (Sidi Ali El Mekki coasts, Sousse/Monastir Bay and Kerkennah Island), two in Libya (Tripoli area and Ain Al-Ghazala coasts) and two in Turkey (Gökçeada Island and Mersin area).
Several actions were carried out: (i) enhancement of national capacities by the means of training sessions, (ii) carrying out of general cartography works using side scan sonar (lower limit) and remote sensing, through satellite images, (upper limit) techniques, (iii) setting up of monitoring systems along the lower limit following a standardized protocol, (iv) general assessment of seagrass meadow location and vitality, and (v) assessment of the ecological status of the water body using Posidonia oceanica as a bio-indicator. All the data collected were included in a Geographic Information System that will be regularly updated.
Cartography of Main Coastal Ecosystems
in a NATURA 2000 Site
Marina Bonacorsi(1), Nils Bréand(2), Philippe Clabaut(2,3),
Boris Daniel(4), Michel Marengo(2,5), Gérard Pergent(1,2,6),
Christine Pergent-Martini(1,2,7) and Marc Verlaque(8)
(1) UMR CNRS SPE 6134, Corsica University, Faculty of Science of Corte, BP
52, 20250 Corte (France)
Tel : 00 33 495 450 055 Fax : 00 33 488 100 593
Email: bonacorsi@univ-corse.fr
(2) GIS Posidonie – Corsica Center, Faculty of Science of Corte, , BP 52, 20250
Corte (France)
Tel : 00 33 495 450 146 Fax : 00 33 488 100 593
Email : nils.breand@gmail.com
(3) Email : philippe.clabaut@wanadoo.fr
(4) Agence des Aires Marines Protégées - Antenne Méditerranée, France
Tel : 00 33 434 466 658
Email : boris.daniel@aires-marines.fr
(5) Email : michel.marengo@laposte.net
(6) Email: pergent@univ-corse.fr
(7) Email: pmartini@univ-corse.fr
(8) University of the Mediterranean, Center of Oceanology at Marseille, 163
Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09
Tel : 00 33 491 829 106 Fax : 00 33 491 411 265
Email : marc.verlaque@univmed.fr
Abstract
Seagrass meadows and coralligenous assemblages appear as major habitats of the Mediterranean littoral. As part of the characterization of Natura 2000 site along the Cap Corse coast (western Mediterranean basin), a mapping of assemblages and bottomtypes present from the surface to a depth of 100 m is carried out.
Mapping survey is carried out by using aerial photographs for the shallow waters (from 0 to −15 m), and a multibeam echosonder (bathymetry) and side scan sonar (bottom types), for the deeper waters. The use of a ROV (Remote Operating Vehicle), observations by scuba-diving and takings by means of a Van-Veen grab allow to validate data acquired.
Over 540 km2 have been mapped during the summer 2010. Assemblages and bottom types, highlight by combining investigation methods, are mainly Posidonia oceanica meadow on matte or on rocky bottom (up to a depth of 40 m), sandy bottom (fine to coarse sand with locally sandy bedforms and a biogenic part more or less important), rhodolith beds and/or maërl assemblages, constitute by died or living freeliving calcareous algae (up to a depth of 100 m), and rocky bottom on which more or less developed coralligenous habitats are identified.
The available results show the importance of areas occupied by these major habitats and, in particular, by rhodoliths beds, and demonstrate the Cap Corse’s interest, in terms of Mediterranean biodiversity conservation.
Cetacean-Human Interactions in the Northern Black Sea
Evgeny B. Gol’din
Southern Branch of the National University of Biological Resources and
Environmental Management of Ukraine – Crimean Agricultural and
Technological University, 95492 Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine
Tel: +380 652 221389
E-mail: evgeny_goldin@mail.ru
Abstract
Takes of cetaceans in the northern Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in fisheries, mainly for human consumption and animal food production, and numerous incidental by-catches, were routine until 1966. In 1966-1991, by-caught cetaceans were legally used for domestic animal consumption. In early 1990s, human consumption of cetacean meat and market trade was observed. After 1994, the conservation status of all cetacean species was improved in Ukraine by the Red Data Book, and food consumption of bycaught animals was prohibited. However, the facts of economical use of by-caught and stranded cetaceans by coastal residents and tourists are still reported; nevertheless, this problem have not been studied in the region. As a rule, the particular facts remain unknown to scientists or authorities. Thereby, student audience was applied for anonymous reports on consumption of cetaceans including not only personal experience of the respondents, but also the evidences of their parents, neighbours and friends. This approach was found to be very effective and brought very interesting results. Here the results of questionnaire survey in 2002-2011 (about 3000 students and local people), anonymous reports by coastal residents, and materials of field excursions, from the coastline from Odessa to Sochi for the period from 1976 to 2010 were analyzed. The questionnaire contained confidential questions about economical use of animal carcasses by coastal residents (human consumption, domestic animal feeding, cases of incidental and direct catches, etc.), and about attitude of respondents to the Red Data Book, problems of cetacean conservation and their sources of information in this sphere. The most of respondents know about the Red Data Book (mainly from educational courses and TV), and support cetacean conservation. In total, about 200 cases of food consumption and technical use of by-caught and stranded animals were reported. Geographical area of economical using occupies mainly the regions of traditional coastal fisheries, non-urban and underdeveloped territories of the Crimea. The most cases, in which the species was identified, concern harbour porpoise and bottlenose dolphin. Several ways of economic use are reported: human consumption by local residents (mainly fishermen, marginal and underclass population, teenagers and tourists) in all coastal regions; in addition, eleven cases of café/restaurant service in cities were reported; animal feeding in poultry and hog households, as well as furbearing animals, dog and cat feeding is routine; porpoise blubber use for medicine and cooking as a local tradition (mainly Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait). Findings of disarticulated animals were recorded in all coastal regions. At least, five cases of direct take/killing were reported marking a dangerous tendency in human-cetacean interactions. Economical use of by-caught and stranded cetaceans occurs sporadically in the northern Black Sea coastal zone despite legislative and conservation measures.
Socially Sustainable MPAs and Marine Impact Trade
Kostas Koutsis(1), Panos Christofilogiannis(2) and Dimitris
Markatos (3)
(1) Fisheries Laboratory, Hellenic Ministry for Development, Competitiveness
& Shipping; 15 Karaoli & Demetriou St., Piraeus, GR 185 31, Greece
Tel.: + (30)2104110202 Fax: + (30)2104120178
E-mail: koutsisk@gmail.com
(2) 143 Papagou Avenue, Zografou – Athens GR 157 73, Greece
Tel: + (30)2107470147
E-mail: info@aquark.gr
(3) 9 Valaoritou St., Athens, GR106 71, Greece
Tel: + (30)2103611611 Fax: + (30)2103607031
E-mail: athenslaw@athenslaw.gr
Abstract
The Mediterranean basin faces an increasingly acute problem of marine environment degradation due to extreme human intervention and overexploitation. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), the main measure currently in place, are criticised for displaying limited success due to inherent disadvantages (their large size makes MPAs hard to finance, manage and police; while the restrictions and loss of income they impose, cause local communities to be hostile to their presence). A new institutional tool is required that will ensure sustainable marine conservation without burdening State budgets, and create alternative income sources and development opportunities for locals. Measures that would meet these requirements should be applicable by the State and in line with the polluter pays principle, but still present advantages to those called upon to bear their cost.
We propose a form of Marine Impact Trade (MIT), which would allow a State to offset marine environmental impact, caused by any sector of the economy, with marine protection activities, advantageous to those who have to implement them, while also benefiting local communities to an even greater extent; thus rendering such measures affordable to the payers and welcomed by the locals. We propose a pilot MIT application using the novel concept of Diving Parks (small self-financed and sustainable marine notake areas, dedicated to recreational diving, already proven to rapidly restore and sustainably protect the marine environment). These Diving Parks, initially financed by polluters and run by them hand-in-hand with local entrepreneurs and communities, shall provide immediate and effective marine environmental rejuvenation and sustainable conservation. Additionally, this offers an opportunity: (a) for polluters/payers to display social responsibility and even make a profit (instead of a loss), and (b) for local societies to reap the benefits of an impressive development in tourism and related activities, cultivating local environmental consciousness and pride. A centrally monitored network of such scattered self-sustained Diving Parks, for which we have coined the term Socially Sustainable MPAs (SoS MPAs), can extend to establish and provide effective ongoing biodiversity protection to a large number of marine locations.
Tourism
Effects of Tourism Planning and Investments Process
on Sustainability of Coastal Regions in Turkey
Nihal Şenlier(1) and Güliz Salihoğlu(1)
(1)Gebze Institute of Technology; Faculty of Architecture, Department of
City and Regional Planning, Istanbul-Turkey
Tel: +90 532 291 60 40; Fax: +90 262 653 84 95
E-mail: nsenlier@tnn.net
Abstract
Similar to environmental issues, most of the problems caused by industrialization of tourism emerge as these areas are not developed within a comprehensive plan. As tourism is a sector which has long term environmental effects, especially in developed countries, tourism planning is considered to be very important.
In Turkey the concept of tourism planning, with main principles, objectives and methods, took place for the first time in the First 5-Year Development Plan (1963-1967) as an economic sector. In this context, “The South Antalya Tourism Development Project (SATDP)”, which was approved in 1977, is marked as the first and most important tourism development project, planned in the regional framework. While a planned development on a regional scale such as SATDP was trying to be realized on the one hand, in many coastal areas and settlements on the other hand with the political and economical pressures, agglomerations of unplanned touristic facilities appeared. This situation, which brings a pressure on environmental, cultural and social structure, in fact adversely affects the development of tourism in its own process. In this sense, in the present study, the planning and facility investment processes in Turkey are addressed within the scope of tourism sector, and the impacts of comprehensive planning on sector-specific sustainability and hence the sustainability of resources are intended to be highlighted.
Importance of the Istanbul Port in Terms of Cruise Tourism
Özlem Sertkaya Doğan
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: +90-212-455 57 00
E-mail: srtkydgn@istanbul.edu.tr
Abstract
Cruise tourism is a significant tourism sector which has multilateral socioeconomic contributions. Activities which yield economic income both on board and at ports are highly important in cruise tourism which has emerged as an alternative tourism type. The supply-demand equilibrium which is created by this phenomenon creates new employment opportunities.
Istanbul Port as our research subject consists of Salıpazarı and Galata quays. World’s largest cruises (with an average of 3000-3500 passengers) have been docking at the Port since 1986, when the number of global cruises rapidly increased.
Going through the research, not only positive external attractions but also negative effects especially caused by environmental factors were taken into consideration. After a general description, the place of cruising in tourism sector, its development and basic aspects of route planning were discussed in terms of supplydemand equilibrium. Moreover, global market was handled in terms of lines and within this context the importance of Istanbul Port among these lines was discussed. The research proposes some suggestions for the present situation of cruise tourism in Istanbul and about how to make better use of this particular tourism type.
Multi Criteria Decision Making for Ecotourism
Sara Demir (1), Hayriye Esbah (1, 2) and Aliye Ahu Akgun (3)
(1) Istanbul Technical University, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 34437
Taşkışla, Taksim, İstanbul
Tel: +90-212-293 13 00/ 23 69 Fax: +90-212-251 48 95
E-mail:sarademir@gmail.com
(2) E-mail: esbah@itu.edu.tr
(3) Istanbul Technical University, Dept. of Urban and Regional Planing,
34437 Taşkışla, Taksim, İstanbul
Tel: +90 212 293 1300/2273 Fax: +90-212-251 48 95
E-mail:gulumser@itu.edu.tr
Abstract
İğneada is a coastal town on the very north east coast of Black Sea Region in Turkey. The area is reputable with its mangrove forests, wetlands, coastal line, endemic and endangered species, hence part of it was declared as a national park. However, recently, there are number of unsuitable economic activities proposed for the area such as a large port for conveniently exporting industrial goods to Europe, and a nuclear plant. The basic premise of this study is that ecotourism could be a more sustainable activity for İğneada. Ecotourism is a well-known strategy for balancing development and preservation in ecologically rich areas that is also highly attractive for tourism. This study aims to define ecotourism criteria for İğneada, and proposes an ecotourism strategy for this ecologically sensitive coastal environment. To reach our aim, one of the well-known multi-criteria decision making methods, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), is employed on the basis of the data derived from the surveys and interviews with locals and experts. In addition, observations during the site surveys are presented with regards to the threats of İğneada‟s ecologically sensitive coastal habitats. This study offers a framework to generate a priority ranking for ecotourism development in İğneada. The methods and the findings can set an example for sustainable development of other coastal zones in Turkey and other countries.
Adaptive Reuse of Mountain Settlements as Ecolodges
in South Sinai Protected Areas, Egypt
Sherine Khalil
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
Nature Conservation Sector
Tel: 00202 27363237, 002 012 2367423 Fax: 00202 2736253, 0175421329
Email: Sherrykhalil@yahoo.com
Abstract
Sinai is regarded as one of the most important tourist regions in Egypt, being gifted with natural potentials and opportunities. It enjoys local and international communications network through airports, harbours and paved roads. South Sinai enjoys a wonderful and incomparable climate the year round that attracts various types of tourists. It is also rich in historic, religious and cultural heritage tourism, in addition to recreational, nature based tourism and ecotourism.
In South Sinai there are 5 protected areas that enrich the ecotourism potential and invite a range of activities: mountaineering, aqua sports, diving, swimming, snorkelling, sailing, trekking, bird watching, etc. Hence Sinai is most suited for ecotourism by virtue of its pristine areas of natural beauty and international significance. The region embraces varied natural features (terrestrial and aquatic) as well as interesting flora, fauna and avifauna.
The paper studies the possibility of re-using the Vernacular Architecture of South Sinai Bedouin Mountain Settlements as Ecotourism Facilities. It reviews the experience of developing an ecolodge through the adaptive reuse of an abandoned Bedouin mountain settlement in St. Katherine Protected Area, South Sinai and restoring it and renovating it and turning it into a Bedouin owned and managed ecolodge through the guidance, advice consultation and assistance of the Ministry of Environment, the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency Nature Conservation Sector.
The paper examines the site’s existing conditions: the architecture, infrastructure, surrounding environment, local community and legal an administrative constraints; and offers recommendations for the transformation of the abandoned Bedouin mountain settlement into an ecotourism facility. It is divided into five parts: (i) introduction: (ii) assessment of the existing conditions, (iii) proposal for development of the mountain settlement into an Ecolodge, (iv) Environment and Sustainability considerations and (v) Conclusion.
Hence the paper proves the possibility of promoting ecotourism through the adaptive reuse of the vernacular architecture of abandoned settlements and their restoration and renovation into ecolodges in the area; as well as promoting sustainable development; economic sustainability, environmental sustainability and local community involvement, development and empowerment, hence fulfilling the 3 pillars of Sustainable Development.
Urban and Rural Development
Perceiving Istanbul from the Bosphorus Bridge
Fatma Ayçım Türer Başkaya
Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of
Landscape Architecture, Taşkışla Campus, 34437, Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: 0090 212 293 13 00-ext. 2801 Fax: 0090 212 251 48 95
E-mail: turerfat@itu.edu.tr
Abstract
Throughout the history, Istanbul has always been a significant coastal city grasping an outstanding urban silhouette. Dividing the historical city into two pieces and constituting the border between two continents, Bosphorus Strait plays an important role in the generation of this silhouette. Natural, cultural and spatial diversity of the megacity enables Bosphorus Strait to capture prominent vantage points to Istanbul.
