Proceedings of The Sixth International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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VOLUME I
Socio-Economic Issues |
VOLUME II
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VOLUME III
Coastal Processes, Erosion Control and Shoreline Management Coastal Geology, Sedimentology, Geomorphology and Geochemistry |
VOLUME IV Climatic Change and Foreseeable Impacts on Deltas: A New Challenge for the Conservation of Protected Area (Special Volume of the Comacchio Session) |
ABSTRACTS
VOLUME I
Integrated Coastal Management
Development of Integrated Coastal Area Management at the Caspian Sea
Yuriy G. Mikhaylichenko(1) and Parvin Farshchi(2)
(1 )Ministry of Industry, Science and Technologies of the Russian Federation, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, 11, Tverskaya Str., Moscow, 103905 Russia. Tel: +7-095-229 02 82, Fax: +7-095-925 96 09
E-mail: mikhaylichenko@minstp.ru
(2)Department of the Environment, Marine Environment Bureau, 187, Nejatollahi Str., Tehran, I.R.Iran.
Tel: +0098-21-8901096/8808776, Fax: +0098-21-8907223/8901096
E-mail: cep@irandoe.org
Abstract
Since the middle of nineties the Caspian region began its way to modern managerial practice at the coasts. The following heritage is typical for all of them: their development traditionally and historically is sectoral, there are significant conflicts of interests, the existing management system does not suit to the modern requirements and environmental principles, and as a result, populated coastal areas are significantly degraded. For four out of five countries the time has coincided with transitional period to market economy characterised, among others, by ownership form changes, essential modification of national, provincial and local roles in governance, and decreased attention paid to the environment issues under deterioration of socio-economic conditions. Their situation is complicated also by: lack of rational system of economical relations, lack of mechanisms for the settlement and prevention of conflicts, and lack of market economy regulation experience. At the same time availability of international experience, and high-qualified professionals in marine sciences and good higher school system in some of the countries are among positive factors for development of integrated coastal area management (ICAM). The efforts undertaken by the countries include evaluation of coastal resource potential and situation with its utilisation, and study of international experience. Some of them have advanced in elaborating of appropriate legislation and regulation, in initiation and support of appropriate training and education activity, and in trial incorporation of elements and rules of ICAM into the process of coastal program development. The international assistance in ICAM development in the region is very important, but the large specificity of the region required and keeps demanding improvement of the approaches, methods, criteria for efficiency and practical significance of the international activities. The most important activities were carried out within framework of the UNDP/WB/UNEP/EU-Tacis Caspian Environment Program (first phase in 1998-2002) and resulted in National and Regional Coastal Profiles, ICAM Network, Draft Guidelines for Coastal Planning for the Caspian Coast, Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis, National Caspian Action Plans and Strategic Action Programme. The main findings of this stage of ICAM development at the Caspian countries include: ICAM is very difficult for real implementation, may be especially at the region, and takes years, it needs proper understanding, it has to be implemented using both top-down and bottom-up approaches, it has to be implemented using all possible tools and procedures. At the moment the use of sustainable development approaches to the coasts depends, in the first place, on social responsibility and vital motivation of certain key decision-makers, especially at provincial and local levels. At the same time there is gradually growing understanding in the region that the pledge of the subsequent sustainable development of the Caspian countries coasts is our ability to integrate high-level marine sciences and good knowledge of coastal areas with modern managerial practice.
Towards Development of ICZM in the Black Sea Region
Alara Istemil
Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
Tel: +90-312-287 99 63 /4216 Fax: +90-312-285 37 39
E-mail: istemil@yahoo.com
Abstract
The paper focuses on the past, current as well as perspective developments of ICZM in the Black Sea region. Early efforts for the initiation and implementation of ICZM policies and strategies in the Black Sea are presented. Then, the current situation is examined in light of the new developments in the region i.e. the establishment of the Permanent Secretariat of the Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Black Sea Commission); the strengthening of the cooperation between the Black Sea Commission and the International Commission on the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) and the initiation of new TACIS Project and the GEF-Black Sea Ecosystem Recovery Project. Finally, obstacles and opportunities on the road to achieve a Regional ICZM Strategy in the Black Sea are presented.
An Overview of Coastal Management in Italy
Stefano Belfiore
NOAA/NOS International Program Office, 1315 East West Highway, SSMC3, Room#5600, Silver Spring, MD 20910 - USA.
Tel: +1 (301) 713-3078, Fax: +1 (301) 713-4263
Email: stefano.belfiore@noaa.gov
Abstract
This paper will provide a general picture of coastal management in Italy by reviewing: (a) the state of the coastal environment, (b) institutional arrangements and policy objectives, (c) policy instruments and integration, and (d) recent coastal management initiatives. The Italian coastal management system is also examined with reference to the European Commission's Communication and the Recommendation of the Council and the European Parliament concerning the implementation of ICZM in Europe and to the recent development in ICZM in the Mediterranean. Information was obtained from general and sectoral reports at the national and European level, monographs by environmental organizations, and national and regional coastal planning documentation. The paper focuses on the recent changes in the institutional and legal arrangements that show a progressive improvement of the Italian coastal policy and proposes further actions to strengthen it.
A New Approach for the Management of Maritime Public Domain in Central Coast of Portugal
F. Martins(1), F. Lopes Alves(1,2), L. Pinho(1,3) and A. Gomes(1,4)
(1) Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193
Aveiro, Portugal.
Tel: +351-234-370 831, Fax: +351-234-429 290, E-mail: filo@dao.ua.p (2) E-mail: malves@dao.ua.pt
(3) E-mail: lpinho@dao.u
(4) E-mail: agata@dao.ua.pt
Abstract
The present paper concerns a novel management tool for the Maritime Public Domain (MPD) of coastal beach and dune areas of central Portugal. The Centre of Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) of the University of Aveiro within the framework of a protocol with the Regional Directorate of Environment and Planning of Central Portugal (DRAOT-C) has developed a new approach to be an answer to the current and near-future information needs of the DRAOT-C for an effective and proactive management of the MPD. The elaboration of a systematized database with the identification and characterization of all MPD occupations, in order to be integrated in the Littoral - Centro Geographic Information System, will contribute to achieve the project objectives which aim at the MPD utilization as a privileged figure for a more efficient coastal zone management and consequently to a better land use planning and qualification.
MAP CAMP Malta: A Benchmark for Maltese Environmental Planning and Management
Avertano Role' (1) and Christine M Tanti (2)
(1) Mediterranean Institute, University of Malta, Msida .
Tel: + 356 23 40 21 87, +356 79 68 54 31, Fax: +356 21 3 364 50
E-mail: avertano.role@um.edu.mt
(2) University of Malta, Msida.
Tel: + 356 79 06 22 29, Fax: +356 21 23 86 44
E-mail: ctanti@maltanet.net
Abstract
MAP CAMP Malta was the first exercise carried out for the Maltese Islands in integrated coastal area management. This was achieved through the implementation of a series of five thematic activities, which addressed specific sectors regarding different problems and issues pertaining to the Maltese coastline. These thematic activities were complemented by three horizontal activities. This structure was consistent with the Mediterranean Action Plan's Coastal Area Management Programme (MAP CAMP), which has been applied in several other locations around the Mediterranean basin. The MAP CAMP Malta Project was innovative since it had a lengthy preparatory phase and a short implementation phase. This proved to be very successful, as well as pragmatic, since it fell in line with the funding cycles of donor agencies. One of the most crucial outputs of the Project was the identification and organisation of a series of key issues, which were elicited from the concerns of stakeholders. Stakeholder and public participation conditioned the orientation of the Project towards a bottom-up approach where problems and issues perceived by stakeholders and the public in general were accorded the highest priority. These key issues were organised under the currently defined three principles of sustainable development - environmental integrity, economic feasibility, and social equity. This facilitated integration and the identification of gaps. Following the identification and analysis of the sets of key issues and their interactions, MAP CAMP Malta delivered a set of strategies and specific actions organised within a comprehensive action plan. In line with its pragmatic nature, MAP CAMP Malta also provided a set of specific and prioritised post project activities as well as a feasible funding strategy divided into recommendations for the short and long term. The Project methodology developed in a demonstration area was based on the principles of ICAM and can be applied to the rest of Malta (Gozo and Comino), as well as regionally for other coastal areas where a high degree of resolution would be more appropriate.
A Case Study of ICZM in Southeast Sicily (Italy)
G. Pisana
Professional Geologist,Via T. Edison, 6, 97016 Pozzallo, Italy.
Tel: +39 3389818157, Fax: +39 0932956493
E-mail: g.pisana@tiscali.it
Abstract
The coastal zone under study is situated in the southeast part of Sicily and includes the littoral area between Spiaggia Maganuco and Punta Castellazzo. In recent years this area of the coast has suffered from a disorderly urban development, due to poor management. Urban expansion has taken place without giving sufficient importance to the scenic value of the area, leading to conditions of difficult environmental sustainability. ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management), through a process of motivation, planning and management, suggests strategies for Sustainable Development, combining and reconciling economic and environmental factors on a short-, medium- and long-term basis.
A Model of Sustainable Development in Peninsula Maddalena (Eastern Sicily)
M. Gulisano(1), S. Lanza(2), S.M. Lumera(3), A. Mancuso(4) and M. Tagliente(2,5)
(1) Professional Via Caltanissetta, 15 - 95100 Catania, Italy
Tel/Fax: 0039-095-533692
E-mail: guliman@tiscali.it
(2) University of Messina, Department of Earth Sciences
Salita Sperone, 31 - 98166 Messina, Italy
Tel: 0039-090-6765095 Fax: 0039-090-392333
E-mail: lanzas@unime.it
(3) Professional Via Casareggi, 16 - 96017 Noto (Sr), Italy
Tel/Fax: 0039-0931-812052
E-mail: salumera@tin.it
(4) Professional Via Capo Murro di porco, 35 - 96100 Siracusa, Italy
Tel/Fax: 0039-0931-721920
E-mail: almam@flashcom.it
(5) E-mail: mtagliente@unime.it
Abstract
The Maddalena Peninsula, located on the southeast coast of Sicily, represents the southern prolongation of the Porto Grande bay of Siracusa and is characterized by a prevalently rocky coast. The site is of considerable natural, geological, historical and archaeological interest, but has suffered serious environmental degradation, which has led to irreversible damage in some areas. This paper aims to suggest a model for integrated and eco-sustainable management of the coastal area in the Maddalena Peninsula, based on using the correct instruments for exploiting the natural and cultural beauties of the site, and at the same time on protecting and preserving them. In particular, a number of possible scenic routes have been planned through the most interesting natural beauty spots, so that a form of so-called "natural tourism" can be created, making people more aware and respectful of natural resources and encouraging a sustainable exploitation of the environmental resources.