By focusing on the visible areas from the Bosphorus Bridge, this study scrutinizes the spatial and visual alterations in the historic coastal areas of Istanbul in order to gain an understanding of these landscapes. Regarding the interaction between coastal silhouette and urban identity in Istanbul, this study utilizes GIS technology to identify the visual boundary perceived from the Bosphorus Bridge and examine the interplay between the major components of the pertinent silhouette. Further information on the progress of cityscape’s transformation is compiled from the existing scholarly and government literatures, historical photographs and field studies.
These analyses indicate that the visual boundary perceived from the Bosphorus Bridge expands beyond the legally defined and protected Bosphorus area, thus capturing even UNESCO World Heritage site of Istanbul and the skyscraper clusters of the last decades. There is a qualitative and quantitative decline in the proportion of historical artefacts and green spaces within the silhouette. Rapid process of urban transformation brings about spatial and perceptional alterations within the silhouette. However coastal silhouette and urban identity of Istanbul have been tightly knitted together throughout the centuries. Hence, perception of the historical, natural and multicultural identity of the coastal area diminishes due to the contradictions between old and new features existing inside the visual boundary.
Today, cities from all over the world give priority to do silhouette and cityscape studies. New global and local features’ occurrence in an urban structure may be inevitable but how and where they are going to be established is up to creative planning and design. Focusing on a vantage point like the Bosphorus Bridge, this study investigates the spatial changes within the coastal silhouette and highlights the importance of revealing strategies for the cityscape of Istanbul.
Socioeconomic Changes in the Adatepe Village, NW Turkey
Mesut Doğan
Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Geography, Istanbul, Turkey
esutan@istanbul.edu.tr
Abstract
As known, geographical characteristics of an area are decisive substantially for both development and survival of settlements. Natural or anthropogenically-triggered disasters often give rise not only to economic damage and mortality but also removal of allocation units. In Turkey, the displacement of rural settlements is frequently associated with mass movements that occur where geological, geomorphologic and climatologic factors as well as human interference make settlement areas prone to slides or slumps. In recent years, such events have caused significant economic damages and even loss of lives in various regions of the country. The anthropogenic involvements such as road construction, mining operations and pipeline engineering activities and so on constitute the main provocative factors.
In the Biga Peninsula, villages are mostly found on weathering-prone volcanic areas. The highly-weathered agglomerates and clay-bearing Miocene marine deposits have a potential of failure in interior and coastal parts of the peninsula, respectively. An example to relocated villages is the Adatepe Village, which is presently found 500 m south of the southwest coast of the Marmara Sea and situated at 5 km north of the former village. The population of the village was 937 when the ground collapses took place in 1960 and slightly increased to 1148 in 2010 in the new settlement area. Today, the village continues to expand on eastern part of a river delta formed by the Bayram Dere, flowing into the Marmara Sea. The main aim of this study is to discuss the changes in socio-economic life and land-use before and after the landslide that caused displacement. Furthermore, the village expands rapidly towards the coast where coastal landslides driven by sea waves occur.
Beach Management
An Evaluation of Beach User Group Priorities,
Swansea Bay, South Wales, UK
M.R. Phillips(1), A.T. Williams(1,2) and F. Ashby(1,3)
(1) School of Built and Natural Environment, Faculty of Applied Design
and Engineering, Swansea Metropolitan University, Mount Pleasant,
Swansea, Wales, UK. SA1 6ED.
Tel: + 44 1792 481106; Fax: + 44 1792 651760.
Email: m.phillips@smu.ac.uk;
(2) Email: allan.williams@virgin.net
(3) Email: faron.ashby@smu.ac.uk
Abstract
Landscape is a resource which should be considered as a variable in land use decisions. However, a major problem in the development of quantitative scenic assessment methods is measuring the contributions of specific landscape elements to overall user preference. Coastal stakeholders can be grouped according to use and as such, can inform of coastal aspects which are considered specifically relevant to interest. Therefore, this study evaluated the preferences and priorities of two user groups, walkers and cyclists along a 5km pathway in Swansea Bay, South Wales. These are the main user groups who use it for travelling to work and recreational purposes. Scenery was assessed using an established Beach Rating checklist, comprising fifty physical, biological and human use factors. Weightings were subsequently established in response to the priorities of these user groups. Physical factors dominated cyclist responses while biological factors reflected walker priorities. Human use factors were of concern to both groups and included beach litter and outfalls. Results showed weighting of both groups had changed overall ranking and assessment range in response to beach factors favoured by user group priorities. Results were subsequently compared to results for conservation, surfer and family preferences and differences shown. Physical factor scores were significantly lower (p < 0.01) than both biological and human use categories for both walkers and cyclists.
Coastal Scenery at Beaches on Hong Kong Island, China,
A. T. Williams(1) and L. Li (2)
(1) Built Environment, Swansea Metropolitan University, Mt Pleasant,
Swansea, SA1 6ED, UK.
Tel. (01792 481149)
E.mail: allan.williams@smu.ac.uk
(2) Lambeth Engineering Consultants, 28/F Devon House, 578 King’s Road,
Box 9711, Hong Kong, China.
Tel (852) 3962 6502
E.mail: leo.li@lambeth.com.hk
Abstract
Coastal managers together with planners need coastal landscape inventories in order to base sound management decisions on ascertained facts. Coastal areas are under threat due to the forcing function of people who flock to the coast for habitation and/or recreation, which affects a strategic asset – coastal scenery. In this paper, many coastal scenery parameters, obtained from a literature search/questionnaires (>800), were subsequently pared to 26. Parameter preferences and priorities obtained by perception studies were weighted pre fuzzy logic analysis via matrices relating to the selected landscape components. Beaches on Hong Kong Island are sparse in number and coastal scenery values were investigated at five Hong Kong island beaches chosen to represent the main recreational beaches. An Evaluation Decision Index (D) value enabled scenic differentiation. Class 1 scenery, had D values > 0.85; Class 2, between 0.85 and 0.65; Class 3, between 0.65 and 0.4; Class 4, between 0.4 and zero; Class 5, below zero. The D values found varied from 0.04 to 0.96.
Water Management
Vulnerability of Coastal Aquifers and Groundwater
Quality: Ghar El Melh (Tunisia) and Bou-Areg (Morocco)
Salvatore Carrubba (1), Jose Luis Martin-Bordes (2) and Viviana Re (3)
(1) Department of Applied Geology, DITAG, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca
degli Abruzzi, 24, 10124 Torino, Italy
E-mail: salvatore.carrubba@libero.it
(2) UNESCO International Hydrological Programme (IHP). Division of Water
Sciences. 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France
Tel: +33145683954
E-mail: jl.martin-bordes@unesco.org
(3) Department of molecular sciences and nanosystems, University Ca’ Foscari
Venice, Dorsoduro-Calle Larga Santa Marta 2137. 30123 Venice, Italy
E-mail: re@unive.it
Abstract
Within the framework of the GEF UNEP/MAP Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (MedPartnership), UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme (IHP) is executing the sub-component related to the “Management of Coastal Aquifers and Groundwater”.
The aim of this subcomponent is to reverse the trends in over-extraction and degradation in the quality of coastal aquifers in the Mediterranean coastal zone through policy interactions for providing appropriate capacity and technology for groundwater management. The activities focus on assessing the risks to coastal aquifers and associated uncertainties, the preparation of a regional action plan, demonstrations in collaboration with other sub-components (ICZM, IWRM) and the drafting of legislative, policy and institutional reforms contributing to the implementation of the Barcelona Convention and the related Protocols.
This paper address the research work carried out in two case studies of this subcomponent that have been supported by the Italian Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea as a contribution to the MedPartnership. The first case study addresses the vulnerability of the coastal aquifer of Ghar El Melh in the North of Tunisia. In the largest part of the area there is more than one aquifer. All aquifers are exploited by people through wells and the majority of them are hand dug and used for agriculture purposes. In more than one point, there is a connection between the fresh water of the aquifers and the salt water of the lagoon or of the sea. The aquifers in this area present two types of hydrogeological vulnerability: the first is due to the vertical vulnerability of the aquifer resulting from a pollutant coming from the surface and the second is due to the vulnerability resulting from salt water intrusion. This study will present the methodology used for the evaluation of the aquifers vulnerability and the next steps for the creation of a hydrogeological model and a vulnerability map.
The second case study addresses the hydrogeochemical study of the Bou-Areg coastal plain in the North of Morocco. The alluvial coastal aquifer is drained by a large number of wells drilled for civil, industrial, agricultural and domestic purposes. Therefore, the main impacts on the aquifer are associated on the one hand to abstraction rates exceeding natural replenishment rates, and possibly leading to overexploitation problems, and on the other to diffuse and point sources of pollution associated to human activities causing the degradation of the natural groundwater quality. In order to evaluate and quantify those processes, the investigation on the Bou-Areg coastal aquifer is focused on the application of general chemistry and isotopic (δ2H, δ18O, δ13C, δ15NNO3, δ18ONO3) tracers aimed to identify the main sources of groundwater pollution and salinization.
Water Stress Dynamics in Zante Island, Ionian Sea
Pavlos Megalovasilis(1), Anastasios Kalimeris(2) and Spyros Plessas(3)
(1) Department of Geology, University of Patras, Patra, GR 26 504, Greece,
Tel: +30- 6945-109741
E-mail: pmegal@upatras.gr
(2) Department of Environmental Technology and Ecology, Technological
Educational Institute of the Ionian Islands, GR 29 100, Greece
(3)Department of Environment and Hydroeconomy, Regional Section of
Zakynthos, GR 291 00, Greece
Abstract
Zante Island (central Mediterranean region) is a very rapidly developing island in terms of touristic production, population, urbanization and groundwater is the main water reservoirused to supply these activities plus the agricultural and domestic demands. Permanent population increases after the 1980s (at a decadal rate as high as +19%), as well as, the touristic arrivals and overnight stays (that increasing at decadal rates equal to 16% and 9.5% respectively). In addition, tourist development has an impact in groundwater demands of 1.2∙106 km3/year. The aforementioned population dynamics is accompanied by an intensive urbanization along the island, where an impressive house construction increase at a mean annual rate of 2.6% yr−1 recorded in the last decade. On the same time annual precipitation has been diminished by 22 cm (or 23%) after the 1970s, and climatic models predict that the observed significant negative trends to persist at least along the current century. Hence it is estimated that the future water deficit from precipitation in Zante will cause 40 hm3 less groundwater natural recharge. Surface discharges are not permanent and most of the runoff water ends to the sea. Unmanaged domestic, commercial, irrigation and industrial water use has caused discrete environmental problems to its aquifers such as overexploitation, salinization and quality degradation. As an indirectly consequence there is also a dramatic increase in the amounts of waste material buried comparing to the past apart the higher water demands. This fact has led the saturation of islands landfill and a series of serious environmental consequences. The present total water consumption is estimated to reach more than 9.3∙106 m3 yr−1, but various future scenarios that takes into account in a rather simple –and mostly linear- way the observed population, development and climate trends, show that by the 2050s water demands would be doubled or even tripled (reaching levels as high as 18 − 34 hm3∙y−1). In such a case, the increase of all water demands seems to be able for exhausting the geological groundwater reserves of the island. Therefore rational management of island’s water resources according to the existent lows must be applied immediately.
Water Protection: Investigation of Riparian Buffer Zones
Barış Ergen(1) and Zeynep Ergen(1,2)
(1) Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey
Tel: +90 354 242 10 01/ 2198 (internal) Fax: +90 354 242 10 05
E-mail: baris_ergen@yahoo.com
(2) E-mail: ardazeynep@gmail.com
Abstract
Urban development can be defined as growing population, higher population density and physical sprawl of an urban area. The physical development of urban growth demolishes the natural areas and natural resources. Water resources are the one of the example of that they are affected by urban development. Water resources are affected by urban development which river or stream carries the pollutants. In this process pollutants gather by water runoff and mix with ground and underground water. The joining point of streams with water runoff is the important zone to intervention to water pollution. This zone is named riparian buffer zone; and riparian buffer zone is transition zone of river or stream between lands. Researches show that riparian buffer zones obstruct contamination, sediments, erosion therefore we can name the riparian buffer zones as a filter zones of rivers; besides riparian buffer zones provide to create habitat for species, improve water quality and create migration paths to species. Researches about riparian zones have shown that two main subjects were emphasized in order to protect water resources. First one is vegetation of buffer zone; and latter is expansion of buffer zones in order to hinder the negative effects of human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, industrial production. Aquatic systems are so sensitive areas that the quality of system can not be measured by just expanse and/or vegetation.
In this sense in conclusion a land use based method is recommended so as toprotect streams or rivers from urban development and the negative effects of urbanization. According to results of this method land uses, forestation and vegetation areas can be defined and expanse of buffer zone can be determined successfully.
Climate Change Impacts and Responses
Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Areas: Results from
the SALT, TRUST, CANTICO and PEGASO Projects
Silvia Torresan (1), Jonathan Rizzi (1,2), Alex Zabeo (1,3), Sara
Pasini(1,4), Valentina Gallina(1,5), Andrea Critto (1,6) and Antonio Marcomini (6,7)
(1) Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Impacts
on Soil and Coast Division c/o Consorzio Venezia Ricerche, Ricerche, Viale
della Libertà 5-12, Marghera-Venice, Italy,
Tel. +39-0415093020 Fax. +39-0415093074
E-mail: torresan@unive.it
(2) E-mail: jonathan.rizzi@unive.it
(3) E-mail: alex.zabeo@gmail.com
(4) E-mail: sara.pasini@cmcc.it
(5) E-mail: valentina.gallina@cmcc.it.
(6) Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca’
Foscari Venice, Calle Larga S. Marta 2137, I-30123 Venice, Italy
Tel. +39-0412348548 Fax. +39-0412348584
E-mail: critto@unive.it
(7) E-mail: marcom@unive.it
Abstract
Climate change and consequent impacts on coastal resources and related surface and ground environments (e.g. river basins, groundwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems) are today receiving a high level of national and international attention. According, many of the problems facing surface and ground environments can only be solved through appropriate scientific methodologies based on an ecosystem approach that consider multiple natural and anthropogenic impacts and receptors.
DEcision support SYstem for COastal climate change impact assessment (DESYCO) is a GIS-based tool for the assessment and management of climate change impacts on coastal areas and related environments at the regional scale. It adopts an ecosystem approach and implements a Regional Risk Assessment (RRA) methodology, based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), in order to identify and prioritize areas and targets at risk in the considered region. The RRA methodology integrates climate change hazards analysis, based on the elaboration of output from climate, hydrodynamic, hydrological, hydrogeological and biogeochemical models, with vulnerability analysis of environmental and socio-economic features of the territory. DESYCO and the RRA GIS-based outputs allow the prioritization of intervention options through the visualization of impacted areas and vulnerable receptors.
DESYCO has been tested in four different case studies: the Esino river basin and groundwater (Marche Region, Italy) within the SALT project, the Upper Plain of the Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia regions (Italy) within the TRUST project, the coastal areas of the Northern Adriatic Sea (Italy) within the PEGASO projects, and the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia) within the CANTICO project. The main results are here presented for the case studies.
Ecohydrology Approach to Sustain Ecological Functions
of Coastal Ecosystems under Climate Change
Luis Chícharo (1), Maria Alexandra Chícharo (2), Radhouan
Ben-Hamadou (1,2,3) and Pedro Morais (2,4)
(1) UNESCO-International Centre for Coastal Ecohydrology, University of
Algarve; Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
Tel: +351-289-800-972; Fax: +351-289-800-069
Email: lchichar@ualg.pt
(2) Centre Marine Sciences of Algarve CCMAR, University of Algarve;
Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
Tel: +351-289-800-900;ext. 7393; Fax: +351-289-800-069
Email: mchichar@ualg.pt
(3)Email: bhamadou@ualg.pt
(4)Email: prange@ualg.pt
Abstract
Global climate variabilty affects large-scale phenomena, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which is known to influence the climate in Europe. Considering the tendency from the last 30 years and the scenarios proposed by the IPCC, the dominance of NAO+ situations, characterized by long drought periods, is foreseen for southern Europe and particularly for the Mediterranean region. In addition, an increase of freshwater retention due to the construction of more dams or to higher retention in the existing dams is also expected. Such decrease in freshwater inflow affect the functioning and productivity of estuarine and coastal waters. In this study we have analysed the impact of the modification in the freshwater inflow on the functioning and productivity at the Guadiana river estuary, in south Portugal, with consequences to the fisheries in adjacent coastal areas. The results showed a decrease in primary productivity, the impact on estuarine nursery conditions and the increase in abundance and spatial distribution of invasive species. Moreover, coastal fish assemblages changed with the decrease in river discharge and impacted on the landings of coastal fisheries.
We suggest that an integration of the timing and volume of discharges by dams is needed to minimize the effects of climate change and sustain estuarine functions and coastal fisheries.
Coastal Communities Adapting to Climate Change:
Capacity Building and Communication in the Solent, UK
A.W. Gallagher (1), R. Gallagher(2), J. Hale(3) and K. McHugh (4)
(1) Maritime and Technology Faculty, Southampton Solent University,
Southampton UK SO14 0RD
Tel: +44 2380 319748
Email: Anthony.gallagher@solent.ac.uk
(2)Strategic Environmental Delivery Group, Hampshire County Council,
Winchester, SO23 8UD
Tel: +44 1962 846925
Email: Rachael.Gallagher@Hants.gov.uk
(3)Countryside Service, Hampshire County Council, Winchester, SO23 8ZF
Tel: +44 1962 847717
Email: jo.hale@hants.gov.uk
(4) Solent Forum, Hampshire, SO23 8UD
Tel: +44 1962 846027
Email: Solentforum@hants.gov.uk
Abstract
As climate change accelerates the dynamism of natural processes, its impacts are likely to be most keenly felt in the coastal zone where littoral communities may face an increasing risk of both erosion and flooding. As a response to climate change the primary mechanism on a geopolitical scale has been one of mitigation, as an attempt to reduce the anthropogenic causes at its root. However, perceived limitations of this approach led Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) to agree in Bali, 2007 that the alternative approach of adaptation should play a significantly greater role in the future global response, and this is now embedded as one of the post 2012 pillars.
There is evidence of adaptation already taking place but this is currently piecemeal in nature, with research showing distinct challenges and barriers to its introduction. Nevertheless, enhanced vulnerability facing coastal communities requires novel solutions to enable its implementation, thus allowing for a more strategic approach to ensure that timely and effective measures are taken, and to ensure coherence across different sectors and levels of governance.
The research presented in this paper is concerned with exploring the capacity of coastal areas to adapt to change in terms of policy, spatial planning and development options, and is geographically focussed on the Solent. This estuarine complex is an area of coast likely to be particularly vulnerable to coastal change since it is densely populated, low-lying and highly contested by a range of competing interests. It is also likely to include specific areas defined as Coastal Change Management Areas (CCMAs) that will not be protected by any new measures; hence requiring communities to adapt.
The paper will outline an EU Interreg IVa - 2 seas funded project entitled ‘Coastal Communities 2150 and Beyond’ (CC2150), and in particular its application in the Solent. On the basis of vulnerability and coastal risk, this project is aimed at informing communities of predicted climate change impacts in order that they might be empowered to find proactive responses to the problem of coastal change. Central to this is the need to communicate science and build capacity within coastal areas, so as to enable effective planning, the conclusions of which are horizontally transferrable to other vulnerable areas of the UK coast and beyond.
Fisheries and Mariculture
Management of Threatened Aphanius Fasciatus
at Il-Maghluq, Malta
Marion Zammit-Mangion(1), Alan Deidun(2),
Robert Vassallo-Agius(3) and Melvin Magri(3,4)
(1) Dept of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta
E-mail: mzam1@um.edu.mt
(2) IOI-MOC,University of Malta
E-mail: alan.deidun@um.edu.mt
(3) Malta Acquaculture Research Centre, Malta
E-mail: robert.j.vassallo@gov.mt
(4)E-mail: melvin.magri@gov.mt
Abstract
Over the last decade the distribution of Aphanius fasciatus Nardo has regressed sharply across the Maltese Islands despite numerous legal conservation instruments. In this study we present the results of a one-year phenological study at the protected wetland site known as Il-Maghluq. The A. fasciatus population structure and a number of water physical characteristics were monitored. The biotic data collected was found to be consistent with that of a highly vulnerable population. The authors make a number of management recommendations to improve the conservation status of this population.
Fishing Yields of Lagocephalus sceleratus in Cyprus
Antonis Petrou(1), Evagoras Isaias(1), Kyproulla
Chrysanthou(1) and Giuseppe Scarcella(2)
(1) AP Marine Environmental Consultancy Ltd
2 Acropoleos Str., 2101 Aglanjia, Nicosia, Cyprus
Tel.: +357 223311660; Fax: +357 22 339959
E-mail: apmarine@valicom.com.cy, isaias.evagoras@gmail.com
kchrysanthou@apmarine.com.cy
(2) Institute of Marine Science – National Research Council (ISMAR-CNR)
L.go Fiera della Pesca, 60125 - Ancona, Italy
Tel.: +39 0712078849; Fax: +39071 55313
E-mail: g.scarcella@ismar.cnr.it
Abstract
The present study is a first attempt to analyze the accidental catches of Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) in the artisanal fishery carried out in the coastal waters of Cyprus through set nets. The species is characterized as an invasive species and included in the list of the 100 “worst invasives” in the Mediterranean. In Cyprus, L. sceleratus has a negative impact on the artisanal fisheries, since it often damages both the fishing gear and the catch of the fishermen with its powerful jaws. L. sceleratus also has a potential risk to humans, since it contains tetrodotoxin, which may cause poisoning and even death. In the present study, the coastal waters of Cyprus were divided into five smaller zones (1: from Paralimni to Cape Greko; 2: from Cape Greko to Pervolia; 3: from Pervolia to Zygi; 4: from Zygi to Pissouri; 5: from Pissouri to Kato Pirgos). In the main landing points of each area, data were collected from October to November 2009 interviewing artisanal fishermen using gill nets. Moreover, randomly 50 specimens for each observation (when possible) were examined for the collection of biological data. Because of differences in the net deployment times and length, indices of abundance (number of individuals) were standardized for a 12 h set period and 500 m of net. To compare the standardized fishing yields on the base of the area, a 1-way Analysis Of Variance was employed. Moreover a comparison of the length frequency distributions of the catches observed in each area was carried out using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. A total of 189 observations were carried out and 1,914 fish were analyzed. The statistical analyses evidenced lower fishing yields of L. sceleratus in the area from Pervolia to Pissouri (3 and 4), probably due to the different substratum present in such zone. The comparison of the length distributions evidenced significant differences for all the area, in particularly the areas 1 and 5 were characterized by smaller specimens. These preliminary results clearly identify that the artisanal fishing activities in the zones 1, 2 and 5 are the more negatively influenced by the presence of this invasive species.
What is the Impact of Lessepsian Species on Eastern
Mediterranean Fisheries?
Evgenia Lefkaditou(1), Mohamed Abdelaty(2), Michel Bariche(3), Mariolina Corsini-Foka(4),
Mark Dimech(5), Panagiotis Economidis(6), Ali Cemal Gücü(7),
Stefanos Kalogirou(4), Kostas Konnaris(8), Imad Lahouf (9), Abdalnaser Madi(10),
Samir Majdalani(9), Hatem Hanafy Mahmoud(11), Nikolas Michailidis(8), Dahej El Mokdad(12), Manal Nader(13), Mohamed Qamheyih(14), Lidia Orsi-Relini(15),
Giorgos Pagiatas(8), Panagiota Peristeraki(1), Giulio Relini(15), Ahmed Salem(2),
Guiseppe Scarpella(16), Alexandros Theocharis(17) and Cemal Turan(18)
(1) Institute of Marine Biological Resources, Hellenic Centre for Marine
Research Greece, FAO – EastMed Project HQ, Androu 1,112 57 Athens,
Greece
Tel: +30210 8847960 Fax +30210 8837600
E-mail: Eastmed@fao.orgURL://www.faoeastmed.org
(2) General Authority for Fish Resources Development, Egypt
(3) Biology Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
(4) Hydrobiological Station of Rhodes, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research,
Greece
(5) FAO - EastMed Project, Androu 1,112 57 Athens, Greece
(6) Department of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
(7) Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
(8) Department of Fisheries and Marine Research, Ministry of Agriculture,
Cyprus
(9) Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Ministry of Agriculture, Lebanon
(10)Directorate of Marine Environment Protection, Ministry of Agriculture,
Gaza Strip & West Bank
(11)National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Egypt
(12)Division of Forests and Natural Resources, Ministry of Agriculture,
Lebanon”
(13)Institute of the Environment, University of Balamand, Lebanon
(14)General Directorate of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Gaza Strip &
West Bank
(15)Dipartimento per lo studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, University of
Genoa, Italy
(16)Institute of Marine Science, National Research Council ISMAR-CNR,
Italy
(17)Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Greece
(18)Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Fisheries, Turkey
Abstract
The migration of Lessepsian species, which was the result of the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and further facilitated by human activities and environmental conditions, seems to play a key role for fisheries particularly in the Levant basin. However, there is still lack of accurate data for most of the Lessepsian species in order to evaluate their positive or negative effect to the fisheries catches and local fish stocks. The Project “Scientific and Institutional Cooperation to Support Responsible Fisheries in the Eastern Mediterranean- EastMed has been declared in September 2009, is executed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and funded by Greece, Italy and EC. A network of experts on the effect of Lessepsian species on fisheries of the Eastern Mediterranean (NELESFISH) was established following a sub-regional technical meeting of the FAO-EastMed Project on “The Lessepsian Migration and its Impact on Eastern Mediterranean Fishery”, that took place in Nicosia, Cyprus, in December 2010 and was attended by experts from Cyprus, Egypt, Gaza Strip and West bank, Greece, Italy, Lebanon and Turkey. According to the review of available information during the meeting, the Lessepsian migrants caught by fishing gears include nowadays 77 fish and 24 invertebrate species; their numbers are increasing from year to year. Some Lessepsian species, like Siganus spp., Marsupenaeus japonicus, Saurida undosquamis, Etrumeus terres, Upeneus spp., have been successfully introduced into local markets, constituting important resources for fisheries in some countries. Others, like Fistularia commersoni, are landed or discarded depending on the demand in the local markets and require some marketing to increase their commercialization. Some venomous species, like for example Lagocephalus sceleratus and Rhopilema nomadica, apart from being hazardous to human health, are causing damages to fishing gears and commercial catches, particularly of some coastal fisheries in the Levant basin. Among the main objectives of the network of experts are the standardization of methodology for the collection of data aiming to the quantification of Lessepsian migrants and their effects on fisheries, the development of a database with relative literature and legislation and the contribution of recommendations within the framework of the FAO EastMed project towards the minimization of negative effects of Lessepsian migration and the adaptation of fisheries to this phenomenon.
Non-indigenous Species in Mediterranean Fish Assemblages
Stefanos Kalogirou(1,2), Håkan Wennhage(3), Andreas Sioulas(2) and Leif Pihl (2)
(1) University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Ecology, Kristineberg 566,
451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden Tel. +46-523-185-35
(2) Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Hydrobiological Station of Rhodes,
851 00 Rhodes, Greece Tel: +30-22410-78320 Fax: +30-22410-78321
(3) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic
Resources, 453 21 Lysekil, Sweden Tel: +46-10-478-4051
Abstract
Quantitative sampling in combination with classification of fish species into six major feeding guilds revealed the present position and contribution of non-indigenous species (NIS) in the food web of Posidonia oceanica and sandy habitats. In P. oceanic beds and on sandy bottoms 10 and five species, respectively, were non-indigenous fish of Indo-Pacific and Red Sea origin. The proportional contribution of NIS individuals on P. oceanica beds was lower than that of sandy bottoms (12.7 vs. 20.4 %) a pattern that also followed for biomass (13.6 vs. 23.4 %), indicating that species-rich communities might be less impacted than low diverse systems. The two habitats had similar fish feeding guilds, but the biomass contribution from NIS varied within each guild, indicating different degrees of impact on the available resources. This study showed that only few non-indigenous fish species contributed to the differences in biomass between habitats. Two of the aspects considered in this study, the chance of establishing and the chance of being very dominant will depend upon competitive abilities strongly coupled to size and grounds for habitat shift. However, success of establishment will also depend on appropriate food resources in the recipient community as well as competitive abilities and level of competition in the food web within habitats.
New Record of Alien Fish - Indo- Pacific Species- Torquigener flavimaculosus in the Syrian Sea Water
Waad Sabour and Adib Saad
Marine Sciences Laboratory, Tishreen University, Syria
Tel: +963 955 731536 Fax: +963 41 465788
Email: t-waad@scs-net.org
Abstract
The puffer fish Torquigener flavimaculosus Hardy and Randall, 1983 is a essepsian species immigrant to the eastern Mediterranean via the Suez Canal. Many specimens of this species were collected by beach seine and trammel net at depth 20 and 50 m. during November 2009 - July 2010 off the Syrian coast. This work confirms the establishment of this invasive species in the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
The Hellenic Approach to Coastal Aquaculture Development
Dimitris S. Klaoudatos(1), Alexios I. Conides(1,2), Kostas
Kapiris(1,3), Aikaterini Anastasopoulou(1,4)and Sotiris Glykokokkalos(1,5)
(1) Institute of Marine Biological Resources, Hellenic Centre for Marine
Research, 16610 Athens Greece
Tel: +30-210 98 56 717 Fax:+30 201 98 11 713
E-mail: dklaoudatos@ath.hcmr.gr
(2) E-mail: conides@ath.hcmr.gr
(3) E-mail: kkapir@ath.hcmr.gr
(4) E-mail: kanast@ath.hcmr.gr
(5) E-mail: sglik@ath.hcm.gr
Abstract
Marine aquaculture constitutes an important sector of primary productivity in Greece. Aquaculture industry has significantly contributed to the national economy and has combated unemployment especially in remote areas. During the last decade, marine aquaculture has proven to be one of the fastest developing activities of the Greek primary sector (holding the first position amongst the European countries in intensive marine aquaculture production) by utilizing the favorable conditions of the Hellenic seas as well as by the structural policies of the European Union offering financial assistance. Nevertheless marine aquaculture production has displayed signs of stability during recent years mainly due to lack of availability of suitable installation areas in the coastal zone, secondary due to capacity adjustments owing to environmental and other issues and thirdly due to difficulty of increasing primary material production in order to increase productivity (a major example is small pelagic fish used for fishmeal production, a major constituent of fish feed for intensive aquaculture).