Shoreline Management between Marina di Ragusa and Punta d'Aliga (SE Sicily)
G. Alessandro(1), G. Biondi(1,2), B. Di Vita(3) and M. Tagliente(4)
(1)Ragusa Regional Province, Geological and Geognostical Department
Via G. Di Vittorio, 175 - 97100 Ragusa, Italy.
Tel: +39-932-675553 Fax: +39-932-675522
E-mail: giuseppe.alessandro@tiscali.it
(2)E-mail: giovannibiondi@tin.it
(3)Environmental Engineering Consultant
Via Gen Cascino, 86 - 97019 Vittoria (RG) Italy.
Tel: +39-932-981846 Fax: +39-932-985951
E-mail: alettablu@yahoo.it
(4)University of Messina, Department of Earth Sciences
Salita Sperone, 31 - 98166 Messina, Italy.
Tel: +39-90-6765095 Fax: +39-90-392333
E-mail: mtagliente@unime.it
Abstract
The coast between Marina di Ragusa beach and Punta d'Aliga headland (South East Sicily) is of notable naturalistic value, owing to the presence of biotopes characterised by natural elements and fauna specifically belonging to the Mediterranean region; part of it is already a protected area (R.S.N.B. "Macchia Foresta del Fiume Irminio"). The present study has defined a whole series of elements which, taken together, have contributed to a general degradation of the area. These elements, linked to both environmental and anthropic factors, have caused over time a number of alterations in the complex environmental balance of the area. The significant erosive processes characterising the beaches of the Ragusa province have resulted, over the last decades, in the building of protective structures consisting for the most part in attached emerged breakwater barriers. This study takes as its starting point the analysis of the negative evolutionary trend of the coastline; to propose in particular solutions for the same area consisting of more varied interventions with a decidedly less violent environmental and scenic impact.
Integrated Environmental Study for Beach Management: a Case Study
Mauro Fabiano(1,2), Gabriella Camarsa(5,6), Rosanna Dursi (5,7), Roberta Ivaldi(1,3),Valentina Marin(1,4)
and Francesca Palmisani(5,8)
(1) Genova University, Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse - 16132 Genova, Italy. Tel: +39 010/3538066, Fax: +39 010/3538140
(2) E-mail: fabianom@unige.it (3) E-mail: ivaldi@dipteris.unige.it
(4) E mail: marin@dipteris.unige.it
(5) Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) - 16129 Genova, Italy.
Tel: +39 010/5773450, Fax: +39 010/5774656
(6) E-mail: gabriella.camarsa@feem.it (7) E-mail: rosanna.dursi@eni.it
(8) E-mail: francesca.palmisani@feem.it
Abstract
This paper aims to present a project convened by the University of Genoa and FEEM (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei), in collaboration with local authorities, concerning the development of tools for beach management in the Riviera del Beigua (Liguria Region, Italy). The aim of the first step of the project is to assess the environmental state of recreational beaches examining them interdisciplinary, through a data analysis based on a sound understanding of the components of the physical and the human system. The following step will be the treatment of the data, through the use of various instruments, which use a synthesis analysis, such as the traditional SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis and the use of a set of environmental and socio-economic indicators. Finally, our ultimate target is to propose guidelines, which will supply an instrument to back up policies concerning beach planning and management.
The Master Plan of the Ravenna Coastal Area
Werther Bertoni(1), Giovanni Gabbianelli(2) and Marco Gonella(3)
(1) Head of the Geological and Civil Protection Service of the Ravenna
Municipality,Via Ponte Marino, 2 - 48100 Ravenna. Tel +39 0544 482088, Fax: +39- 0544- 482357
E-mail: wbertoni@comune.ra.it
(2) Centro Interdipartimentale per la Ricerca in Scienze Ambientali, Università
di Bologna, vicolo degli Ariani,1 - 48100 Ravenna, Italy. Tel: + 39-0544-484712, Fax: +39- 0544- 484758
E-mail: gabgio@ambra.unibo.it
(3) Med Ingegneria S.r.l., Riviera Ruzzante, 49 - 35123 Padova, Italy. Tel / Fax: + 39-049-8756093
E-mail info@medingegneria.it
Abstract
Ravenna's coastal area covers about 40 km of sandy littoral, presenting a large variety of natural and anthropogenic features. Few naturalistic areas, in which original natural characteristics have been maintained, with conservation of dunes and an acceptable degree of environmental value, are adjacent to tourist areas, in which the main economic source for the population is represented by the massive use of the beach for recreation, and by industrial and harbour zones, which are crucial for the economy of the entire region. Together with this non-homogeneous use of the coast, which represents a first hard constriction for an adequate management of the area, a continuous erosional trend has been affecting the entire littoral since the '70s. This problem is mainly caused by a decrease in sediment transport from the rivers and by an increase in man-induced (anthropogenic) subsidence, due to fluid withdrawal from the underground. The forecasted global climatic change and, consequently, the mean sea level rise and the increase in the frequency of the storm events, represents another aspect which has to be taken into consideration when planning a sustainable development of the coastal area. The Master Plan study, developed following the European rules for the Integrated Coastal Zone Management, is one of the first Italian experiences in this field. The coastal zone has been analysed with an interdisciplinary approach, which considers the geological and geo-morphological features of the area, the meteorological and meteo-oceanographic conditions off-shore and on-shore, the environmental parameters and the social and economic local requirements, in order to define a new profound level of knowledge. The study has allowed pointing out the major problems that, in general, are the consequence of a non-coordinated managerial policy applied in the past, with interventions made to solve local problems, without a general analysis of the possible consequences on the adjacent areas. The analysis of the entire coastal area started from its subdivision in zones, with the aim of creating zones within which the most homogeneous features occurred. Based on the actual state of each coastal zone and defining for each of them a precise development plan (as, for example, naturalistic, tourist or industrial area) possible interventions have been defined in terms of infrastructures or management actions to guarantee an appreciable level of sustainability. When feasible, different hypothesis of intervention have been analysed with numerical modelling approaches, in order to verify and compare the efficiency of the different proposed solutions and to prevent negative effects on the adjacent beaches.The results of the Master Plan indicate to the Municipality the guidelines which should be followed for a sustainable development of the coastal area, preserving the natural and environmental properties, increasing, where possible, the socio-economic value of the beaches, and ensuring a good level of protection and safety from the storm risks.
Recovering Area at High Environmental Risk in Sicily
F. Fichera(1), O. Grasso(2) and S. Lanza(3)
(1) Consultant Via Caltanissetta, 3 - 96011 Augusta (Sr).Tel/Fax: +39-0931-99209, E-mail: francesco.fichera5@tin.it
(2) Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio, Progetto Operativo Difesa del Suolo,
Via Ugo La Malfa, 169 - 90100 Palermo.Tel/Fax: +39-091-67797, E-mail: o.lga@libero.it
(3) Università degli Studi di Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra,
Salita Sperone, 31 - 98166 Messina, Italy.Tel: +39-090-6765095, Fax: +39-090-392333, E-mail: lanzas@unime.it
Abstract
The Gulf of Augusta with a coastline of about 25 km long stretching from Capo Santa Croce to Capo Santa Panagia (South East Sicily), is included in the list of areas classified as "at high environmental risk" because of the deep alterations, which the natural environment has suffered. The intense industrialisation of the area, in fact, connected to the development of the largest petrochemical industrial centre in Europe, has led to radical changes, often irreversible, in its natural, scenic and cultural aspects.The study area, which has constantly been the object of polemical discussions, offers a wide variety of resources that should certainly be exploited. But it is necessary first of all to cultivate in the local population an awareness of the historic and environmental value of their own territory, which constitutes a considerable resource.The aim of this paper is to illustrate the present situation and to underline the potential, in terms of the elements of value this area has to offer, at the same time suggesting a "re-qualification" of the area achieving a balance between the industrial activities and the safeguarding and exploitation of the archaeological and natural resources.
Environmental Impacts of Coastal Developments and Activities - Coastal User Conflicts
Carlos Coelho(1), Marianne Scott(2), Alara Istemil(3) and Allan Williams(4)
(1) Dep. of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
Tel: +351-234-370 098 Fax: +351-234-370 094, E-mail: ccoelho@civil.ua.pt
(2) CIRIA, 1-2 Castle Lane, Westminster, London, SW1E 6DR, United Kingdom
Tel: +44-20-7828 4441/+44-7930-442 395 Fax: +44-20-7828 4055, E-mail: marianne.scott@ciria.org
(3) Middle East Technical University, 06531, Ankara, Turkey
Tel: +90-312-287 99 63 Fax: +90-312-285 37 39, E-mail: istemil@yahoo.com
(4) School of Applied Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd,
Wales, United Kingdom, Tel: +44-(0)-1443 480480 Fax: +44-(0)-1443 482285
E-mail: allan.williams@virgin.net
Abstract
Increased use of the coast resulting from human activities frequently has detrimental environmental impacts. Establishing priorities for action regarding coastal management is a complex task because of the multiplicity of concerns expressed by different groups of users who often have conflicting perspectives and objectives. This task is further complicated by the lack of data, difficulties in measurement and analysis and because each coastal zone has a unique set of problems with different political, social and cultural contexts. Coastal managers want methodologies that help them to make decisions to ensure sustainable and strategic coastal management. This paper discusses some tools and techniques for management with examples from the Turkish Mediterranean coast.
Tools and Instruments for Integrated Coastal Management
Developing a Standard for Sustainability Appraisal in Coastal Management
Anthony Gallagher
School of Maritime and Coastal Studies, Faculty of Technology, Southampton Institute, East Park Terrace, Southampton, UK, SO14 0RD.
Tel: 0044 (0) 2380 319748, Fax: 0044 (0) 2380 319739
Email: Anthony.Gallagher@solent.ac.uk
Abstract
The concept of sustainability is now widely acknowledged and used as a guiding principle by organisations involved in all scales of coastal management. For example, it underpins a raft of policies and lies behind a wide range of management tools, such as environmental impact assessment and performance indicators. However, operational difficulties remain as a result of the inherent ambiguity in the concept. This paper summarises research aimed at developing a performance-related 'sustainability standard' for coastal management. This is intended to enable an audit of coastal sustainability to be taken, and analysed, on a periodic basis. In order to achieve this it is necessary to understand more fully the normative structure of the concept by breaking down the key crosscutting constructs inherent in the definition. The rationale for this is that although many see sustainability as a complex idea, most professionals involved in coastal management are able to identify a series of such 'mobile constructs' and, indeed, routinely use these in order to translate the concept into practice. The research thus garnered 'expert' opinion through a national survey of UK coastal managers. The information gathered highlighted a number of concepts that were commonly held to be determinative of sustainability. These include, amongst others, the idea of balance between environmental integrity, economic development and social welfare; integration, of thought and management structures; participation of stakeholders; and equity. Along with taking a responsible long-term view and communicating to enable improved understanding and awareness these may be seen to represent the core crosscutting principles of sustainability. These constructs form the basis for criteria to be developed that enable coastal management areas to be tested in terms of sustainability.
New Tricks and Old Dogs: Institutional Arrangements, Incentives and Governance for ICM
Neil Lazarow
Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management & Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University Nathan, Queensland 4111 Australia. Tel: +61 7 3875 5528, Fax: +61 7 3875 7459
E-mail: n.lazarow@griffith.edu.au
Abstract
This paper identifies many of the de facto governance and management arrangements that support Integrated Coastal Management (ICM). There has been strong debate about the practice of ICM and this is reflected in Australia by the multitude of policies, reports and inquiries that have been produced over the past 30 years. The findings documented in these reports identify many ad hoc, multi layered and uncoordinated approaches to planning and decision making in coastal areas (RAC, 1993; Dovers, 2001; Graham, 2002; Smith, 2002).The author argues that many of the significant gains in coastal resource management and protection have been achieved outside of the traditional political and institutional management frameworks, rather than through improved formal governance arrangements. While this finding supports the argument for a change in governance and administrative structures for ICM, it falls outside of the key recommendations for improvement of coastal management, as identified by Thom and Harvey (2001). As a result, new inquiries should focus on how best to achieve 'big wins' within the much shorter, but equally more powerful electoral and political cycle. Graham (2002) argues that coastal management today is characterised by organisational approaches, which separate the different functions and roles of government with little interaction between the different spheres of interest, and with a small likelihood of achieving improved outcomes. Further to this, he asserts that the focus is not on the coast but bits and pieces of it, separated functionally and spatially: "In response to the question - Who manages the coast? - The answer was 'no one'" (Graham 2002). There is growing consensus that there needs to be significant change in governance and administrative structures for improved coastal management (Cullen, 1987; Dovers, 2001; Thom and Harvey, 2001; Smith, 2002). Cullen (1987) argues, however, that this process typically takes a minimum of five to seven years and the rapid degradation of coastal zone resources cannot wait because the pressure on coastal environments has in many cases reached a point of no return and in some instances the ability of the natural environment to replenish itself has been overtaken by the rate of destruction (Underwood and Chapman 1995).Through examining common issues from case studies found in six papers delivered at Australia's National Coastal Conference (2002), the author has analysed many of the strategies used by local community groups and non-government organisations (NGOs) in their attempt to influence ICM in Australia. The case studies represent government, industry, the community and the non-government sector. In a number of instances, the success of these case studies relied on actions and events external to traditional institutional arrangements and indicates, perhaps, that based on the depressed state of coastal resources in many locations, serious attention should be focused on this issue.
The Role of Information and Communication Between Stakeholders in Coastal Policy
J. Serra(1), C. Montori(1), H. Niesing(2), M. Villares(3), E. Roca(1) and O. Gelizo(1)
(1) Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain.
Tel: +34-935813868 Fax: +34-935813331, E-mail: gr.eurosion@uab.es
(2) National Institute of Marine and Coastal Management (RIKZ), The Netherlands
Tel: +31-703114447 Fax: +31-703114300, E-mail: H.Niesing@rikz.rws.minvenw.nl
(3) Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain, Tel: + 34-934011617 Fax: +34-934017264
E-mail: Miriam.villares@upc.es
Abstract
In the framework of the EUROSION project www.eurosion.org (2002), eleven pilot sites distributed throughout Europe have been selected where in-depth studies have been undertaken taking into account a wide range of elements. This paper draws attention to the stakeholder systems identified in these pilot sites and the role that information plays in coastal management, identifying a list of problems that interfere with the process of decision-making. The need to improve the connection between this information and to make it more accessible leads us to propose a LIS (Local Information System) for coastal erosion management.
The Citizen Science Toolbox: Smarter Public Involvement in ICM
N. Lazarow(1), J Pembleton(2) and T. Smith(3)
Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management and Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111 Australia, Tel: +61 7 3875 5528, Fax: +61 7 3875 7459
(1) E-mail: n.lazarow@griffith.edu.au
(2) E-mail: j.pembleton@griffith.edu.au
(3) E-mail: t.smith@griffith.edu.au
Abstract
Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) today prescribes a process that incorporates global environmental change, integrated management, sustainable development, and greater community understanding of management issues and participation in decision-making. This paper focuses on community involvement in decision-making through participatory science and policy. The authors argue that positive environmental change is intrinsically connected to social and political change, which is most effectively facilitated by greater involvement of local communities and stakeholders in the environmental decision-making process. Participative decision-making presumes that every citizen in a community has a valuable contribution to make, and has a right to participate in management decisions that will effect their well being. While visiting 'experts' and decision makers may contribute to the understanding of biophysical, economic and social processes, it is often local communities that possess an intimate connection with, and understanding of, their local environment. Working together, people with a variety of skills can come up with innovative and effective solutions that fit a specific community and environmental issue. In recognition of the importance of these partnerships, the Coastal Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) (a transdisciplinary research center whose goal is to 'bridge the gaps between science, communities and decision makers') has developed the Citizen Science Toolbox as a practical guide to build the capacity for participatory decision-making for sustainable management of the coastal zone. Most of the tools can be used in a variety of ways and may be combined to offer a variety of mechanisms for people to engage with a project or issue. The tools are intended to facilitate various levels of engagement from passive through to active and are ranked according to cost, resources, skills and technology required, time and group size. Further to this, a number of the tools are linked to real-life case studies so that the potential user is able to view the tools in operation. The key operational aspect of the Toolbox is the tool 'chooser' - a simple but effective interface that allows the user to easily find the most appropriate tool for their needs. The Toolbox provides a framework for government, industry, non-government organizations (NGOs), and the wider community to speak a common language when engaging in citizen participation activities.
Local Information System (LIS) as a Tool for the Coastal Erosion Management
H. Niesing(1), J. Serra(2), C. Montori(2), M. Villares(3), E. Roca(2) and O. Gelizo(2)
(1) National Institute of Marine and Coastal Management (RIKZ),
The Netherlands, Tel: +31-703114447 Fax: +31-703114300, E-mail: H.Niesing@rikz.rws.minvenw.nl
(2) Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain.
Tel: +34-935813868 Fax: +34-935813331, E-mail: gr.eurosion@uab.es
(3) Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain, Tel: +34-934011617 Fax: +34-934017264
E-mail: Miriam.villares@upc.es
Abstract
One of the EUROSION project components is to review within Europe the decision-making processes at the local level on (coastal) policy processes - including planning, implementing, and monitoring erosion prevention and control measures - and to provide applicable guidelines for improving decision making through increased information sharing. The decision making process has been analysed at eleven so-called pilot sites distributed over the coast of Europe (Serra et al., 2002; Lombardo et al., 2002). The main goal is to learn from these experiences European-wide and to draw generic applicable guidelines for implementing and maintaining a so-called "Local Information System" (LIS). This paper introduces the methodology that is going to be followed for such development.
Decision Support Systems for the Strategic Management of Abruzzo's Coast
A. Orsini (1), P. De Girolamo (1,2), P. Caputi (3), C. Visca (3,4) and D. Raggi (3,4)
(1) University of L'Aquila, Department of Hydraulic, Structure, Environment and Territory , Monteluco di Roio - 67040 L'Aquila, Italy.
Tel: +39-0862-434544, Fax: +39-0862-434520, E-mail: a.orsini@ing.univaq.it
(2) E-mail: paolo.degirolamo@uniroma1.it
(3) Servizio Opere Marittime Regione Abruzzo, Via Catullo, Pescara, Italy, Tel: +39-085-65341, Fax: +39-085-60297
E-mail: pierluigi.caputi@regione.abruzzo.it
(4) E-mail: servoomm@regione.abruzzo.it
Abstract
This paper will describe the concept and the first results of an applied research project named SICORA (Information Support for the Management of the Regione Abruzzo's Coast), which is funded by the local authority, Regione Abruzzo. Regione Abruzzo, with about 130 km on the Italian Adriatic coast, funded this research with the intent of upgrading its expertise in coastal issues and developing a structured system of coastal zone management. The hydraulic Department of L'Aquila University (DISAT) was commissioned to carry out the research and to act as advisor in the process of acquisition and use of adequate technology. The research project aims to build a decision support system (DSS) and an information system for the territory (SIT) to support the local authority infrastructure, which is responsible for coastal planning and coastal defence in the decision making process for long-term strategic plans. The project intends to deliver know-how, guidelines and structured frameworks to the local authority. The benefit of this project will be a more sustainable management of the environmental and economic resources of the coastal zone. As a consequence the welfare of the coastal communities is going to increase while the risk of coastal exploitation should be reduced.