E.U. strategy for sustainable aquaculture was validated by the common fisheries policy (CFP) in 2002 aiming in aquaculture development. CFP applied a precautionary approach taking measures aiming to protect and preserve the living aquatic resources through sustainable exploitation. CFP covers activities of preservation, management and exploitation of living aquatic resources, aquaculture, manufacture and selling of fisheries and aquaculture products in the framework of sustainable development while balancing the environmental, economic and social extensions. Since adopting the CFP then there has been a significant advancement in ensuring environmental sustainability, safety and quality of the aquaculture products in the E.U. At present there are no international and European quantitative aims for aquaculture development. The main aims of aquaculture have been the replenishment of the negative balance that the fishing industry creates due to excessive demand and the support of the socioeconomic network in remote impoverished areas through the development of alternative ways other than fishing of marine ecosystem exploitation. In order to further develop the aquaculture industry in Greece a number of measures need to be established. These measures include: a) resettlement of current intensive floating cage aquaculture farms ensuring environmental protection, high productivity, financial prosperity and minimal conflicts with other coastal activities. b) Establishment of new and expansion of current aquaculture farms aiming to cultivate new high demand species, species characterized by rapid growth and biological and ecological products. c) Modernization of current aquaculture farms with emphasis in product quality improvement, health and safety, management improvement and use of new technologies for environmental monitoring and protection from predators. d) Extensive use of green energy for the aquaculture farms. e) Incentives for aquaculture development in remote impoverished areas and modernization of the legal framework regarding permit and establishment of an aquaculture farm. In any case the success of aquaculture development in Greece as well as the minimization of its effects on the environment will highly depend on the management plan that will be adopted for every organized area of aquaculture development.
ABSTRACTS
VOLUME II
Coastal Ecosystems
Variability of the North-East Black Sea Ecosystem
V.S. Arkhipkin(1), A.V. Polyakova(1,2) and T.V. Polyakova(1,3)
(1) Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
Tel: +7(495)9392215
E-mail: victor.arkhipkin@gmail.com
(2) Tel: +7(495)9392215
E-mail: anpol@mail.ru
(3) Tel: +7(495)9392791
E-mail: polyakova-biologl@mail.ru
Abstract
The changes of Gelendzhik Bay ecosystem during last 12 years were investigated. It is shown that the concentrations of biogenic and organic substances on the whole increase since 2002 year until 2011 year. The winter temperature played significant role in development marine ecosystem.
The increase of phosphorus and nitrogen content causes the augmentation of algae biomass. In winter 2011 year the growth of Pseudosolenia calcar-avis was limited by low silicate concentration.
Comparison of Rapana venosa From Different Biotopes of the Black
Sea Based on Morphological Characters
Alisa R. Kosyan(1) and Marina V. Krylenko(2)
(1) A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Leninsky prosp. 33 119071 Moscow, Russia
Tel: + 7-499-135 18 78, Fax: + 7-495-954 55 34
E-mail: kosalisa@rambler.ru
(2) Southern Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, 353467 Gelendzhik-7, Russia
Tel: + 7-86141-282 81, Fax: + 7-86141-280 89
E-mail: krylenko@mail.ru
Abstract
The Asian whelk Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Muricidae), being tolerant to wide variations in temperature, salinity and oxygen concentration (Zolotarev, 1996; Mann and Harding, 2003), successfully settled down in the Black Sea as well as along the Northern Adriatic, American Atlantic (Chesapeake Bay) (Harding and Mann, 1999) and the South Atlantic oceans (Pastorino et al., 2000). This large predatory gastropod caused the depletion of large stocks of commercial bivalves (oysters and mussels) in the Black Sea, resulting as a dominant species in the benthic ecosystems. Due to huge role of introduced species in the functioning of isolated marine ecosystems, such as the Black Sea, their thorough investigation in new conditions is very important. The rapa whelk inhabits all types of grounds all over the Black sea, demonstrating wide spectrum of morphological modifications. This variability even made some authors admit existence of several genetically isolated populations (Bondarev, 2010; Govorin, 2005). The purpose of this work was comparison of several samples of Rapana venosa from different biotopes of the Black Sea coast.
Materials of the study were 10 samples collected in different sections of the coast from Sevastopol to Sochi. As to results of the statistical comparison, each sample differs from others with high probability (p<0,001), with the exception of those from the Blue Bay and the Balaklava Bay. On the discriminant diagram, the material fell into four groups, with three ones corresponding to the biotope in which they were collected. Rapa whelks collected on sandy ground with Anadara sp as prey items (Tuzla spit), differ (with slight overlapping) from those collected on sandy bottom with Chamelea gallina (Anapa beach) and from those, collected on rocks with small-sized juvenile mussels (the Balaklava Bay, the Blue Bay, “Orlyonok” camp, Sochi city). Thus, due to our results, the determinative role in morphological variability of Rapana venosa in the Black Sea plays ecological conditions, quality and quantity of prey items in the first turn.
Oocyte Cohort Analysis in Solen marginatus
Leila Hmida(1), Nadia Ayache(3), Zohra Haouas(4) and Mohamed Salah Romdhane(1,2)
(1) R.U. Ecosystems & Aquatic Reources, INAT, Carthage University, Charles Nicolle Avenue 43, Tunis 1082, Tunisia.
Tel: +216 99981421 Fax: +216 73907927
E-mail: hmidaleila@yahoo.fr
Tel: +216 97325090, Fax: +216 71799391
(2) E-mail: ramadhanms@gmail.com
(3) Institut Superieur Biotechnologie Monastir, Taher Haded Avenue, 5000, Tunisie
Tel: + 216 98639635 Fax: +216 71799391
E-mail: ayach_nadia@yahoo.fr
(4) Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics, Faculty of Medicine at Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.
Tel: +216 98 463678 Fax: +216 73 501968
E-mail: zohrahaouas@yahoo.fr
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop an oocyte maturation scale and to retrace the development of the oocyte cohorts in razor clam populations Solen marginatus (Bivalvia: Solenacea Mollusca), sampled at the tidal area of Maltine Wadi (El Mares, Gulf of Gabes - Southern Tunisia). The development of an oocyte maturation scale could help reproductive cycle monitoring and the assessment plan in the search for populations. The results included 7,535 oocyte measurements during a one-year sampling time period from May 2007 to May 2008. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the oocyte measuring activities, we would assume a four stage maturation process: I: gametogenesis commencement from November through to March, the oocyte diameters are smaller than 15µm; II: oocyte growth from April through to May: the oocyte diameters range between 15 and 25µm; III: oocytes maturation from May through to -October, the oocyte diameters range between 25 and 40µm; and IV: resorption of the gonads from May through to October: the oocyte aspects were irregular, disrupted or burst.
The development of the indices of the dry condition and the oocyte cohorts shows major reproductive activity of the species from April through to October. Initial maturation commences in May followed by a major gamete emission in June. Maturation recovery occurs in July followed by oocyte growth, which continues, and appears to be more rapid during summer and early autumn. The first gamete emission occurs in May during the first oocyte cohort maturity accession and continues until late October with an irregular time-interval between the emissions.
Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in the NE Adriatic
Enis Hrustić(1), Marina Carić(1,2) and Rade Garić(1,3)
(1) Institute for Marine and Coastal Research, University of Dubrovnik Kneza Damjana Jude 12, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia
Tel: +385 20 323 484; Fax: +385 20 323 872
E-mail: enis.hrustic@unidu.hr
(2) E-mail: marina.caric-gluncic@unidu.hr;
(3) E-mail: rade.garic@unidu.hr
Abstract
Velebit and Pag channels represent the deepest part of the north Adriatic Sea (80 - 110 m). Research was carried out during summer stratification period in July 2007 and winter mixing period in February 2008. At 8 stations deep to shallow profile in Pag Channel PC (P3, P2, P1), Velebit Channel VC (V4, V3, V2, V1) and Zrmanja Estuary (N1). The focus was directed to hydrographic parameters, nutrient analysis and alkaline phosphatase activity in phytoplankton APAP (1.2 - 53 μm cell size).
In summer, deep chlorophyll maxima DCM (50 m and deeper) were developed along the channels. APAPmax (22.08 nM PO43- h-1) was detected in the Velebit Channel (V1). Specific APAPmax (Chl a to C biomass approximation) confirmed the highest phosphate deficiency stress in surface layer (0 – 4 m) of the most outer station P3 (123.00 nmol PO43-/μg C h) what was two orders of magnitude greater than average in the rest of the investigated area. Extremely low specific APAP detected in chlorophyll maxima depths (0.01 - 0.05 nmol PO43-/μg C h) suggest probably greater share of smaller phototrophs (< 1.2 μm) in formation of deep chlorophyll maxima as well as unknown APAP remained uncaptured (> 53 μm; < 1.2 μm). Low phosphate concentrations (0.01 - 0.05 μM), slightly higher organic P concentrations (0.02 - 0.20 μM) and high TIN/PO43- ratios (32 - 359) indicated P-limitation.
In winter, outer stations in Pag Channel (P3 and P2) had deeper chlorophyll maxima (> 60 m) with lower Chl a concentrations (0.51 - 0.69 μg/l) than in middle (P1-V2) and lower part (V2-V1) of the channel system where maxima (0.7 - 6.05 μg/l) were positioned in range (17 – 25 m). Winter APAP are in the same order of magnitude as in summer but specific APAP are in average 45% of summer ones.
Specific APAP in both seasons were decreasing from outer to inner stations. Sharp salinity gradients, horizontal and vertical, existing in the lower part of the channel system in both seasons, define the area as outer part of microtidal Zrmanja Estuary. General increase of average nutrients and Chl a concentrations from Pag and Velebit Channel towards mainland and opposite direction of specific APAP trend, reveals Zrmanja river flow rate as significant factor controlling the trophic gradient along the channel system as well as P-limitation.
Inter-annual Variability in the Bottom-up and Top-down Control of Bacteria
in the Middle Adriatic Sea
Mladen Šolić(1), Nada Krstulović(1,2), Danijela Šantić(1,3)
Stefanija Šestanović(1,4), Grozdan Kušpilić(1,5) and Natalia Bojanić(1,6)
(1) Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia
Tel: +385-21-408 000 Fax: +385-21-358 650
E-mail: solic@izor.hr
(2) E-mail: krstulovic@izor.hr
(3) E-mail: segvic@izor.hr
(4) E-mail: sesta@izor.hr
(5) E-mail: kuspe@izor.hr
(6) E-mail: bojanic@izor.hr
Abstract
Variability in the bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) regulation of bacteria was analysed on non-seasonal (inter-annual) scales in the coastal and open middle Adriatic Sea during one decade (1997-2006). Decomposition of time series was performed to eliminate seasonal variability and to isolate non-seasonal (inter-annual) changes in the relative importance of the BU and TD control of bacteria. In order to examine the regulation of bacteria by substrate availability (bottom-up control, BU) and by predation (top-down control, TD), data were analyzed according to empirical model based on comparative data analyses. The analyses showed the tendency for bacteria to be TD controlled in oligotrophic open sea, and BU controlled in more eutrophic coastal sea. However, temporal variability in the BU and TD control was much stronger, and the periods of both strong BU and strong TD control were found at all studied stations, independently of their trophic status. Non-seasonal fluctuations in relative importance of the BU and TD control of bacteria pointed to a few periods when one or another type of control was very strong. In the coastal sea, the period of the strong TD control of bacteria (established in 1997) was characterized by marked increase of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and bacterial abundance, followed by an increase in HNF abundance. On the other hand, bacterial abundance was also strongly coupled with nitrogen during both periods of strong BU control (2002 and 2004) but, opposite to 1997, the response of HNF predators failed to occur. In the open sea, similar fluctuations in relative importance of the BU and TD control of bacteria were found in both surface and bottom layers. The periods of strong BU or TD control coincided with some specific meteorological and hydrographical conditions (strong influence of North Adriatic Dense Water in 1997, strong Levantine Intermediate Water ingression in 2004 or extremely warm winter and the Po River runoff in 2000/01).
Responses of Microbial Food Web to Eutrophication Decreasing
Nada Krstulović(1), Mladen Šolić(1,2), Danijela Šantić(1,3) Stefanija Šestanović(1,4),
Grozdan Kušpilić(1,5), Živana Ninčević Gladan(1,6) and Natalia Bojanić(1,7)
(1) Institue of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia
Tel: +385-21-408 000 Fax: +385-21-358 650
E-mail: krstulovic@izor.hr
(2) E-mail: solic@izor.hr
(3) E-mail: segvic@izor.hr
(4) E-mail: sesta@izor.hr
(5) E-mail: kuspe@izor.hr
(6) E-mail: nincevic@izor.hr
(7) E-mail: bojanic@izor.hr
Abstract
Vranjic Basin, in the eastern part of Kaštela Bay (middle Adriatic Sea), received municipal wastewater until offshore submarine outfalls were finished in November 2004. To identify the responses of the microbial community to changes in the trophic status of the marine environment, two 4-year periods were compared: a “eutrophic” period (2001-2004) when the sewage waters entered the Basin and an “oligotrophic” period (2005-2008) after the outfalls were completed. The switch from more to less eutrophic conditions was accompanied by decreases in bacterial abundance and production. The percent contribution of small phytoplankton chlorophyll (< 10 μm) to total chlorophyll increased from less than 40% during the eutrophic period to more than 60% during the oligotrophic period. Significant changes in the microbial food web were also identified. During eutrophic conditions, bacteria were dominantly under the phytoplankton-mediated bottom-up control whereas HNF were dominantly controlled by ciliate grazing (top-down control). In contrast, during the oligotrophic period, predominantly top-down control of bacteria by strong HNF grazing was observed. At the same time, HNF were spared from strong ciliate predation pressure because the ciliates apparently switched their dominant prey from HNF to the small phytoplankton fraction during that period.
Polychaete Diversity in Lagoons and Estuaries of the Southern Gulf of Mexico
Pablo Hernández-Alcántara(1), Josué Daniel Cortés-Solano(1,2) and Vivianne Solís-Weiss(1,3)
(1) Laboratorio de Ecología y Biodiversidad de Invertebrados Marinos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Cdad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, México, D.F.
Tel. 52(55) 56225840, Fax (52) 55 56160748
E-mail: pabloh@cmarl.unam.mx
(2) E-mail: orsodipoler@hotmail.com
(3) E-mail: solisw@cmarl.unam.mx
Abstract
Coastal lagoons and estuaries are among the most productive ecosystems in the world and are used as areas of shelter, breeding, growth and feeding by many species commercial or not. In the southern Gulf of Mexico, the lagoon-estuarine areas cover about 623,600 Ha. However, the invertebrates that populate their waters are scarcely known and information about them exists only in ten such systems. The polychaetous annelids are usually the most abundant and diversified group in the macrobenthic communities and, as such, can be used to address biodiversity changes on large spatial and temporal scales. This requires the integration of the results of currently ongoing research projects as well as those of past records. For this reason, the aim of this study is to present an overview of the biodiversity of the polychaetes known in those ecosystems in the southern region of the Gulf of Mexico, as a starting point for regional biodiversity monitoring. The taxonomic identifications of those organisms collected as part of our projects in the area, in addition to the compilation and synthesis of all the published information available, showed that this fauna is very diverse with 220 species of polychaetes included in 38 families. The families Spionidae (22 spp.), Nereididae (22 spp.) and Orbiniidae (14 spp.) were the richest in species, while 30 families (81%) were represented by less than 10 species. Despite the differences in sampling effort in the different lagoons and estuarine zones, the Términos Lagoon is clearly the most diversified with 145 species, followed by the Tamiahua Lagoon (66 spp.), while in each of El Cocal Estuary, Mandinga Lagoon and El Carmen lagoon only one species is recorded. Biodiversity studies on lagoon-estuarine systems are seldom carried out in marine tropical areas, mainly due to lack of infrastructure and expertise in monitoring and conservation, but this kind of studies should be a priority before irreversible damage occurs.
Marine Pollution, Bio-monitoring
Bioaccumulation of Toxic Metals in Loggerhead Turtles from
Mediterranean Sea Coast, Egypt
Maha Ahmed Mohamed Abdallah(1) and Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Abd-Allah(2)
(1) National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Qait Bey, Alexandria, Egypt
Tel: +2 0107205032, +2 03 3580152
E-mail: mahaahmed001@yahoo.com
(2) Food Inspection Lab. Alexandria, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
E-mail: ma41ma@hotmail.com
Abstract
Heavy metal concentrations in the different tissues of marine turtles are presented; the most frequently monitored elements are mercury, cadmium and lead. Concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb and As in different organs and tissues (liver, kidney, muscle tissue, fat tissue and blood) of loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta from south eastern Mediterranean Sea were determined. The highest levels of cadmium and arsenic were found in kidney (Cd: 61.17 µg g-1; As: 0.051 µg g-1dry weight). For lead the highest level was found in muscle tissue (35.80 µg g-1). Mercury tended to be higher in liver than in other tissues and organs (0.253 µg g-1 dry weight) which showed a higher accumulation of this element. Fat tissue generally displayed the lowest trace element burdens. The concentrations of As remained low in all the considered tissues, possibly the result of low trophic level in sea turtles. In contrast, the diet of loggerhead turtles would result in a significant exposure to Pb. This is the first study into metal accumulation in tissues of loggerhead turtle from Egyptian Mediterranean coastline.
Global Evaluation of Mediterranean Trace-Metal Contamination Based on Bio-Accumulator Study
Christine Pergent-Martini(1), Maÿlis Salivas-Decaux(1,2),
Marina Bonacorsi(1,3) and Gérard Pergent(1,4)
(1) UMR CNRS SPE 6134, Corsica University, Faculty of Science of Corte, 20250 Corte (France)
Tel : 0033 4 95 45 00 55
E-mail: pmartini@univ-corse.fr
(2) E-mail: mailyssalivas@hotmail.fr
(3) E-mail: bonacorsi@univ-corse.fr
(4) E-mail: pergent@univ-corse.fr
Abstract
Due to their coastal distribution, seagrasses are directly submitted to land-originating pollutions, especially metal contamination. The ability of Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa to concentrate contaminants has been used to evaluate trace-metal contamination (Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb) in 82 sites all around Mediterranean basin. In two of these sampling sites (Calvi in France and Salammbô in Tunisia), both seagrasses were collected monthly, and metal concentrations show high correlation for C. nodosa and P. oceanica. In this context, a coefficient, calculating the correspondence of each trace-metal concentration in these two seagrasses, has been proposed. Thanks to the use of such correspondence, extrapolation maps of metal contamination in the extended occidental Mediterranean basin have been elaborated. These maps will be very useful in the framework of the monitoring of the trace-metal contamination (e.g. Horizon 2020 goals).
Mytilus Galloprovincialis as an Indicator of Environmental Pollution along NE Coast of Adriatic
Andrej Osterc(1), Tjaša Kanduč(1,2), Zdenka Šlejkovec(1,3),
Vekoslava Stibilj(1,4) and Andreja Ramšak(5)
(1) Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Science, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Tel: +3861 5885 355 Fax: +3861 5885 346
E-mail: andrej.osterc@ijs.si
(2) E-mail: tjasa.kanduc@ijs.si
(3) E-mail: zdenka.slejkovec@ijs.si
(4) E-mail: vekoslava.stibilj@ijs.si
(5) National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station Piran, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
Tel: +386 5 671 29 32 Fax: +386 5 671 29 02
E-mail: Andreja.Ramsak@mbss.org
Abstract
Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was used as an indicator of environmental pollution in the area of north eastern coast of Adriatic Sea. In our study we used selected parameters (isotopic composition of carbon – δ13C and nitrogen – δ15N) to trace carbon cycling and anthropogenic pollution (129I, As and its species) in the marine environment. The sentinel organism was sampled at three locations (Bay of Koper, Bay of Strunjan and Bay of Piran) along the Slovenian coastline. At each location Mediterranean mussels were seasonally collected for analyses of condition index, δ13C, δ15N, 129I and As compounds. Condition and gonadosomatic indices were higher at the end of summer than at the end of winter and can be a source of dilution of elements due to increased growth during warmer period. δ13C was measured with isotope ratio mass spectrometer techniques. δ13CDIC (DIC: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) values range seasonally from -10.9 to 0.7‰ depending on freshwater inflow (rivers Rižana and Dragonja, minor streams Badaševica, Strunjanski and Drnica) to the sea. Good correlation was obtained (r = 0.68) between salinity and δ13CDIC showing that δ13CDIC values are a good salinity proxy. δ13CPOC (POC…Particulate Organic Carbon) range from -25.7 to -17.4‰ and have wider range due to freshwater inflow than mussel’s tissue, ranging from -22.0 to -21.2‰. First results of δ13C in mussel tissue show that investigated locations from North Eastern Coast of Adriatic Sea are not affected by sewage sludge. Total arsenic concentrations were determined with radiochemical neutron activation analysis and ranged from 18.4 to 26.2 µg g-1 (dry weight). In methanol/water extracts arsenic speciation was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (anion and cation exchange mode) coupled on-line to UV decomposition, hydride generation and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Arsenobetaine was the main arsenic compound found in all cases representing 77-78% of extractable arsenic. Other arsenic compounds found were arsenite (1-1.6%), phosphate ribose (1.7-2.8%), methylarsonic acid (2.2-2.8%), arsenate (up to 1%) and two unknown cationic compounds (4-13%). Total concentrations of stable iodine 127I and radioactive 129I were determined with radiochemical neutron activation analysis in dry mussel tissues. Obtained values for stable iodine ranged from 6.9 to 18.3 µg g-1 dry mass and for 129I from 0.3 to 0.8 mBq kg-1 dry mass. Current levels of 129I do not represent any radiological hazard to humans, but the discharges of 129I from reprocessing plants into the ocean makes it a unique oceanographic tracer. The analysed parameters (δ13C, δ15N 129I and As species) in Mediterranean mussels from North Eastern coast of Adriatic Sea do not indicate any anthropogenic pollution at this region.
Fingerprinting of Phthalate Esters in Seawater from the Golden Horn (Turkey)
Selma Ünlü(1) and Hülya Özaltın Günday(1,2)
(1) Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, 34116 Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: + 90 212 528 25 39 Fax: + 90 212 526 84 33
E-mail: su@istanbul.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: hulyaozaltıngunday@yahoo.com
Abstract
Urbanized and industrialized communities have various anthropogenic activities and produce considerable amounts of municipal effluents, which are discharged along with a wide variety of pollutants to coastal waters. Municipal effluents are one of the major sources of pollutants for the estuaries and coastal waters. Among these contaminants, some can persist in natural waters and potentially have acute and chronic effects on aquatic organisms. Phthalate esters (PEs) which are o-, m- and p- derivatives of phthalic acid have a wide variety of industrial, agricultural and domestic applications, but by far the most important is their usage as plasticizers that improve the flexibility and workability of polymeric materials. Because of these properties, in the recent years, the production and usage of PEs have increased significantly. The PEs can migrate from the material to the environment. Since the rates of photolysis and chemical hydrolysis of phthalate esters are very slow, metabolic breakdown by microorganisms is considered to be one of the major routes for the environmental degradation of these widely spread pollutants in aquatic and terrestrial systems, such as sewage, soils, sediments, and surface waters. o-Phthalic acid esters have been found in the seawater, sediment, fish, atolla, shrimps and in algae, whereas p-phthalic acid dimethyl ester only in algae. The phthalates, especially di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are toxic marine organism and considered as important pollutants of sea. Accordingly, for the phthalate esters analysis at trace levels in complex matrixes, such as water samples, developing fast and reliable analytical protocols are basically of significant importance for monitoring the phthalate ester-contaminated samples. The chemical fingerprinting of PEs was determined by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (at the SIM mode). Potential risks to aquatic organisms by four commercial phthalate esters, diethyl (DEP), di-n-butyl (DBP), butylbenzyl (BBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) were assessed using the measured and calculated concentrations in the Golden Horn (Haliç) surface waters. DEP, DBP, BBP and DEHP were present in all the dissolved water samples analyzed and dominated by DBP, DEHP. The total 4PEs concentrations, ranging, respectively from 17.7 to 59.1µg/L were measured in the dissolved phases.
The analytical results on water samples showed a direct relation of PEs levels with the input of urban or industrial treated waste waters and the insufficiency of water circulation near the sampling point. Large-scale survey of the PEs in multi environmental compartments is urged so as to provide better risk assessment and to establish a standard to control the PEs in the future.
Coastal Vulnerability, Risks and Hazards
Coastal Vulnerability Index along the Southern Coast of the Gulf of Corinth (Greece)
George Chalkias(1), Eleni Grigoropoulou(1,2),George Manthos(1,3),
Efthimios Karymbalis(1,4), Maria Ferentinou(1,5) and Christos Chalkias(1,6)
(1) Department of Geography, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str.
17671 Athens, Greece,
E-mail: giorgos.chalkias@gmail.com
(2) E-mail: egrigoro@gmail.com
(3) E-mail: gmanthos007@yahoo.gr
(4) Tel: + 30-210-9549159 Fax: + 30-210-9514759
E-mail: karymbalis@hua.gr
(5) E-mail: mferen@hua.gr
(6) E-mail: xalkias@hua.gr
Abstract
The eustatic sea-level rise due to global warming is predicted to be about 18-59 cm by the year 2100, which necessitates identification and protection of vulnerable sections of coasts. In this study, the classification of the south coast of the Gulf of Corinth according to the vulnerability to the anticipated future sea-level rise is attempted by applying the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) and utilizing GIS technology. The length of the coastline investigated is 148 km, and is oriented along the WNW-ESE direction. CVI allows the six following physical variables: geomorphology, coastal slope, relative sea-level rise rate, shoreline erosion or accretion rate, mean tidal range and mean wave height, to be related in a quantitative manner. In each variable a relative risk value is assigned based on potential magnitude of its contribution to physical changes on the coast as sea-level rises. For every section of the coastline is assigned a risk ranking based on each specific data variable and the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) is calculated as the square root of the product of the ranked variables divided by the total number of variables. Following this a CVI map is produced for the studied coastline. This map showed that an extensive length of the coast (115.9km - 78.5%) is characterized as highly and very highly vulnerable mainly due to the low topography and the presence of susceptible to erosion landforms. Area of high CVI values hosts socio-economically important land uses and activities.
Vulnerability of Marmaris-Fethiye Coasts, SW Turkey
Bedri Alpar(1), Yıldız Altınok(2), Ahmet Cevdet Yalçıner(3) and Selma Ünlü(1,4)
(1) Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, 34116
Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: + 90 212 528 25 39 Fax: + 90 212 526 84 33
E-mail: alparb@istanbul.edu.tr
(2) Istanbul University, Engineering Faculty, 34116 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: + 90 212 473 70 25 Fax: + 90 212 473 71 80
E-mail: yaltinok@istanbul.edu.tr
(3) Middle East Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, Ocean
Engineering Research Center, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
Tel: + 90 312 210 54 38 Fax: + 90 312 210 18 00
E-mail: yalciner@metu.edu.tr
(4) E-mail: su@istanbul.edu.tr
Abstract
One of the likely consequences of global climate change is an accelerated global sea-level rise. Combined with other effects, such as land subsidence, storm impacts and tsunamis, it could cause serious increases in coastal vulnerability, such as loss of the shore zone accompanied by a dramatic reduction of the width of the beaches. The deltaic areas and low-lying coastal plains along the Marmaris-Fethiye coast, SW Turkey, are experiencing a number of similar short- and long-term coastal problems. In addition historical earthquakes and tsunamis hit those areas many times in the past. Trenching and coring surveys for historical tsunami deposits, their geological and biochemical properties provided some new clues for the coastal vulnerability of the studied coast to tsunamis, as well as for the environmental assessment of the past.
Flood Risk Management: The Dutch Approach
Jentje van der Weide
CEMC Richel 12 Emmeloord 8303 KX, Netherlands
E-mail: cemc_wei@kpnmail.nl
Abstract
Management of natural hazards is one of the many facets of ICZM. Storm surges in combination with strong wind and waves are the main hazards in coastal areas in the Netherlands. About two third of the country would be inundated regularly without flood protection, as about half of the Netherlands is situated below mean sea level. Flood-risk management is an important issue in the Netherlands, therefore. The paper reviews the historic development of the Dutch flood-protection policy and describes the methods, techniques and tools used to that end.
Oil Spill Mapping Using Hyperspectral Methods and Techniques
Dimitris Sykas(1), Vassilia Karathanassi(1,2),
Charoula Andreou(1,3) and Polychronis Kolokoussis(1,4)
(1) National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece
Tel: +302107722695, Fax: +302107722594
E-mail: dimsyk@gmail.com, dsykas@mail.ntua.gr
(2) E-mail: karathan@survey.ntua.gr
(3) E-mail: candreou@central.ntua.gr
(4) E-mail: pol@survey.ntua.gr
Abstract
In the past years, oil spill events have significantly increased posing a threat for the marine ecosystems. This strengthens the need for an accurate mapping of the oil spill events. Apart from methods applied on SAR imagery, optical remote sensing methods may also serve as a tool for their detection and mapping. However unmixing methods that are mainly applied on hyperspectral imagery are rather sparely applied for this purpose. In this paper a new approach for detecting and mapping oil spills is presented. The approach is based on the unmixing procedure. Initially individual endmembers or pure classes are extracted from the image scene using endmember extraction algorithms. Then considering that the spectral value of each pixel results from the mixture of the spectral values of the endmembers, the value is decomposed and the abundance fraction for each endmember is calculated. High abundance values of the endmember that better fits to oil spectral signature delineate the oil spill in the image. The approach was applied on several satellite and airborne remote sensing images, such as MODIS, ASTER and SpecTIR. The images presented 13 different oil spill events. Several endmember extraction and abundance estimation algorithms were tested in order to find the most efficient combination. Oil spill detection accuracy depends on the spatial and spectral resolution of the images. ASTER and SpecTIR yielded the highest accuracy. From 12 oil spill events that were presented in ASTER imagery, 10 oil spills were detected. MODIS yielded a moderate performance due to its low spatial resolution. However, this method, when applied on hyperspectral images such as SpecTIR, constitutes a reliable tool for monitoring the marine and coastal environment.