Ecological Map and Dune Vulnerability Checklist of El Rompido Spit (Huelva, SW Spain)
Sara Muñoz -Vallés and Juan B. Gallego Fernández
Departament of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Apdo 1095, 41080 Seville, Spain.
Tel: +34-954-557 069 Fax: +34-954-626 308
E-mail: saralein@us.es
Abstract
The spit of El Rompido lies at the Piedras river estuary, in the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain), in the province of Huelva. The spit is 12 Km long and 300 to 700 m wide with a W-E orientation running parallel to the coast. This highly dynamic system has kept a mean increase of about 30 m/y during the last century. Most of the spit is now protected as a Natural Area and it own one of the best coastal dune landscapes of Spain.As a basis for the environmental management of the spit, a GIS project has been carried out with information on the natural elements of the area (geomorphology, vegetation) and a series of digital maps. This GIS is being used by the Spanish Ministry of Environment to implement the management politics onto the spit. The vulnerability checklist was applied along the active zone (beach-foredune) and the vulnerability index was calculated for each one of the 14 different zones. The spit dune system has been found to be moderately vulnerable.
The Role of Indicators in Marine Environmental Management of Ligurian Coastal Areas
A. Picollo(1), G. Albertelli(1), S. Coppo(2), D. Verardi(3) and K. Nicastro(1)
(1) Dipartimento del Territorio e delle sue Risorse (University of Genoa), C.so Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
Tel: +390103538584 Fax: +390103538140, E-mail: picollo@dipteris.unige.it
(2) Regione Liguria-Marine Environmental Office,Via D'Annunzio11, 16100 Genoa, Italy.
Tel: +390105484832 Fax: +390105484844, E-mail: stefano.coppo@regione.liguria.it
(3) R.S.T.A. Scrl , Via Brigata Liguria, 105/r 16126 Genoa, Italy.
Tel: +39010584368 Fax: +39010580653, E-mail: deverardi@tiscali.it
Abstract
Coastal areas are among the most endangered zones in the world. This is a direct consequence of the many and varied forms of intensive land use practices to which they are subject. The paper describes a model, named "DPSIR", proposed by European Environmental Agency, useful to address the coastal system and its interaction with economic development. This model provides a framework for data synthesis and links environmental information using indicators. The selected indicators for the specific case of the Liguria Region are also developed and described in the paper. This approach although applied in this study to Ligurian coastal areas, can be applied to any coastal zone and is used for the assessment of environmental conditions, elaboration of management plans and design of specific restoration/conservation actions to be carried out by the responsible institutions like regional governments.
Risk Assessment and Feasibility Defence Study within the Regione Abruzzo Coastal Area Management
Gian Mario Beltrami(1), Fabio Mondini(2), Paolo Contini(2), Diego Cuzzi (3), Pierluigi Caputi (4) and Paolo De Girolamo(1)
(1) DISAT, University of L'Aquila, 67040 Monteluco d Roio, L'Aquila, Italy.
Tel: +39-0862-434544 Fax: +39-0862-434520, E-mail: beltrami@ing.univaq.it, padegi@ing.univaq.it
(2) MODIMAR S.r.l., Via Montezebio 40, 00195 Roma, Italy.
Tel: +39-06-3269461 Fax: +39-06-3269461, E-mail: f.mondini@modimar.it, paolo.c@modimar.it
(3) University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67010 Coppito di L'Aquila, Italy.
Tel: +39-0862-433001 Fax: +39-0862-433003, E-mail: cuzzi@univaq.it
(4) Regione Abruzzo, Via Leonardo da Vinci 1, L'Aquila, Italy.
Tel: +39-0862-363802 Fax: +39-0862-363480, E-mail: pierluigi.caputi@regione.abruzzo.it
Abstract
The present paper illustrates the methodology and the results of the activities carried out by the University of L'Aquila and by Modimar Srl in order to assess, within the framework of the Regione Abruzzo integrated coastal area management, the vulnerability of the overall coast of Abruzzo, and to provide local authorities with the related coastal-defence feasibility studies. In accordance with the UNESCO methodology, the location of the most vulnerable areas and, more in general, the risk assessment of the overall coast of Abruzzo has been pursued by dividing it in regions characterised by morphological as well as socio-economical and environmental homogeneous conditions, and therefore by expressing the risk as a function of a morphological, and a socio-economical and environmental index. On the basis of this classification it has been possible to identify the defence-work priorities and to develop the related feasibility studies. In particular, several designs have been developed for each defence work. These designs have been compared by giving a specific weight to different technical, economical and environmental parameters. Finally, the overall feasibility of each defence work has been also analysed in the light of the Regione Abruzzo more general planning, and financial resources.
Tourism Development Strategy for Cape Peloro (Messina, NE Sicily)
T. Altamore(1), M.E. Blanco(2), C. Daidone(1,3), S. Denaro(1,4), G. Mafrica(2,5), S. Scordo(1,6) and E. Tigano(2,7)
(1) Municipal Administration of Messina, Piazza Unione Europea, Italy.
Tel: +39-090-7721 Fax: +39-090-2928278, E-mail: arterea@tiscali.it
(2) Environmental Consultant, Messina, Italy, E-mail: blancomari@tiscali.it
(3) E-mail: nuraimo@tin.it
(4) E-mail: eurospun@libero.it
(5) E-mail: dmafric@tin.it
(6) E-mail: salvatore.scordo2@tin.it
(7) E-mail: estigano@tiscali.it
Abstract
The coastal zone belonging to the Municipal Administration of Messina can be divided ideally into three broad sectors, all highly anthropised: the northern sector with the northeastern "tip" of the island of Sicily, the central sector with the port and the numerous docks for ferries and the southern sector with long sandy and coarse clastic beaches. The northern sector, between Tono village and Cape Peloro Lagoon area, which is the subject of this study, offers a site of exceptional scenic quality. The wide beaches on the Tyrrhenian coast, bordered by dunes, the presence of a nature reserve, the dramatic beauty of a coastline in direct contact with the residential area, the historic remains of the villages, together represent elements of great value. Moreover, the study area is directly involved in the plans to build a bridge over the Straits of Messina. The great environmental impact of this project determines the absolute and undeniable necessity to look for new solutions by means of a suitable form of monitoring and correct environmental protection, harmoniously combined with a strategic integrated and sustainable management of the coastal area, using the broadest possible planning and participation by local stakeholders, policy-makers and communities.
The CoastView Project
Carlo Albertazzi(1), Renata Archetti(2,3), Clara Armaroli(5,6), Mauro Ceroni(7), Paolo Ciavola(5), Alberto Lamberti(2) and Silvia Medri(2,4)
(1) Regione Emilia-Romagna, Servizio Pianificazione di Bacino e della Costa,Via
dei Mille 21, 40121 Bologna, Italy. Tel: +39-051-6396865, Fax: +39-051-6396941
E-mail: calbertazzi@regione.emilia-romagna.it
(2) Università di Bologna, Facoltà di Ingegneria, DISTART, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39-051-209374, Fax: +39-051-6448346
E-mail: alberto.lamberti@mail.ing.unibo.it
(3) E-mail: renata.archetti@mail.ing.unibo.it
(4) E-mail: smedri@ambra.unibo.it
(5) Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Scienze Della Terra, C.so E. I d'Este 32, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
Tel: +39-0544-293720, Fax: +39-0532-206468 E-mail: cvp@unife.it
(6) E-mail: clara.armaroli@unife.it
(7) Regione Emilia-Romagna, Servizio Tecnico Bacino Fiumi Romagnoli- Sede di Ravenna, P.zza Caduti per la Libertà 9, 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel.: +39- 0544-249744, Fax: +39-0544-249799 E-mail: mceroni@regione.emilia-romagna.it
Abstract
CoastView is a three years UE project, involving as Italian partners the Emilia-Romagna Regional Government and the Universities of Bologna and Ferrara. The project aims at developing video remote sensing tools in aid and in the context of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). These video systems are capable of monitoring waves, surface currents and the evolving coastal morphology, providing useful information on coastal erosion and recession rates, the location of shipping channels and hazardous sandbars, and the performance of coastal defence structures. In order to assist in decision-making, the CoastView project aims at reducing the complex information about the physical state of the coastline into a simplified set of "Coastal State Indicators" (CSIs), upon which management decisions and policy can be based. This paper describes the project, its technological tools (Argus System) and the studies undertaken on the Lido di Dante site (Ravenna, Italy). Research and studies are carried out in order to assess the validity of video data products concerned with the breaking zone hydrodynamics and the evolving coastal morphology. The analysis of the video data will involve the development of new algorithms, the testing and refining of these algorithms using in-situ data. Problems to be addressed include the optimum definition of the waterline for different levels of ambient illumination and wave conditions, estimation of inshore water depth through wave phase velocity, quantitative determination of the location of offshore bars from breaking wave patterns, and the potential estimation of surface currents.
Socio-Economic Issues
From Tourist Eco-Charge to Sustainable Development of the Town of Hvar
Maja Fredotovic
Faculty of Economics Split, Matice hrvatske 31, 21000 Split, Croatia.
Tel: + 385 21 430 674, Fax: + 385 21 430 701
E-mail: mfredot@efst.hr
Abstract
The town of Hvar is a well-established tourism destination at the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea. However, extensive tourism growth, based mainly on mass-tourism concept in the past, led to the substantial pressures on the natural resources, primarily space, water and sea. Currently, Hvar is on the development crossroad: the community has to decide which kind of tourism they want to develop and to which extent. Moreover, a different economic matrix has to be supported, involving other, tourism-complementary economic activities. The research project started with the development of the tourist eco-charge since it was concluded that, at the moment, tourists (more precisely, solid and other waste produced by tourists) represent the biggest pressure on the environment. It continues with the identification of other economic instruments that could be taken into account in development of the entrepreneurship zone as well as regarding other investments planned in medium-term. During the last two years, several environment awareness-raising activities were done in Hvar, addressing both tourists and local population. It has been amazing to follow the change of attitude of local population, from opposition, distrust and disbelief to the full support to the principles of sustainable development. Presently, the efforts have been made to facilitate public participation programme as to encourage enforcement of tourist eco-charge as well as other incentives regarding sustainable development of the area.
Development of Economic Instruments for Sustainable Implementation of the SAP MED
Anil Markandya(1) and Daria Povh(1,2)
(1) Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity Centre, Kraj Sv. Ivana 11,
Split, HR-21000, Croatia. Tel: +385-21-340 478, Fax: +385-21-340 490
Web site: http://www.pap-sapei.org, E-mail: amarkandya@worldbank.org
(2) E-mail: daria.povh@ppa.tel.hr
Abstract
Within the framework of Project "Determination of Priority Actions for Further Elaboration and Implementation of the Strategic Action Programme (SAP) to Address Pollution from Land-based Activities for the Mediterranean Sea", the Priority Actions Programme/ Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC), of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) is implementing an activity entitled "Sustainability of SAP". The activity involves the analysis of existing economic instruments (EIs) and the identification and development of new EIs, to assist the Mediterranean countries achieve the SAP MED targets related to combating marine pollution from land-based activities. In order to test its methodology for the development and implementation of EIs, PAP/RAC has decided to apply the pilot project approach. In this pioneering attempt, 5 pilot projects have been developed. The paper reports on the results of this study and on the status of the ongoing pilot projects, currently in the implementation stage. Lessons learnt include the necessary conditions for the implementation of EIs and potential obstacles and opportunities for facilitating the process of introducing EIs. Development of the pilot project revealed weaknesses and strengths of the relevant countries' institutional and legislative framework, monitoring system, environmental database and public awareness. Future activities to be carried out within this project are also discussed.
Environmental Funds in the Mediterranean Countries
Sladana Pavlinovic
Faculty of Economics Split, Matice hrvatske 31, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
Tel: + 385-21-430 729, Fax: + 385- 21-430 701
E-mail: sladjana.pavlinovic@efst.hr
Abstract
The Mediterranean basin is rich in natural and socio-cultural phenomena. Because of its geographical and historical position it is a unique region of great importance and interest for the whole world. It is an area of very sensitive environment. There are many rare species there, while many have been extinct. On the other hand, human activities are widespread and intensive. Many tourism, industrial and agricultural activities are situated at the Mediterranean coast. Many of them are in conflict, and are also rather dangerous not only for the environment but also for human health. The idea of sustainable development means compatibility of economic activities with natural environment. Within such a framework, there is a strong need to change human activities in general and economic structure in particular. This can be achieved within a management mechanism, with clearly defined policy and adequate instruments. From the standpoint of environmental policy, such mechanism could be associated with the environmental funds. Environmental funds are institutions that encourage environmental friendly activities, at the same time stopping or at least reducing those destructive for environment. In general, revenues for fund are collected from harmful activities, and afterwards used to support environmental-friendly activities. In this way, environmental funds facilitate process of changing economic structure (from environmental point of view) towards sustainability. The aim of the research is to elaborate in which Mediterranean countries environmental funds are introduced, as well as to get an insight into their organisation and efficiency in realization of their purpose.
Socio-Economic Impacts of Environmental Degradation in the Black Sea
Irina Rudneva
Institute of the Biology of the Southern Seas, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences,
Nahimov av., 2, Sevastopol, 99011, Ukraine.
Tel: 380 692 559761, Fax: 380 692 555447
E-mail: svg@bios.iuf.net
Abstract
The environmental degradation in the Black Sea within the past 40 years has led to ecological changes in the marine ecosystem and severe socio-economic consequences. The negative biological events and overfishing resulted to the large-scale damage of the Black Sea. The economy of the riparian countries is heavily dependent on the Black Sea environment. The major industries that have been negatively affected by environmental degradation are the fisheries and tourism. The global pollution, overfishering and unsustainable use of the Black Sea resources has led to a sharp decline in the fisheries industry and negatively impacted the economy of riparian countries. Unsustainable development of the coastal zone, anthropogenic eutrophication, chemical and domestic pollution, limited fresh water resources are decreased the tourism industry development. There is the urgent need to increase the basis for cooperative actions to prevent the further environmental stress of the Black Sea and human health risks. The areas that need further anticipatory action and coordination are following: enhancing scientific data and exchange, reduction of pollution, improving of living resources management and sustainable human development in this region.
Management of Protected Areas: Optimisation of Restrictions and Administration Expenses
Üllas Ehrlich(1) and Kalju Habicht(2)
(1) Estonian Institute of Economics at Tallinn Technical University, 7 Estonia Street, 10143 Tallinn, Estonia.
Tel: +372 - 6 455770, Fax: +372 - 6 998 851, E-mail: yllase@tami.ee
(2) Estonian Institute of Economics at Tallinn Technical University, 7 Estonia Street, 10143 Tallinn, Estonia.
Tel: +372 - 6 455 770, Fax: +372 - 6 998 851
Abstract
National economic development as a basis of prosperity of the population is possible only under the conditions of sustainable natural environment and its well-being. On the other hand, a viable and development-capable natural environment demands national expenditure to create conditions for its preservation and development, which presumes a strong economy. Thus, a precondition for sustainable development is a compromise between economics and ecology in all segments of their continuous contacts. One of these segments is protected territory established for the protection of natural resources with various regime zones restricting economic activity and state funding of administration costs. Management possibilities of protected territories depend on the state of natural resources and on their natural potential serving as a basis for their nonutilitarian use, which can be divided into several sub-potentials from general ecological to recreational. As protected territory is not as a rule a homogenous territory, the division based on the natural differences of its parts into zones with different protection and management regimes must guarantee the maximum possible preservation as well as utilization of the natural potential of this territory. Thus the zoning of a protected territory represents an optimization task where the objective is to maximize availability of the subpotentials of the protected territory with the restriction of protecting and maintaining natural resources of this territory. The first part of the paper presents methods for solving this task. The second part contains methods for planning state budget funding for protected territories. The amount of state budget funding for protected territories is presented as depending, first - on the size of land, structure by land cover types and tourist load; second - on specific tasks of the administrator of the protected territory that do not directly depend on the size of the administrated territory. The methods are not country-specific and can be applied for any type of specially protected territories.
Economic and Social Valuation of the Defence System of Venice and its Lagoon (Italy)
Silva Marzetti Dall'Aste Brandolini(1) and Alberto Lamberti(2)
(1) University of Bologna, DSE, Piazza Scaravilli 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39-0512098130 Fax: +39-051221968, E-mail: marzetti@economia.unibo.it
(2) University of Bologna, DISTART, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136
Bologna, Italy. Tel: +39-0512093749 Fax: +39-0516448346
E-mail: alberto.lamberti@mail.ing.unibo.it
Abstract
This paper presents results of two surveys by questionnaire of Venice and its lagoon carried out within the EU DELOS project framework. The former is a Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) survey in the willingness to pay version applied in order to evaluate the non-marketable option price and non-use values of Venice's cultural heritage by tourists and day-visitors in Venice. The latter is an experimental survey in two parts carried out for Pellestrina Island in the Lagoon of Venice. The first part is an application of the CVM in the value of enjoyment version for estimating the use value of Pellestrina Beach, and the second part aims to find out the preferences about different kinds of coastal defence structures and some flooding and salt corrosion costs. It will be shown that more than 70% of respondents are willing to pay for the defence of Venice, and that the great majority of interviewees elicited positive values for the daily use of Pellestrina Beach. Finally, amongst defence structures, the composite intervention (nourishment, groynes and submerged breakwaters) is preferred.
Economic and Social Valuation of Beach Protection in Lido di Dante (Italy)
Silva Marzetti Dall'Aste Brandolini(1) and Barbara Zanuttigh(2)
(1) University of Bologna, DSE, Piazza Scaravilli 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39-0512098130 Fax: +39-051221968, E-mail: marzetti@economia.unibo.it
(2) University of Bologna, DISTART, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna,Italy.
Tel: +39-0512093754 Fax: +39-0516448346, E-mail: barbara.zanuttigh@mail.ing.unibo.it
Abstract
This paper presents findings about a survey by questionnaire of the Lido di Dante Beach carried out within the EU DELOS project framework. The survey has two parts. The first part consists of the application of the Contingent Valuation Method for assessing the non-marketable recreational use of the Lido di Dante Beach and the number of beach visits in the hypothetical scenarios of erosion and protection. The second part aims to find out preferences about different kinds of coastal defence structures. In this research it will be shown that the daily use value in Euros of the Lido di Dante Beach considerably changes in the situation of erosion in respect to the status quo use value, and that the majority of respondents think that the beach should be protected. In addition, amongst the different beach defence techniques, respondents prefer composite intervention (submerged breakwaters, groynes and nourishment), and this preference is mainly justified by aesthetic reasons.