Modelling and Applications
HYDROTAM: A Coastal Engineering Model Based on Cloud Computing
Lale Balas(1), Kağan Cebe(1,2) and Nedim Akay(3)
(1) Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Gazi University, 06570 Maltepe/Ankara, Turkey
Tel: +903125823217
E-mail: lalebal@gazi.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: kagan.cebe@gmail.com
(3)DLTM Environmental Software Technologies Limited, Gazi University Technology Park, Gölbaşı/Ankara, Turkey
E-mail: nakay@dltm.com.tr
Abstract
HYDROTAM is a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) integrated three-dimensional, baroclinic numerical model that has been developed to simulate the hydrodynamic and transport processes in coastal waters. The GIS platform facilitates the time consuming task of preparation of data input and output structures. As the infrastructure it is based on cloud computing. In its interface all functions of the MS Silverlight framework are available to the user in a menu driven graphical user interface (GUI). The numerical model consists of hydrodynamic, transport and turbulence model components. In the hydrodynamic model component, the 3D Navier–Stokes equations are solved with the Boussinesq approximation. The transport model component consists of the pollutant transport, water temperature and salinity transport and suspended sediment transport models. In the turbulence model, a two-equation k–e formulation is solved to calculate the kinetic energy of the turbulence and its rate of dissipation, which provides the variable vertical turbulent eddy viscosity.
BHAM: A Modelling Tool for Bathing Water Management
Brigolin, D. (1, 3), Pastres, R. (1), Tonino, M. (3), Camuffo, M. (3) and Soriani, S. (2, 3)
(1) Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia
E-mail: brigo@unive.it
(2) Department of Economics, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia
(3) Interdepartmental centre IDEAS, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia
Abstract
The present study focuses on the development of a mechanistic dynamical model for faecal bacteria transport and inactivation along Mediterranean beaches. Model formulation is based on a Lagrangian transport-reaction equation. Reaction processes are simulated using a set of well established formulations concerning E. coli and Enterococci. The model was tested at the Chioggia sandy beach (Italy), located along the North Western Adriatic coast, using site-specific monitoring data, including time series of environmental forcings and bacteria counts. Preliminary results show that the model reasonably reproduces the general patterns of bacteria dispersion observed along the beach under the scenarios characterising local environmental forcings. After a formal validation, such a tool could help local communities and authorities to design and implement more effective monitoring and management programs. In this perspective, the model could be further improved and tuned to the specific needs of different areas by means of a closer interaction with local stakeholders, based on participatory methods.
Assessing Elvs/Eqss in Mediterranean Coastal Areas
Claudette Spiteri(1), Jos van Gils(1,2) and Francesco Saverio Civili(3)
(1) Deltares, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 (0)88 335 8237 Fax: +31 15 285 85 82
E-mail: claudette.spiteri@deltares.nl
(2) E-mail: jos.vangils@deltares.nl
(3) United Nations Environment Programme /Mediterranean Action Plan (UNEP/MAP), 11635 Athens, Greece
Tel: +30 210 7273100 Fax: +30 210 7253196-7
E-mail: fscivili@unepmap.gr
Abstract
In this study, a generic methodology is developed to facilitate the establishment of Emission Limit Values (ELVs) and Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) and to support the implementation of policy reforms for the control of marine pollution. The proposed methodology is based on state-of-art modelling tools and is applied to two selected Mediterranean hotspots; Gulf de Lions, France and Izmir bay, Turkey. The use of numerical tools offers a robust way to integrate site-specific physical, geometrical, meteorological and hydrodynamic features with the location/composition of loadings and chemical characteristics of the pollutant, for example removal due to biogeochemical reactions. Models also provide valuable spatial and temporal information on concentration distributions that supplement data from field campaigns. For each site, a 3D coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model is developed in Delft3D software (developed by Deltares, former Delft Hydraulics) and used to simulate the spatial distribution of the pollutant of concern based on the specific pollutant loading. This allows for the possibility of identifying those areas where the limits set by the EQSs are violated and singling out the contribution of individual sources to the overall chemical concentration.
Preliminary results show that although the modelling tool available so far is highly simplified, distinct plume behaviour is obtained in the defined mixing zone of the two pilot locations. This implies that ELVs established for one particular location may not be readily applicable to other locations owing to the site-specific characteristics, accounted for in the modelling approach.
Operational Modelling Applications for Coastal Engineering: New Developments
Alessio Giardino(1), Christophe Briére(1,2), Marco Deserti(7), Veronica Minaya Malmonado(1,3), Paolo Reggiani(1,4), Maarten van Ormondt(1,5), Andrea Valentini(7,8) and Jebbe van der Werf(1,6)
(1)Deltares, Unit Marine and Coastal Systems, Department of Morphology and Sediment Dynamics, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 (0) 88 335 8132 Fax : +31 (0)88 335 8582
E-mail: alessio.giardino@deltares.nl
(2)E-mail: christophe.biere@deltares.nl
(3)E-mail: veronica.malmonado@deltares.nl
(4)E-mail: paolo.reggiani@deltares.nl
(5)E-mail: Maarten.vanOrmondt@deltares.nl
(6)E-mail: Jebbe.vanderWerf@deltares.nl
(7)ARPA - SIMC, Viale Silvani, 6, 40122 Bologna, Italy
Tel. +39 051525915 Fax. +39 051649750
E-mail: mdeserti@arpa.emr.it
(8)E-mail: avalentini@arpa.emr.it
Abstract
Increased computational power in combination with the assimilation of a variety of data sources has boosted the development of operational modelling systems for coastal engineering. This paper describes three different ongoing developments and applications of operational coastal modelling systems. The first concerns the development of an operational model to simulate storm impact along the Dutch and Emilia-Romagna coast. The second application focuses on the application of operational modelling to predict bathing water quality along the Emilia-Romagna coast (Adriatic Sea, Italy). The last example concerns ongoing developments of operational models in to enhance the safety of swimmers. The models supply real-time useful and practical data to support local authorities and policy makers in managing the coasts.
A Web Tool for the Marine Environment: The Asinara Case
Pierluigi Cau(1), Antioco Vargiu(1,2), Elisaveta Peneva(6), Simone Manca(1,3),
Costantino Soru(1,4) Davide Muroni(1,5), Maria Gabriella Mulas(7),
Mariano Pintus(7,8)and Giuliana Erbi(7,9)
(1) CRS4, Pula 09010, Italy,
Tel+39 070 9250281 Fax +39 0709250216
E-mail: plcau@crs4.it
(2) E-mail: antyv@crs4.it
(3) E-mail: simone.manca@gmail.com
(4) E-mail: dino.soru@gmail.com
(5) E-mail: davide85@gmail.com
(6) Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria,
Tel +359 28161289, Fax +359 29625276
E-mail: elfa@phys.uni-sofia.bg
(7) Regione Autonoma della Sardegna (RAS), 09123 Cagliari, Italy,
Tel. +39070606671, fax +390706066391
E-mail: mmulas@regione.sardegna.it
(8) E-mail: mpintus@regione.sardegna.it
(9) E-mail: gerbi@regione.sardegna.it
Abstract
Portals provide useful data access functionalities, computational services and procedures for multiple applications and databases. We have developed a GIS oriented Collaborative Working Environment (CWE) on the web, optimized for the environmental sciences, that exposes a development framework and a set of interactive, innovative applications based on hydrological and oceanographic models. The General Estuarine Transport Model (GETM – a 3D numerical hydrodynamic model) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT- a watershed scale model) are coupled within a web based technological framework optimised for data management and report production. Modelling analysis procedures and the web framework have been tested to several study sites around the Sardinian island (Italy). In particular, the oceanographic model is initialised with data from the Ifremer MARS3D-Menor model and the meteorological forcing includes the forecasted air temperature, humidity, pressure, winds and clouds from GFS model at resolution 0.5°. Automatic procedures download this data and perform an interpolation in the zone of interest preparing the initial and boundary conditions for the model simulations.
The GETM model is run operationally for the forecasted period and results for the sea currents, temperature and salinity are presented using the web-based friendly graphical interface. As an example, we show the application of the tool for the case of the oil spill accident occurred in the Asinara Gulf on 11 of January 2011.
Risk Analysis Simulation of Tuzla Kamil Abdüş Lagoon
Banu Tansel(1) and Ata Bilgili(1,2)
(1) Maritime Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, 34940 İstanbul, Turkey
Phone: (+90) 532 326 25 06 Fax: (+90) 216 395 45 00
E-mail: ozen@itu.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: bilgili@itu.edu.tr
Abstract
Lagoons are lakes formed behind the shores separated by land from coast, and linked to sea through a waterway. The effects of wind, wave, current, sedimentation transportation, and bottom structures can be defined as lagoon dynamics. With the effects of lagoon dynamics, there occurs constant movement of water in and out between lagoons and seas.
Sea pollution is an important factor that negatively affects the water quality of lagoon systems with high ecological values. The aim of the study is to present analyses which could establish the scientific evidences used in urgent action and risk planning regarding the water quality of lagoon systems affected by sea pollution. Kamil Abdüş Lagoon in Tuzla County of Istanbul was chosen as study area. Mathematical model used in the hydrodynamic calculations of lagoon were solved by different equilibriums with kinematic and dynamic approaches. The essence of kinematic and dynamic approaches is composed of pressure gradient and momentum equilibrium between bottom and surface stress. Current fields were calculated through a highly resolved mesh using 2D hydrodynamic modelling. Locations of different numbers of Lagrange particles, left in these stream fields and dispersed by random walks and shifts were determined under different wind and tidal conditions in times. Thus, simulation of particle exchanges between sea and lagoon was performed and the obtained results were analyzed. It is quite important for emergency actions required for lagoon systems to determine the statistically significant number of pieces that provides the fastest and the most efficient results in the necessary decision making processes for risk evaluation and emergency cases. According to the results of hydrodynamic modelling, simulation results demonstrated that self-clearing time of the lagoon showed highly significant differences depending on the number of particles in use. Conditions including different particle numbers (65.073, 299.771 and 1.200.850) were carried out using parallel computers with 13 and 23 processors, and the results were compared. Considering the fact that statistical reliability is increased with high particle numbers, it is observed that Kamil Abdüş Lagoon is cleaned from the pollution effect of sea origin with different particles between 9.1 and 12.6 days. As can be concluded, the total number of particles used in the particle monitoring methods has a highly significant effect on the results.
Use of Advanced Numerical Models in Beach Nourishment Projects
with Application to Two Beaches of Rhodes
Th. V. Karambas
School of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54624 Thessaloniki, Greece
Tel: +30 2310 995805
E-mail: karambas@civil.auth.gr
Abstract
In the present paper we use an advanced numerical nonlinear wave and sediment transport model for the design of two nourishment projects in Rhodes Island. Non linear wave transformation in the surf and swash zone is computed by a non-linear breaking wave model based on the higher order Boussinesq equations for breaking and non breaking waves. The new Camenen and Larson (2007) transport rate formula involving unsteady aspects of the sand transport phenomenon is adopted for estimating the sheet flow sediment transport rates as well as the bed load and suspended load over ripples. Suspended sediment transport rate is incorporated by solving the 2DH depth-integrated transport equation for suspended sediment. Model results are compared with experimental data (morphology evolution behind detached breakwater) and field data (morphologies between fishtail groins). The agreement between numerical simulations and data is quite satisfactory. The methodology is applied to simulate sediment transport and beach evolution in soft shore protection methods (beach nourishment and submerged breakwaters) in two beaches of Kameiros (Rhodes, Greece).
Mussel Farm Layouts as Management Alternatives
Zoi I. Konstantinou(1), Yiannis Savvidis(4), Katerina Kombiadou(1,2) and Yannis N. Krestenitis(1,3)
(1) Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Tel: +302310995877 Fax: +302310995649
E-mail: zkon@civil.auth.gr
(2) E-mail: kobiadou@civil.auth.gr
(3) E-mail: ynkrest@civil.auth.gr
(4) Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Nea Moudania, 63200, Chalkidiki, Greece
Tel: +302373026457
E-mail: savvidis@aqua.teithe.gr
Abstract
Mussel farming is a growing, low impact, economic activity facing many challenges concerning its sustainable management. The goal of the present work is to examine alternative spatial layouts of the long-line mussel farm, in order to investigate their ability to support specific mussel stocks, using a 2D depth-averaged hydrodynamic model. The results of this modelling approach are compared to a density impact coefficient, aiming to access the same ability, used by a management tool created for the mussel farming area of Chalastra (NW Aegean Sea). The results show that there is strong dependency between the flow conditions, thus the mussels’ filtering activity, and the characteristics of the farm, the most significant of which include the number of cultivation lines and the width of each sock. Additionally, the ability of the density impact coefficient to capture these dependencies is demonstrated. The presented work is a step further towards the formulation of a comprehensive, user-friendly management tool for the area of Chalastra and for other mussel farming sites in Greece.
Coastal Engineering
Forecasting of Deformations of a Non-Uniform Beach on Structure Near to Cross Constructions
Yuriy I. Dreyzis(1), Elena V. Bondareva(1,2) and Izmail G. Kantardgi(3)
(1) Sochi State University, 354000, Sochi, Russia
E-mail: Yurid2006@yandex.ru
(2) E-mail: bondareva_05@mail.ru
(3) Moscow State Civil Engineering University, 129337, Moscow, Russia
E-mail: kantardgi@yandex.ru
Abstract
The numerical model of calculation of non-uniform transport of deposits and rearrangements of a coastal line of a beach is offered for more authentic estimation of dynamics (changes) of a coastal line of a beach which is combined by a non-uniform material on structure, and at presence of a cross hydraulic engineering construction.
Morphological Monitoring of Sand Dredging in North Adriatic Seabed for Beach Nourishment
Nunzio De Nigris(1), Margherita Aguzzi(1,2), Sarine Manoukian(4), Gianna Fabi(4,5),
Mentino Preti(1,3) and Renato Tedeschi(6)
(1) ARPA Emilia-Romagna, 40122 Bologna, Italy
Tel: + 39-051-528 12 21 Fax: + 39-051-528 12 61
E-mail: ndenigris@arpa.emr.it
(2) E-mail: maguzzi@arpa.emr.it
(3) E-mail: mpreti@arpa.emr.it
(4) Istituto di Scienze Marine (ISMAR) – CNR – 60125 Ancona, Italy
E-mail: s.manoukian@ismar.cnr.it
(5) E-mail: g.fabi@ismar.cnr.it
(6) Geomarine S.a.s., 60019 Senigallia, Italy
E-mail: info@geomarine.it
Abstract
The Emilia-Romagna Region carried out two nourishment projects during 2002 and 2007 using offshore sand deposits, in order to restore about 9 km of eroded beaches. This paper presents the results of the geomorphological monitoring carried out on offshore sand quarry using a multibeam echosounder (MBES) and Side Scan Sonar (SSS).
Grain-Size Characteristics of the Sediments of the Anapskaya Bay-Bar
Viacheslav Krylenko(1), Ruben Kosyan(1,2),
Мarina Krylenko(1) and Alexander Kochergin(1)
(1) Southern Branch of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS, 353467, Gelendzhik, Russia
Tel.: +7(86141)28281. Fax: +7 (86141) 28089.