Public Participation and NGO Role
Co-Management in Coastal Areas: The Case of Turkey's Bodrum Peninsula
A. Cil Idikut
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Faculty of Social Sciences, De Boelelaan 1081 c, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Tel: +3120444 67 47, Fax: +31204446722
E-mail: a.idikut@fsw.vu.nl
Abstract
Socio-economic development has been more rapid in coastal zones than in any other areas of the world. This has, however, generated increasing friction between the natural dynamics of coastal zones and the various demands of the humans who exploit them. Coastal use has become the subject of conflicting claims with incompatible uses and large vested interests at stake leading to negative environmental impacts. Therefore, the management of coastal zones in which the different stakeholders are involved is important to promote strategies to manage coastal resources collectively in a more sustainable way. The popular tourist destination of the Bodrum Peninsula in Turkey is a striking example facing land use conflicts and difficulties in solving the resulting environmental problems. This paper raises the questions of the potential contributions that partnerships between government, local communities, NGOs and the private sector, can make to improve sustainable resource management in this coastal zone of Turkey, in order to deal more effectively with the impacts of land-use conflicts and degradation of natural resources. It is based on a fieldwork study in the peninsula carried out in 2002. The paper describes actors, who have divergent interests and activities in the area, which lead to conflicts of interest. Concluding, the paper discusses the possible alternative approaches for sustainable development of the coastal areas.
Stakeholders Participation in ICZM at Marina di Massa (I)
Luigi E. Cipriani(1), Serena Ferri(2), Filippo A. Pelliccia(2,3) and Enzo Pranzini(2,4)
(1) Regione Toscana - Dipartimento delle Politiche Territoriali e Ambientali Via di Novoli, 26 - 50127 Firenze, Italy.
Tel: +39-(055)-4383835 Fax: +39-(055)-4383063
E-mail: l.cipriani@regione.toscana.it
(2) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via J. Nardi 2, 50132 Firenze, Italy.
Tel: +39-(055)-243486 Fax: +39-(055)-241595
E-mail: serenaferri@infinito.it
(3) E-mail: filippopelliccia@libero.it
(4) E-mail: epranzini@unifi.it
Abstract
Approximately 7 km of beaches at Marina di Massa are experiencing severe erosion as a consequence of a sediment deficit in the physiographic unit and of the construction of an industrial harbour at Marina di Carrara in the early 1920's. This coastal structure intercepts the southward longshore sediment transport, increasing the sedimentary deficit in the downdrift beaches. Different types of hard structures, such as seawalls, breakwaters and groins were built in the study area in order to protect the seaside resort and the coastal highway from shoreline retreat. Nevertheless, beach erosion proceeded and the tourist industry is now suffering from this retreat. From the interviews undertaken for the project EUROSION, during the summer of 2002, it emerges that all stakeholders are very well aware about the Marina di Massa erosion problem. It is a common consensus that the existing coastal defense system cannot be considered a final solution to the problem above all for the presence of hard defense structures. Interviewees acknowledge the fact that at this point Marina di Massa needs an integrated coastal restoration project characterized by lower impact structures. Although active, citizens' participation in relation to beach erosion problems has never been formally adopted by the Administrations. In addition, it must be underlined that only in recent times the majority of the citizens of Massa acquired a "tourist mentality", leaving their "industrial mentality" which considered tourism as an invasion of their territory with many negative side effects. Communication processes between stakeholders are still weak, due to the fact that the new legal context, with the shift of competencies to the Regional Administration, is still in progress. The Regional Plan for Integrated Coastal Zone Management will improve both the cooperation and communication among the different Administrations that manage the coastal zone and the dissemination of information to the society.
A Participative Approach to Planning Process of Lara/Antalya Urban Coastal Park
Cem Oguz (1) and Huriye Oguz (2)
(1) Akdeniz University, School of Technology, Antalya, Turkey.
Tel: +90-242-227 47 80 Ext. 4114 Fax: +90-242-227 47 85, E-Mail: cemoguz@akdeniz.edu.tr
(2) Akdeniz University, Centre for Ecological Studies, Antalya, Turkey.
Tel: +90-242-310 20 90 Fax: +90-242-227 88 89, E-Mail: hoguz@akdeniz.edu.tr
Abstract
Lara is the name of an extensive natural sand dune having an attractive fine sandy beach adjacent to eastern part of Antalya. It is partly covered by old pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) forest, maquis vegetation and by some typical sand dune plant species. Since it is located only 12 kilometres away from the city centre, sand dune has been used, for many years, as a beach and recreation area. Occasionally its fine sand that possesses healing power for some diseases such as rheumatism, illegally smuggled away causing great damage to the integrity of the whole ecosystem. On the other side, in accordance with the rapidly development of tourism industry in and around the area, Antalya became the fastest growing city of Turkey. This has resulted in an obvious overbuilding which turned the city into a desert of concrete poor in green parks. As the value of the land increases enormously, green park creation became more and more expensive for the local authorities. Being under the possession of state, Lara sand dune and beach constitutes one of the last and vital chances in providing a multifunctional "urban coastal park" for the dwellers of Antalya. Decisions related to the development principles were made by the participation of a large audience consisting of diversified stakeholders. Some of the principles agreed are;
· No permanent construction within the area.
· Maximum construction height, 5.50 m.
· Basic construction material, wood.
· Integrity between coastal zone and forest zone.
· Multifunctional aspect, (natural, cultural, costal, health, aqua, etc. parks, and an aquarium).
On the other hand, construction of two large tourist hotels right on the coastline proposed by the local government has been rejected. The land allocated for these facilities was then devoted to the establishment of daily public social activity centre. Consequently, a development plan for the Lara Urban Coastal Park has been produced and approved by the participation of a wide range of stakeholders.
Tuning the Tuna Farm
Marina Radic
Environmental Association SUNCE, 21000 Split, Croatia.
Tel: +385-21-360 779, Fax: +385-21-360 779
E-mail: marina.radic@sunce-st.org
Abstract
Vis is one of Croatian island, placed in the middle of the Adriatic Sea, with a total surface of 90,3 km2 and with two main town-villages, Vis and Komiza. In the beginning of 20th century it had a population of about 10,000 people and one of the highly developed Adriatic community with established fishing practice - community of Komiza. Komiza is well known by its glory fishing tradition: its brave fishermen were the only ones who dared and, later on, got special right to fish in the far distant pelagic island of Palagruza. That's the island on the south side of island of Vis in the open sea (Greek: pelagos - high seas) with a total surface of 0.29 km2 and its aquatorium is one of the most important fishing grounds in the Adriatic. But Palagruza has very inaccessible shore that makes it almost unreachable to small-scale fishermen. Komizans were the only fishermen in Adriatic that fished around Palagruza, thanks to the special boat they created - Gajeta falkusa, and this was the reason that this island, although much closer to Italian coast (20 miles) then to Komiza, in 1808 officially became a part of Komiza community. This was also the reason for substantial enlargement of Croatian territorial waters. The end of 20th century was completely devastating for this community - they ended up with dead economy and population of 1400. In such an environment, in the beginning of 2003, tuna farm project was presented as the only alternative for their economic future. But population of Komiza has recognized the threat it might bring to their future economic opportunities (especially for island's orientation as environmentally friendly that can be used for sustainable tourism promotion) so they demanded public vote on the issue. Through two different traditional fishing practices, one in Komiza and other on Sicily, an author tried to point importance of tradition and culture as a resource for people' participation in creating responsible developing processes.
Education and Training
"Live Black Sea" Educational Program in Children Camps at Russian Black Sea Coast
Alexander Vershinin(1) and Alexander Kamnev(1,2)
(1) P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences Nahimovski prosp. 36, Moscow, 117851 Russia.
Tel: +7-095-124-7996, Fax: +7-095-124-5983
E-mail: avershinin@mail.ru
(2) E-mail: biocoast@ecosys.sio.rssi.ru
Abstract
At the time awareness of human pressures on Black Sea ecosystem and understanding of principles of its life is poor in local society. Information available from media on the projects interfering with marine ecosystem functioning is controversial, subject to manipulations by interested parties. For people lacking basic knowledge of marine ecology it is hard to form sober opinion on regional environmental problems. The goal of the "Live Black Sea" program is dissemination of modern scientific knowledge about Black Sea biota, basic rules and patterns of marine ecosystem functioning and environmental problems associated with human activities in the region among children coming to summer camps at Black Sea coast - to this date ca. 20000 kids attended this course.
Schools, Biodiversity, and an East Indiaman
R. Lindblom(1) and D. Tomasi(2)
(1) Göteborg University Marine Research Centre, P.O. Box 460, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
Tel: +4631-773-47-24 Fax: +4631-773-48-39, E-mail: roger.lindblom@science.gu.se
(2) Senior Secondary School for Health and Environment "D'Annunzio" - Gorizia - Italy.
Tel: +39(0)481-535190 Fax: +39(0)481-536601, E-mail: tomasi_d@yahoo.it
Abstract
The VIRTUE school project provides a simple and cheap way for schools to study biodiversity and at the same time learning how to use modern communication technology like Internet, e-mail and videoconferences. VIRTUE can also be used as a tool and model to change the traditional way of teaching in schools. VIRTUE stands for VIRTual University Education and started in 1997 as a co-operative project among Göteborg University in Sweden (today leading and co-ordinating the project), University of Bergen in Norway (today administering the database), and University of Maryland Systems in the USA (today keeping the mailing lists updated). The project is mainly about young people studying their water environment using transparent CD-discs. The CD-discs are placed in salt or fresh water for a couple of weeks or months, and then taken to the classroom where the fauna on the discs is studied and reported to the database. Typical for the project is that it is very cheap to perform, the equipment needed is available almost anywhere in the world and the project is possible to perform, with small modifications, at all school levels. It keeps the natural curiosity of the children alive and attracts both boys and girls. The project creates opportunities for all school teachers to be involved irrespective of their subject and it facilitates international contacts. As the project is run in co-operation with universities the participating teachers and students have direct links to front line scientists. Since the MEDCOAST Conference in 2001 in Tunisia, schools in Italy, Sweden and Norway have formed their own project called "Biodiversity as Environmental Resource and Cultural Heritage", financed by the EU under the Socrates/Comenius-program. The participants have produced web pages presenting the project at www.geocities.com/biodive2002. An important task for universities is to provide further education for teachers having none or insufficient knowledge of science. Combining theoretical studies, directly aimed at the daily teaching situation, with the teachers' practical schoolwork has been very successful. In 2004, the VIRTUE project faces a big challenge as we will join the East Indiaman "Götheborg", a new built replica of the large sailing ship, which sank outside the harbour of Göteborg in 1745 (http://www.soic.se/default.asp). During its two years long voyage we will create a network among schools on five continents; Europe, South America, Africa, Australia, and Asia. The ship will leave Sweden in October 2004, reach China in June 2005 and be back in Sweden in September 2006. On a small raft after the ship several CD-discs will be mounted. In every visiting harbour school children, under the guidance of researchers from local universities, will examine the discs and, where possible, present their results for their peers on other continents by videoconferences. Results will also be presented on web pages and by e-mail communication. For each leg, schools will mount new discs on the raft to be received and analysed by other school children in the next harbour. In this way school children will study differences in the aquatic fauna and flora found in different parts of the world as the big sailing ship passes over the oceans.