E-mail: krylenko@mail.ru
(2) E-mail: rkosyan@hotmail.com
Abstract
The complex hydro-lithodynamic process investigation has been realized by the scientific team of Southern Branch of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS in 2010 on the Anapskaya bay-bar southern part. Beach and bottom sediment grain-size analysis was important component of these investigations. Potential danger of the investigated site geosystem degradation was revealed. For prevention of the further washout of Anapa beaches and dune blocks destruction it is necessary making nourishment of coarse-grained sand. The volume of single backfill should make 300-400 thousands м3. Also it is necessary to restore the artificially broken sites of the dune deposit zone and put in order the resort accomplishment and construction in the zone of dunes and the back part of the beach.
Erosion: A Human Induced Threat for the NW Coasts of Rhodes Island (SE Greece)
Anagnostou, Ch. (1), Sioulas, A. (2), Hatiris, G. (2), Karageorgis, A. (1) and Chronis, G. (1)
(1) Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece,
Tel: +30 22910 76369, Fax: +30 22910 76347
E-mailchanag@ath.hcmr.gr
(2) Hydrobiological Station of Rhodos, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Rhodos, 85100, Greece,
Tel: +30 22410 27308, Faxl: +30 22410 78321,
E-mail: asioulas@hsr-ncmr.gr
Abstract
Rhodes is the largest island of Dodecanese island complex in the SE Aegean Sea. Due to its geological structure it is characterized by a relatively high percentage of depositional coasts. The depositional northwest coasts of Rhodes Island have experienced strong erosion during the last few decades, due to a progressive decrease in sediment supply, resulting mainly from human activities along the coastline and in the hinterland. The extensive erosion has significant environmental and socioeconomic impacts, since considerable recreational infrastructure has been developed at the coastal zone. Coastal geomorphological observations were conducted and the coastal and sediment dynamics at certain locations of the northwest coasts were studied. To protect eroding coasts, the engineers suggest usually ‘hard works’, such as constructions parallel or normal to the shore, stabilization works, etc. We consider that the selection of the most suitable method is subject to environmental, technical, economical, political, social and aesthetic limitations and in contrast to the local defense measures (groins normal to the shore) that have been used unsuccessfully so far, we propose for the most of the places along the eroding northwest coastal area of Rhodes Island periodic beach nourishment.
Soft Shore Protection: Evaluation of an Experimental Application
Constantine L. Goudas(1), Christofer A. Kapopoulos(2) and Effie T. Psarropoulou(2,3)
(1) University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Email : goudas.con@windowslive.com
(2) Aquaterra Eng. Firm, Gounari 5,Patras, Greece
Tel :+30-2610-279095 Fax:+30-2610-243026
Email : ckapo@aquaterra.gr
(3) Email: epsarop@aquaterra.gr
Abstract
Out of many experimental applications of the ‘Coastal Protection and Nourishment System’ (CPNS), a soft shore protection arrangement, the one installed in June 1998 at the beach of Kato Loutro, Prefecture of Corinthia, will be evaluated in respect to the system stability, integrity, general environmental impacts, beach protection effectiveness, and longevity, on the basis of recent field survey results after 13 years (June 1998 to April 2011) of operation. Previous evaluations of other CPNS experiments published in 1998, 2000, and 2003 are found to be comparable to the ones exposed here. The present evaluation is based on direct site measurements made recently after the above time-period, during which no maintenance was made and provides conclusive evidence that the beach treated, is protected against many undesired impacts, i.e., erosion, coastline recession and seabed changes that may render unfriendly the use of the beach. The types of eroding beaches that can be treated and protected by installing this arrangement are discussed, together with comparative comments with other soft shore protection methods.
On the Accuracy of Surface Wind and Wind-Wave Data
Saleh Abdalla(1), Peter A.E.M. Janssen(1,2) and Jean-Raymond Bidlot(1,3)
(1) ECMWF, Shinfield Park, RG2 9AX, Reading, UK
Tel: + 44-118-949 9703 , Fax: + 44-118-986 9450
E-mail: Saleh.Abdalla@ecmwf.int
(2) Tel: + 44-118-949 9708 ,
E-mail: Jean.Bidlot@ecmwf.int
(3) Tel: + 44-118-949 9116 ,
E-mail: Peter.Janssen@ecmwf.int
Abstract
The available sources of surface wind and wave data can be classified: in-situ measurements, remotely sensed observations and numerical predictions. Recent decades witnessed improvements in the availability, coverage and accuracy of all these sources. The estimation of the accuracy of (or better: the errors associated with) various wind and wave data is very important for better utilisation of such data. Some of the recent efforts along this line are reviewed. Globally for a whole year (August 2009-July 2010), the buoy and altimeter errors for surface wind speed were found to vary around 1 m.s-1 (which corresponds to about 11-14% of the mean value) while those for significant wave height to vary between 0.13 and 0.25 m (about 5 to 10%). The 1-day forecast errors from the ECMWF model are not very different. Wind speed and wave height errors have almost linear dependency on the value of the parameter except for the model wind speed which shows no dependency for speeds below 13 m.s-1 and linear dependency for higher winds.
Ensemble Forecasting on Wave Modelling
Yang-Ming Fan(1), Shunqi Pan(4) , Jia-Ming Chen(1,2) and Chia Chuen Kao(1,3)
(1) Coastal Ocean Monitoring Center, National Cheng Kung University, 701 Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Tel: + 886 6 2744058 Fax: + 886 6 2098853
E-mail: yangming.fan@gmail.com
(2) E-mail: victorkala@gmail.com
(3) E-mail: kaoshih@tori.narl.org.tw
(4) School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, PL4 8AA Plymouth, UK
Tel: +44-1752 586140 Fax: + 44 1752 586101
E-mail: Shunqi.Pan@plymouth.ac.uk
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to quantitatively assess the effect of uncertainties on the wave forecasts using the ensemble approach. The ensemble method is an effective approach to assess the effect of the model uncertainty by producing not only one, but several forecasts. The ensemble wave modelling system was applied to the Taiwan sea area. There are four different operational atmospheric models that provide predictions of wind at 10 m height above sea surface. The simulated wave of WAVEWATCH III drove from NCEP, JMA, NFS, and WRF wind fields. From the simulated wave heights of all ensemble members, it can be clearly seen that the uncertainties from the atmospheric predictions have significantly affected the predicted hydrodynamic results. A further ensemble statistics, including the ensemble mean, and mean ± standard deviation. The ensemble statistics that the accuracy of the waves can be considerably improved by the ensemble mean + standard deviation.
Fetch Dependencies of the Spectral Parameters of the Wind-Waves in the Eastern Black Sea
Nihal Yılmaz(1) and Erdal Özhan(2)
(1) Mugla University, Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, 48000, Kotekli, Mugla, Turkey
Tel: + 90-252-2111919, Fax: + 90-252-2111912
E-mail: nyilmaz@mu.edu.tr
(2) MEDCOAST Foundation (Akdeniz Kıyı Vakfı)
Maraş Mah., Kaunos Sok., No:26, Dalyan, Ortaca, 48840 Mugla, Turkey
Tel: +90-252-2844450, Fax: + 90-252-2844405
E-mail: ozhan@metu.edu.tr
Abstract
Fetch dependencies of spectral parameters have been studied since 1960s by a number of researchers in various parts of the world. Non-dimensional variables combining energy, frequency and fetch are used to represent fetch limited growth of waves under steady wind conditions. In the present study, in situ measurements carried out in the Eastern Black Sea at three locations (Sinop, Hopa, Gelendzhik) were used to obtain the fetch dependencies of wind-waves. First, the developing sea records were identified analyzing the 1-D spectra. Then, these records were further investigated for identifying the data that belonged to developing sea generated by stable wind conditions. Since the wind conditions were not measured simultaneously while carrying out the wave measurements, ECMWF analysis wind fields were utilized as the wind information corresponding to the records. Rather rigid criteria were applied for the wind direction and the wind speed for the identification process. Fetch dependencies of dimensionless spectral variables (variance, peak frequency) and JONSWAP parameter a were investigated. Consistent with the previous studies, dimensionless energy is found to increase with dimensionless fetch while dimensionless peak frequency and a decrease at three locations. Scatter in the values of a and energy is high but it is relatively low for peak frequency. Also, mean parameters of the JONSWAP model spectrum were given for this data sub-set.
Calculation Method of Tsunami Waves Run-up
Gennady Litvinenko (1) and Ivan Bazykin (2)
(1) Marine Transport Projects Company LTD Moscow 123045, Russia
Tel: +7 (495) 792 10 21
E-mail: litgi@mail.ru
(2) FSUE «Rosmorport» Moscow 127055, Russia
Tel: +7 (985) 364 72 38 Fax: +7 (495) 626 12 39
E-mail: I.Bazykin@rosmorport.ru
Abstract
We present a theoretical validation of the analysis procedure of extreme solitary tsunami waves run-up. Dependences by height calculation run-up tsunami waves on constructions and coast for a wide range of biases of a bottom are offered.
Environmental Impact Assessment of the Offshore and Coastal Projects
Izmail G. Kantardgi
Moscow State Civil Engineering University, Yaroslavskoe Shosse, 26, 129337 Moscow, Russia
Tel: + 7- 903-533 78 30
E-mail: kantardgi@yandex.ru
Abstract
The environmental impact and the relative damages of the new and reconstructed ports, oil-gas production shelf facility, and shore protection should be assessed at the stage of construction as well at the stage of operation. The procedure of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been established by the Russian federal law “On the environmental expertise”, what was adopted in November 1995. In 2005-2011 author participated as an independent expert or as a chair of the expert board in the federal environmental experts’ review (FEER) of the more than 100 sea ports, port facility, and offshore systems. In correlation with the Law the FEER was arranged by Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia. The analysed projects are different but the main procedure of the environmental expertise is the common one. And the main problems of the environmental impact assessment are the same, also. The main objective of the present paper is to present the actual examples, and to generalise the problems and to discuss the possible approaches of their solution.
Caspian Sea Impact on Estuaries Deformation
Homayoun Khoshravan(1) and Seyed Masoumeh Banihashemi(1,2)
(1) Caspian Sea Research Center, Water Research Institute, Km 8 Khezerabad
Tel: +98 151 3822974 Fax: +98 151 3822967
E-mail: h_khoshravan@yahoo.com
(2) E-mail: mbanihashemi@hotmail.com
Abstract
In this paper, the evaluating of sedimentary – morphodynamic deformation of main estuaries of rivers in the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea is the vital target. So with selecting, eight main rivers and by sampling of sediments on them in the beach zones, geometry of surrounded beach structure, morphodynamic condition and sedimentary deposition processes were analyzed. Then with interpretation satellite and aerial images of study area along the period between 1983 till 2004 that correspond to last progression phase of Caspian Sea level arise (+ 2.5m), the effect of rapid sea level changing of the Caspian Sea on beach and mouth of rivers have been measured. The results show that there are different type of the estuary in the study area and the last sea level arise has caused morphodynamic deformation (trait inclination of rivers, inflation of mouth and it’s widen) on the beach zone and the rivers mouth condition. Therefore as conclusion, the rivers of the Caspian Sea southern coasts have different behaviour against rapid sea level changing in the coastal zones and they are classified to three statements: (erosion, accretion and transition).
Statistical Analysis of 50-Years Biogeochemical Model Simulations in the Aegean Sea
Adolf Stips, Elisa Garcia-Gorriz and Gennadi Lessin
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21027 Ispra, Italy
Tel: +39-0332-789876
E-mail: adolf.stips@jrc.ec.europa.eu
Abstract
We perform a detailed statistical analysis of the results from 50-year physical-biogeochemical simulations in the Mediterranean Sea. The data are generated by the 3-D General Estuarine Transport Model - GETM for the hydrodynamic fields and by the Fasham biogeochemical model for nutrients and chlorophyll. The coupled model is forced with ECMWF atmospheric data, realistic bathymetry, river discharges and riverine nutrient inputs. The horizontal resolution of the model output is 5'x5' and the multiannual runs cover the period from 1960 to 2009. Specifically we examine here several sub-domains within the Aegean Sea that differ in the forcing and in the nutrient inputs. We use sea-surface temperatures and chlorophyll-a distributions derived from satellite observations for comparison to the physical-biogeochemical model results.
The data are analyzed with respect to autocorrelation, linear trends, non-linear functional forms and the occurrence of breakpoints in the time series. The applied statistical methods always comprise significance tests and confidence limits for the investigated characteristics. It was not possible to identify a clear regime shift in the Aegean Sea, at least not at the by Conversi et al. (2010), proposed date for a Mediterranean regime shift at the end of the 1980s. This must not be a contradiction, as nearly all the parameters considered in Conversi et al. (2010) are from the Western Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea and not from the Aegean Sea. Therefore it might be that the Aegean Sea has an own different dynamics than the whole Mediterranean Sea. We cannot confirm the speculated regime shift in SST at about 1998 of Raitsos et al. (2010), when applying our statistical testing methods.
Hydrometeorological Coastal Integrated Research in the North-Eastern Part of the Black Sea
V.S. Arkhipkin and S.S. Mukhametov
M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
Tel: +7 495 9392215 Fax: +7 495 9328836
E-mail: victor.arkhipkin@gmail.com, 11May1978@gmail.com
Abstract
Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Geography of M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University engage in field observations of hydrometeorological characteristics in the base of South Branch of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Russian Academy of Sciences more than 10 years. The study area is varied topography, occupies a mountain-foreland of the Caucasian Black Sea coast between the territories of the cities Novorossiysk and Tuapse, a length of about 90 km and a width of 8 to 30 km.
During this work gained wide array of oceanographic observations in the coastal zone of the north-eastern Black Sea. Studies are in the same time (late May - mid-July and late January - early February), during this period held steady continuous observation with a step for 5 minutes for the main meteorological parameters and hydrological-chemical parameters of sea water (temperature, salinity, pH , redox potential, dissolved oxygen, etc.), to engage in a comprehensive oceanographic survey of Gelendzhik Bay area (30 stations). Surface water samples took that to determine the hydrochemical parameters (pH, alkalinity, oxygen content, concentrations of phosphate, silicate and nitrate concentrations of some pollutants such as petroleum products) in laboratory conditions, as well as sampling for phytoplankton. Using Doppler profiler observations were carried out for currents and with the help of an acoustic wave recorder – wave observations and sea level.
Caspian Sea Bottom Scouring by Hummocky Ice Floes
Stanislav Ogorodov(1) and Vasiliy Arkhipov(2)
(1) Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Tel: +7-495-939 25 26 Fax. +7-495-932 88 36
E-mail: ogorodov@aha.ru
(2) Zubov State Oceanographic Institute, Kropotkinskiy per. 6, 119034 Moscow, Russia
Tel/Fax: +7-495-708 39 26
E-mail: vvarkhipov@mail.ru
Abstract
The question of assessing the intensity of ice effect on the bottom of the Caspian Sea is of great importance in connection with the construction of offshore oil and gas platforms and subsea pipelines. The article considers the conditions of the ice cover formation and mechanism of ice effect on the bottom in the Northern Caspian. Information on ice gouges distribution obtained from the literature and from our own recent years research data is provided.