Marine Environmental Education in the Case of the Black Sea
Irina Rudneva (1), Valentin Shaida (1) and Irina Zalevskaya (2)
(1) Institute of the Biology of the Southern Seas Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Nahimov av., 2, Sevastopol, Ukraine, 99011.
Tel. 380 692 559761, Fax 380 692 555 447, E-mail: svg@bios.iuf.net
(2) Tavrichessky National University, Yaltinskaya st., 4, Ukraine, 95036.
Tel: 380 652 230295, Fax: 380 652 278579
Abstract
In the case of the Black Sea environmental crisis, it is important for education and scientific institutions, schools, enterprises, universities and colleges to work together for understanding the main regional and global environmental problems for developing the cooperation between governmental and non-governmental organizations of riparian countries. For this collaborative work, it is the urgent task to use the modern communicative system via INTERNET for changing information on the present situation in various parts of the Black Sea environment and for evaluation the ecosystem health. Also required is to provide access to environmental information for governmental organizations and NGOs so that they can play an active role in the environmental decision making process. For this purpose, joint research from the various research institutions and universities of the Black Sea riparian countries need further collaboration. One-way of effectively pursuing this is by means of distance learning and creating an educational program for students of the Black Sea universities (i.e. courses on the sustainable development of the Black Sea region including a total analysis of ecological, social, political, economical, ethical, cultural and medical aspects).
Coastal Management Training and Education in Sicily (Italy)
Giovanni Randazzo(1) and Francesco Geremia(1,2)
(1) University of Messina, Department of Earth Sciences Salita Sperone, 31 - 98166 Messina, Italy.
Tel: +39-090-6765095 Fax: +39-090-392333, E-mail: grandazzo@unime.it
(2) E-mail: fgeremia@unime.it
Abstract
In Sicily, as in most regions bordering on the Mediterranean, interest in coastal resources is constantly increasing among local communities, stakeholders and policy-makers. Nevertheless, the natural heritage of the coastal landscape still meets with some difficulty in finding the right area for study and improvement. At the same time, scientific research in the field of coastal erosion, carried out by Universities and National and International Research Centres, is fairly advanced, but it is often difficult to transfer this scientific knowledge to the Administrative Authorities who are effectively responsible for protecting the coast. All this is more evident in the less-favoured regions of Europe, like the island of Sicily. Following this conceptual premise, our paper illustrates the recent development of legal instruments and guidelines for Coastal Management in Sicily, an Italian region with an independent Administrative System. It also describes two new education and training programs specifically designed to prepare participants for a career in coastal management and planning: the recent experience of the first Master's Degree in Integrated Coastal Area Management (the Italian acronym is GIAC: "Gestione Integrata delle Aree Costiere"); and the ongoing new three-year academic course in Marine and Coastal Area Management and Protection (the Italian acronym is GeTAMaC: "GEstione e Tutela delle Aree MArine e Costiere").
MedOpen: An On-Line ICAM Training Course in the Mediterranean
Daria Povh
Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC), Kraj Sv. Ivana 11, Split, HR-21000, Croatia.
Tel: +385-21-340 478, Fax: +385-21-340 490, E-mail: daria.povh@ppa.tel.hr
Web site: http://www.pap-thecoastcentre.org
Abstract
Having in mind the importance of the coast in the development strategies for Mediterranean countries, the sustainable coastal development is an absolute necessity and priority for all the countries in the region. PAP/RAC of the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) has been developing the activities in the field of Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM) in the Mediterranean for more than 20 years. Through the implementation of MAP Coastal Area Management Programmes (MAP CAMPs), practical coastal management projects in selected Mediterranean countries, PAP/RAC has carried out numerous training activities. Based on this experience, PAP/RAC is developing MedOpen, an on-line ICAM training course in the Mediterranean. This Internet-based training course will be free-of-charge and open to all those who are interested in coastal management. Moreover, the project will improve the Mediterranean networking activities in the field of coastal management, and promote the use of the Internet among the coastal management practitioners in Mediterranean countries. Although the use of the Internet in the region is developed to a rather limited extent, PAP/RAC's proactive approach will be facilitated through the support of the well-established network of its Focal Points in Mediterranean countries. The Mediterranean Coastal Management Clearing House, an info portal available on http://www.pap-medclearinghouse.org, is providing support to MedOpen. This PAP/RAC's web site is a forum to exchange information and assistance on coastal management issues, and will also be shortly presented in this paper.
Coastlearn, a Long-Distance ICZM Training Initiative
Irene Lucius(1) and Habib Muhammetoglu(2)
(1) EUCC - The Coastal Union, Head of Barcelona Office, c/o Consorci El Far, C.Escar 6-8, Modulo 10 a, 08039 Barcelona, Spain.
Tel: +34-93-2247340 Fax: +34-93-2247341, E-mail: ilucius@eucc.nl, Url: www.eucc.nl
(2) Akdeniz University, Faculty of Engineering, 07059 Antalya, Turkey.
Tel: +90-242-3236892 Fax: +90-242-3232362, E-mail: muhammetoglu@usa.net
Abstract
One major obstacle to the application of the integrated coastal management approach in Eastern European and Mediterranean countries is the lack of tradition and training in integrated planning and management. This is why the Coastlearn programme was launched in 2001 under the leadership of EUCC - The Coastal Union with participation of Mediterranean and Black Sea experts. It aims at developing a comprehensive long-distance vocational training course accessible free of charge via the Internet or CD-ROMs. While an introduction to integrated coastal management, as well as several modules on specific subjects is already online on www.coastlearn.org, new modules are still under development, such as those on integrated biodiversity management, public participation and integrated tourism management along the coast. The Coastlearn philosophy emphasises the importance of (good and bad) practice examples for illustration of specific aspects, as far as possible taken from the target region itself. The paper looks at the results of Coastlearn test runs in Turkey in more detail, where many institutions have shown great interest in the programme, and concludes on new targets for the years to come.
Conservation Issues, Endangered Species, Protected Areas
Modelling Approach for the Evaluation of the Efficacy of MPA in the Northern Adriatic Sea
M. Zucchetta(1), S. Libralato(1,2), A. Granzotto(1,3), F. Pranovi(1,4), S.Raicevich(1,5) and P.Torricelli(1,6)
(1) University "Ca' Foscari" of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences Campo della Celestia 2737/b, 30122 Venezia, Italy.
Tel: +39 041 2347735 Fax: +39 041 5281494 E-mail: matzuc@libero.it
(2) E-mail: libral@unive.it
(3) E-mail: angigran@unive.it
(4) E-mail: fpranovi@unive.it
(5) E-mail: sasaraic@unive.it
(6) E-mail: torri@unive.it
Abstract
A preliminary trophic model for the Northern Adriatic Sea was developed by means of Ecopath with Ecosim software in order to describe the ecosystem structure, and Ecospace routine was applied to simulate spatio-temporal variation of biomasses, considering organism dispersal rates, ecosystem interactions and fishing efforts dynamics. The Northern Adriatic Sea is a semi-enclosed basin, characterized by an high fishing pressure by multi-target fisheries, mainly represented by trawlers. The rocky eastern coastline and the offshore outcrops are less exploited, due to the low accessibility by the bottom trawlers. The presence of areas subjected to different fishing effort may produce effects previously described as the "refugium paradigm"; those positive effects could be enhanced by closing some areas to the fishing activities with the establishment of marine protected areas. In order to explore different management policies, we simulated several scenarios of MPA's definition: the spatial simulations were done imposing no changes in the fishing effort and other forcing functions, but increasing dimensions of the MPAs; the results were evaluated analysing the variation of biomasses in the ecosystem. The best effects would be achieved by medium-sized MPAs: further dimensional increase would lead only to small additional benefits.
Natural Environment and Cultural Landscapes in North Coastal Etruria
Marinella Pasquinucci (1) and Simonetta Menchelli (1,2)
(1) Pisa University, Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche del Mondo Antico, via Galvani 156126-Pisa Italy.
Tel: + 39 050 2215566, Fax: +39 050 500668, E-mail: pasquinucci@sta.unipi.it
(2) E-mail: s.menchelli@sta.unipi.it
Abstract
The paper concerns integrated researches carried out in North Coastal Etruria (now North coastal Tuscany). Case studies regarding shoreline evolution, coastal environment, cultural landscapes will be presented. The data will be processed in a diachronical perspective from the late Bronze Age up to the early medieval period.
Meotida: Necessity of Reserve at the Azov Coast of Crimea
Evgeny B. Gol'din(1) and Pavel E. Gol'din(2)
(1) Crimean State Agrarian University and Crimean State Medical University 95043 Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine.
Tel: + 380-652-22 13 89, Fax: + 380-652-54 41 16, E-mail: Evgeny_goldin@mail.ru
(2) V.I. Vernadsky Taurida National University, Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine.
E-mail: oblako@home.cris.net
Abstract
The coastal ecosystems of the Sea of Azov are characterized by the high extent of landscape and species diversity. During the last decade this area became an object of increasing industrial and recreational development. It makes necessary to conserve the lands of natural and historical interest in reserves protected from economical activities, first of all, the areas that do not possess a substantial level of legal protection. Our suggestions are turned to the creation of the Meotida Reserve in the Azov coastal zone of the Crimea. In this light we propose a number of steps are to be undertaken at the first stage of the project.