Sedimentation in the Sea Area of the Poreč Harbour
Krunoslav Škaro(1), Danijela Bogner(2) and Zvonko Gržetić(1,3)
(1) Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia
Zrinsko Frankopanska 161, 21000 Split, Croatia
Tel: +385-21-308857; Fax: +385-21-347242
E-mail: krunoslav.skaro@hhi.hr
(2) Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries
Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia
Tel: +385-21-408007; Fax: +385-21-358650
E-mail: bogner@izor.hr
(3) E-mail: zvonko.grzetic@hhi.hr
Abstract
The sea area of the Poreč harbour is semi-coastal area with the size of 383900m2. There are no surface water streams in its hinterland, but there is continual anthropogenic influence. Due to the late Pleistocene-early Holocene transgression that led to the creation of present Poreč harbour which probably occurred between 7500 to 6500 years BP, a semi-closed area was formed. Geophysical researches are carried out in October 2003, and sediment samples were collected. Results of analyses imply Holocene sedimentation during which up to 8 m were deposited and coarsening of the sediments towards to coast. In the deepest layer of the core red soil (terra rossa) was deposited with the type of clayey silt sediments. Terra rossa soil is typical for the wider area. Its presence in the deepest layer of sediment may be autochthonous (not eroded) and was created in the subaerial phase, or allochthonous and was caused due to erosion of the surrounding land, and then transported and deposited in the marine environment. It is assumed that the clayey silt (terra rossa) was found throughout the whole area, although its actual thickness was not determined. In the whole area sandy silt was deposited with variable thickness and above it is silty sand. Silty sand was deposited in the coastal area which is most likely due to input of coarse particles from the mainland, the presence of biogenic components and erosion of the central area due to the action of currents and the increased anthropogenic impact (dredging). The sea level rise led to coarsening of sediment particles.
GIS and Remote Sensing Applications
GIS for Coastal and Marine Environment – an Integrated Tool for ICZM in Razim Sinoe Lagoon
Alina David Spinu (1), Laura Alexandrov (2) and Razvan Mateescu (1,3)
(1)University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography,
1 Nicolae Balcescu Blvd, Bucuresti, Romania
Tel: 0040724404084
(2) Email: alina_daiana_ct@yahoo.com
National Institute for Research and Development “Grigore Antipa”, 300 Mamaia Blvd, Constanta, Romania
Tel: 0040540870; fax: 0040241831274
Email: laurenta05@yahoo.com;
(3) E-mail: razvan_doru@yahoo.com
Abstract
Coastal zones are different from other spaces and require special attention. Integrated coastal zone management is confirmed as the main needed approach to address the particular challenges of coastal zones. “The ICZM Protocol” mirrors the basic principles and objectives of the EU ICZM Recommendation and it fits in the regional sea based approach that the EU envisages. EU Special attention for coastal zones is focused both to positive and negative aspects, concerning population high density of (people), economic activities of strategic importance, biodiversity, climatic and human impacts, scarcity of space, coastal erosion. Tourism industry and unplanned urbanization induced) negative effects in the last years by depreciation of the natural landscape, water quality, sandy dunes, vegetation and marine ecosystem.
In this respect coastal management is necessary based on last EU Regulations and Laws regarding ICZM, WFD and Maritime Policies. Strategic approaches of these are based on: ecosystem approach, sustainable resources use, climate change effects evaluation, sound coastal protection, sustainable economic /job opportunities identifying and creation, cultural heritage conservation and traditional activities development, functioning social and cultural system in the local communities access to the coast - for leisure / landscape, general cohesion (accessibility remote coastal settlements).
As Pilot area proposed, “Sinoe –Razim lagoon” is the unique aquatic complex in Romania functioning since 1980 as a coastal lagoon with an unstable brackish water regime, connected seasonally with the sea, nominated in the present as “transition water body with shallow water and sandy substrate” as it is define under the EU nomination and classification.
The graphical representations were realized in an application of the ArcGIS data assimilation system. The ArcGIS spatial analysis techniques were developed on representations of spatial data (GPS data / data obtained by digitization) in a plane model / referenced configuration, the results being represented / overlay.
Land Cover Changes in the Coastal Peri-Urban Zone of Corinth, Greece
Christos Chalkias(1), Apostolos Papadopoulos(1,2), Alexandros Ouils (1, 3),
Efthimios Karymbalis (1, 4) and Vassilios Detsis(1,5)
(1) Harokopio University,Department of Geography, El. Venizelou 70,
17671 Athens, Greece.
Tel: +30 210 9549 347 Fax: +30 210 9514 759
E-mail: xalkias@hua.gr
(2) E-mail: apospapa@hua.gr
(3) E-mail: a.ouils@yahoo.gr
(4) E-mail: karymbalis@hua.gr
(5) E-mail: detsis@hua.gr
Abstract
This study deals with the landscape evolution of the coastal zone along the southern coast of Korinthiakos Gulf in central Greece. This coastal area is characterized by an extensive alluvial plain formed by the sediment supply of torrential rivers. Its step-like morphology is the result of a series of uplifted marine terraces formed during the interglacial sea-level high-stands of the period of late Quaternary. The dominant process along the coastline is intense erosion due to marine processes (wave activity, long-shore currents and sea-level rise). Recent changes in the landscape of this coastal area have been triggered by changes in human activities. The aim of the study is to identify socio-economic factors that brought about land cover change and the way the environment characteristics of the area defined the trajectory or the lack of change and its spatiotemporal pattern as well as to examine the heterogeneity of the landscape during this process. The research was based on remote sensed imagery and the output land cover maps of the broader area of the municipality of Vocha covering the time period between 1945 and 2008. The direction and the timing of change were related to changes of the population characteristics and density, tourism growth along the coastal zone, and the geographical properties of the study area.
The Atmosphere's Surface Layer Pollution: GIS-Technologies Approach
Olga Arkhipova (1) and Yulia Lychagina (1, 2)
(1) Institute of Arid Zones of the Southern Scientific Centre RAS
344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
E-mail: arkhipova@ssc-ras.ru
(2) E-mail: sladkova@ssc-ras.ru
Abstract
The main recreational resources of the resort are the natural resources. The development of the resort has an impact on natural resources, as a consequence, changing the basic elements of the natural environment: air, water, attractive landscapes and climate. The problem of the quality of ambient air is particularly acute in the resort cities of the subtropical zone of Russia. Air pollution is a real threat to the recreational potential of resorts and may be harmful to human health. The main sources of air pollution at the resort are transport and thermal powe plant.
The aim of the study is to assess the contamination of the atmosphere surface layer of a resort area by the emissions from major sources.
The article gives the estimation of city's surface layer of the atmosphere contamination caused by emission point source using Geographical Information System methods.
The Coastal Dimension of Maritime Spatial Planning
Vittorio Barale
Institute for Environment and Sustainability
Joint Research Centre, European Commission
TP 272, Via E. Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
Tel: +39 0332 789274 Fax: +39 0332 789034
E-mail: vittorio.barale@jrc.ec.europa.eu
Abstract
Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) is considered a key instrument for the implementation of the EU Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP), which aims to ensure the economic development of coastal and marine areas in a sustainable manner. Coastal zones constitute the “hinge” between land and sea developments, so that MSP must coordinate, and overlap where required, with Integrated Coastal Management (ICM), using a common ecosystem approach. The selection of suitable geographical units, where this approach can be taken, and MSP/ICM applied, requires the assessment of ecological provinces, characterized by a coherent set of environmental traits. Ideally this can be done on the basis of synoptic Remote Sensing (RS) data, to cover space/time scales not accessible by other means. Sample data for the Mediterranean Sea provide examples of the coverage obtainable for a set of complementary ecosystem indicators.
SAR Data Help Improving the Monitoring of Intertidal Flats on the German North Sea Coast
Martin Gade(1), Kerstin Stelzer(2) and Jörn Kohlus(3)
(1) Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany,
Tel: +49 40 42838-5450, Fax: -7471,
Email: martin.gade@zmaw.de
(2) Brockmann Consult, Geesthacht, Germany,
Tel: +49 4152 889-307, Fax: -333,
Email: kerstin.stelzer@brockmann-consult.de
(3) LKN, Nationalparkverwaltung, Tönning, Germany,
Tel: +49 4861 616-46, Fax: -69,
Email: joern.kohlus@lkn.landsh.de
Abstract
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data have been included into an existing monitoring system to complement the classification of sediments, macrophytes, and mussels in the German Wadden Sea. Whereas the use of satellite-borne optical sensors in northern latitudes is strongly limited by clouds and haze, SAR data allow earth observation that is independent of cloud coverage and daytime. SAR data acquired at different radar bands (L, C, and X band, from ALOS PALSAR, ERS SAR and ENVISAT ASAR, and TerraSAR-X, respectively) have been used to analyse their potential for crude sediment classification on dry-fallen intertidal flats and for detecting benthic fauna such as blue mussel or oyster beds. In addition, we demonstrate that high-resolution SAR data can be used to detect residuals of historical land use, in intertidal areas that were lost to the sea during major storm surges in the 13th and 17th centuries.
Coastal Radar “WERA”: A Tool for Risk Management
Thomas Helzel(1), Markus Valentin(1) and Nicolas Thomas(2)
(1) Helzel Messtechnik GmbH, Carl-Benz-Str. 9, Kaltenkirchen, Germany
Tel: +49-4191-95200 Fax: +49-4191-952040
E-mail: helzel@helzel.com
(2) Actimar, 36 quai de la Douane, 29200 Brest, France
Tel: +33 2 98 44 24 51 Fax: +33 2 98 46 91 04
E-mail: thomas@actimar.fr
Abstract
The HF-Coastal Radar “WERA” is a shore based remote sensing system to monitor ocean surface currents, waves and wind direction. This very reliable long range and high resolution monitoring system based on over-the-horizon radar technology. Due to the outstanding accuracy WERA can provide reliable data on a user defined grid. These data can be assimilated into numerical oceanographic models. In case of accidents in a distance of up to 200 km off the coast the real-time ocean surface current data can help Search and Rescue (SAR) operators. Results of various experiments at the French coast near Brest show the significant improvement of the drift simulation, when using real-time current data provided by radar systems instead of using data from numerical models. The experimental results clearly show that the drift prediction driven with the measured current data can keep close to the real drift trajectory much longer than the model driven prediction. The same tool can be used for backtracking a monitored oil spill and estimate the origin to identify the polluter. Data and experimental results from the French coast demonstrate the efficiency of these instruments.
Satellite Observations of Eddies in Coastal Zones
Svetlana Karimova
Space Research Institute of RAS, Moscow, 117997, Russia
Tel: +7-495-333 42 56 Fax: +7-495-333 10 56
E-mail: feba@list.ru
Abstract
In the paper, a methodology of eddy observation in coastal zones of the Mediterranean seas using satellite radar imagery as well as infrared and optical images is presented. Among the regions of interest there are the Baltic, Black and Caspian seas. The dataset used includes Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) and ERS-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) images. Potentials of the data mentioned for retrieving hydrodynamic features of coastal waters are shown. As a result of statistical analysis of the imagery mentioned the areas with especially frequent generation of submeso- and mesoscale eddies were defined.
Monitoring Surface Pollutants Using WERA HF Radar
Z. Kokkini (1), V. Zervakis (1, 2) and S. Kyriakides (1, 3)
(1) Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean
GR - 81100, Mytilene, Greece
Tel: +30-22510-36854, Fax: +30-22510-36809
E-mail: mar01045@mar.aegean.gr
(2) Tel: +30-22510-36842 E-mail: zervakis@marine.aegean.gr
(3) E-mail: mar04049@marine.aegean.gr
Abstract
The University of the Aegean and the Hellenic Center of Marine Research have jointly installed a WERA HF radar system at the eastern coast of Lemnos island for monitoring the surface Dardanelles current, consisting of Black Sea originated waters entering the North Aegean Sea. As the Dardanelles are characterized by a continuous surface outflow into the northeastern Aegean, it constitutes a constant potential point source of pollution for the region. Through the HF-radar monitoring we are thus able to simulate the drift of a virtual passively drifting pollutant at the surface layer east of Lemnos Island. To that aim, a pseudo-Lagrangian method was developed, where virtual surface drifters alias the position of the pollutant. In order to obtain statistical estimates of pollutant dispersion, we deploy several virtual drifters at selected areas of the HF radar coverage area, and record their tracks by time-integration of their velocities using successive sea-surface current maps. Each virtual drifter is followed until either it lands on a shore, or it leaves the radar coverage area. Direct estimates of horizontal dispersion coefficient are obtained through the assessment of the temporal evolution of the standard deviation of the drifter positions. The decorrelation scale method, assuming horizontal homogeneity of turbulence. Real sea-surface drifters of a design similar to CODE type have been deployed in the area within field studies that have taken place in the framework of the "MedEX" project. Comparison between the tracks and velocitie of the real and virtual drifters provide a means for assessing the radar performance, as well as the validity of the above-mentioned method of coastal-pollution risk assessment. The whole study took place in the framework of the "Enhancement of research man power through the implementation of thesis – HERACLITUS ΙΙ: Hellenic Republic of Education, Lifelong Learning and Religious Affairs.
Landsat ETM Applications: Identifying Geological and Coastal Landforms,
SE Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia
O. A. Alharbi(1), M.R. Phillips(1,2), A.T. Williams(1,3) and R.A. Bantan(4)
(1) Faculty Applied design and Engineering, Swansea Metropolitan University, Mt Pleasant, Swansea, SA1 6ED, UK.
Tel. +44-179-248 1149
E-mail: omar.alharbi@smu.ac.uk
(2) E-mail: m.phillips@smu.ac.uk
(3) E-mail: allan.williams@smu.ac.uk
(4) Marine Geology Department, Faculty of Marine Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,
E-mail: rbantan@kau.edu.sa
Abstract
The Ash Shuqayq coastline, is located (between latitudes 17O30` N and 17O45` N) along the Saudi Red Sea coast and was chosen for Landsat ETM investigations because it is a unique environment, being characterized by some of the most productive biological ecosystems and major geological environments (e.g. coastal reefs, mangrove stands, marshes, sabkhas, alluvial fans, sea cliffs. Landsat ETM data interpretation and analysis delineated seven major sedimentary environments: recent sediments sands dunes, sabkhas, sand beaches, lagoons, wadis, organic matter and vegetation areas. Coloured images from band 4 distinguished between classes (e.g. soil composition, vegetation, and moisture content) that have certain common characteristics in the unsupervised classification image. Coastline bathymetric mapping was undertaken using a mosaic of unsupervised image and true colour image bands 3, 2 and 1, and false colour images bands 7, 4 and 1, and 4, 5 and 7. Image interpretation and analysis enabled delineation of the main geological units: proterozoic rocks extending to the east, a north-northwest trending belt of Mesozoic to lower Tertiary rocks in the centre, and a large area of coastal plain (Tihama Plain) of middle Tertiary to Quaternary deposits. Four water depth zones (<10, 10-20, 20-30 and >30m) were identified and most of the Ash Shuqayq coastal area is considered shallow (<10m), although other deposits in greater water depths (20-30m) were subsequently classified. This investigation also demonstrated the influence of geology, coastal morphology, sediment distribution and longshore transport on low-lying rocky and plain shorelines. Results documented beach geomorphological characteristics, which tended to be more dissipative and have lower gradient shorefaces, than those along the most northern part of the study area coastline. Analysis also demonstrated the valuable contribution Landsat ETM data can make to long-term coastal management.