Recent Data on Threatened Flora of the Çukurova Deltas
Halil Çakan(1), K. Tuluhan Yilmaz(2), Atabay Düzenli(1) and Deniz Karaömerlioglu(1)
(1) University of Çukurova, Faculty of Science and Letter, Biology Dept. 01330 Adana, Turkey.
Tel: +90-322-338 60 84, Fax: +90-322- 338 60 70
E-mail: hcakan@cu.edu.tr
E-mail: atabay@cu.edu.tr
E-mail karaogl@cu.edu.tr
(2) University of Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Landscape Architecture 01330 Adana, Turkey.
Tel: +90-322-338 69 67, Fax: 0 322 338 61 89
E-mail: tuluhan@cu.edu.tr
Abstract
The Çukurova coastal area is one of the most important wetlands in the Mediterranean basin. This area contains a unique wetland habitat namely Akyatan lagoon, which was designated as RAMSAR site. The total flora of Çukurova Deltas including Seyhan, Ceyhan Deltas and surrounding areas were studied and 560 plant species were identified. Fieldwork for these taxa was undertaken in order to improve knowledge of their habitats, populations, chorology and main threats. Using the new IUCN Categories of threat, an analysis was made for each of taxa. We recorded 63 threatened plant species in total flora, according to the new IUCN Categories. Those comprise 31 endemic and 32 non-endemic plant taxa occur in Çukurova coastal area. It was classified into seven groups as extinct (EX: 3 taxa), critically endangered (CR:15 taxa), endangered (EN: 10 taxa), vulnerable (VU:19 taxa), near threatened (NT:5 taxa), least concern (LC:10 taxa) and data deficient (DD:1 taxon). According to the distribution of these threatened species the most important principal habitats are mobile and fixed sand dunes (43 taxa), salt flats and marshes (9 taxa), riversides and freshwater marshes (6 taxa), field margins and roadsides (5 taxa). The native flora of the Çukurova Deltas is threatened by various activities. The main types of the environmental impact affecting the threatened flora were described. According to this assessment the most obvious threats are farming, changes agricultural practices, natural cases (very small population, restricted habitats), tourism and recreational activities, inappropriate forestry practices (introduction of exotics for plantation purposes) and sand mining. Detailed floristic data on the plant species that are threatened by above described factors will be represented. This study has been supported as a research project, by Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council (TUBITAK). The results of this study will be the baseline data on the plant life of the Çukurova Deltas and help to determine hotspots for conservation plans.
Habitat Characteristics of Two Endangered Gobies in the Venice Lagoon
Anita Franco(1), Stefano Malavasi(1,2), Riccardo Fiorin(1,3), Matteo Zucchetta(1,4) and Patrizia Torricelli(1,5)
(1) University of Venezia, Castello 2737/B, 30122 Venezia, Italy.
Tel: +39-041-2347748, Fax: +39-041-5281494, E-mail: afranco@unive.it
(2) E-mail: mala@unive.it
(3) E-mail: assiram@libero.it
(4) E-mail: matzuc@libero.it
(5) E-mail: torri@unive.it
Abstract
The present work investigates the habitat characteristics (temperature, salinity and type of habitat) in the stations of occurrence of K. panizzae and P. canestrinii within the Venice Lagoon. The presence/absence data and the analysis of abiotic factors highlighted preferences for lower values of salinity and for internal, unvegetated, soft bottom habitats in both species. A positive interspecific association was evidenced by using a chi-square test on presence/absence data.
Changes in Geographical Distribution of Marine Mammals and Seabirds
Rhian Elizabeth Jenkins (1) and Michael Robert Phillips (1,2)
(1) Swansea Institute of Higher Education, Mount Pleasant, Swansea, UK, SA1 6ED.
Tel: +44 - (0) 1792 - 481106, Fax: +44 - (0) 1792 - 651760
E-Mail: r.jenkins@sihe.ac.uk
(2) E-Mail: m.phillips@sihe.ac.uk
Abstract
The pace of climate change, whether natural or anthropogenic-induced appears unprecedented and with additional pressures of pollution, over-fishing and hunting, many believe that marine wildlife will be unable to adapt. This work examines such impacts upon the geographical distribution of fifty-one marine mammals and seabirds. The 2000/1 BT Global Challenge yacht race was utilised for data collection and comparisons were made with baseline data established in two previous races. Many unusual sightings, notably Dusky Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), Risso Dolphins (Grampus griseus), Dusky Shearwaters (Puffinus obscurus), Masked Boobies (Sula dachtylatra) and the Light Mantled Sooty Albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata) were observed in previously unrecorded territory. Above average sea surface temperatures were recorded in many of the species' known habitats, indicating possible migration in search of food and cooler, productive waters. Fishing, incidents of pollution and historical hunting practices could also be linked as possible causes of change. Lack of research in this area meant that only tentative conclusions could be drawn, but current distributional understanding suggests changes are occurring. Long-term research is required into climate, habitat and food compositional change, which are undoubtedly affecting the marine ecosystem.
Coastal Land Use, Impacts and Degradation
On the Natural Environment and Land Use in Istanbul Islands
Cengiz Akbulak
Istanbul University, Geography Department, Beyazýt, 34459, Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: 90 212 455 57 00 / 15754, Fax: 90 212 292 55 84
E-mail: cengizakbulak@hotmail.com
Abstract
Istanbul Islands, placed on the shelf area of Kocaeli Peninsula, Northeast part of Sea of Marmara, consist of 9 islands. The distance to these is approximately 2 miles from the coasts of Kocaeli Peninsula. Various terms are used to refer to these islands, such as Kýzýl Islands, Prince Islands and Istanbul Islands. The area of the islands varies between 5.4 and 0.008 sq km. Because the islands have quite suitable natural environmental conditions, they are known to be between the most preferable recreational sites of Istanbul Metropolitan. This study is an attempt to clarify the geographical potential of the islands by using Remote Sensing. The data obtained from aerial surveys were dotted on a topographical map with a scale of 1 / 25 000. Digitising was performed by taking the counter interval 10 meters. Comparing the results, it was concluded that Istanbul islands undertaking an important part of recreational requirement of Ýstanbul seem to have various of problems, such as pollution, deforestation, violation of Turkish coastal rules resulting in infringement of public rights.
Land Use Change Analysis of Erdemli - Kýzkalesi Region By Using GIS Methodology
Hasan Volkan Oral(1), Orhan Yenigün(1,2) and Barýþ Mater(3)
(1) Boðaziçi University, Inst. of Environmental Sciences, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90 -212-358 15 40/2146 Fax: +90-212-257 50 33, E-mail: oralha@boun.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: yeniguno@boun.edu.tr
(3) Istanbul University, Dept. of Geography, Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212 455 5700/15770 Fax: +90-212 511 43 71, E-mail: materb@istanbul.edu.tr
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the land use changes through last two decades along the coast of Erdemli and Kýzkalesi by using Arc-View GIS software and Er Mapper 6.02 Version. In the study, land use change differences between 1982 and 2001 were figured out by using ARC view Software. The main materials in the study were degraded satellite images. Determining the ground control points, georeferencing, registering, intersection and union were the working pathway of the study. It was observed that urban land use was still on the rise, but due to overproduction and intensification in agriculture (mostly irrigated area and green houses), the amount of agricultural land was considerably rising. Also, urban and agricultural land use has grown considerably over time at the expense of water lands. Agricultural activities have become an important outcome on the coast because of the suitable soil and adequate climatic conditions. Expansion of secondary houses on the coastline, and establishment of permanent settlements can be counted as uncontrolled urban land use. Moreover, a large population increase in the coastal line is caused by the expansion of the villages located at the study area. A decrease, in the area of the Mediterranean, increase in the citrus production area and differences in agricultural areas were the main results of this study. The possible reasons of the area differences were reclamation facilities at the coastal zone, destruction of the maqiue and garique area, population increase and expansion of permanent and secondary houses. On the other hand, pressure on the carrying capacity, soil erosion, increased flood disaster probability and increased silting of water sources (Alata and Lamos Rivers) can be counted as secondary effects within the study area that may be linked with main findings.
Impact of Urbanization and Tourism on Coastal Environment
S. Burak(1) , E. Dogan(1,2) and C. Gazioglu(1,3)
(1) Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Marine Environment Div., 34470 Vefa- Istanbul/Turkey
Tel/fax: 0212 514 03 67, E-mail: sburak@istanbul.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: edogan@istanbul.edu.tr
(3) E-mail: cemga@istanbul.edu.tr
Abstract
Turkey has been affected by urbanization like other Mediterranean countries since its very first years of development, with a rate increasing from 18.5 % in 1950 to about 62 % after 2000 (Keleþ, 1995). Cities with already inadequate infrastructure facilities have had to face congested population problems coupled with illegal settlements due to migration from the eastern part of the country to the western large metropolises. Smaller coastal settlements have become increasingly urbanized as a result of legislative and institutional incentives to encourage tourism investment. Construction of hotels and secondary housing cooperatives has exploded as a result of unearned and real income expectations to the detriment of fertile land, creating aesthetic pollution and loss of tangerine and olive orchards. After a thorough assessment of the impacts of urbanization and tourism on coastal zones, in general, the problem-specific areas, on the Aegean and Mediterranean coastal areas with regard to overriding issues such as salinization of the coastal aquifers due to overexploitation (e.g. Çeþme) and dense construction of multi-storey buildings along the shoreline that resulted in loss of agricultural land (e.g. Mersin), are highlighted and the means for preserving and protecting the Aegean and Mediterranean coastal areas of Turkey from further deterioration are proposed.
The Physical Impacts of Residential Settlements on The Mediterranean Coast
Nilgün Sultan Yüceer (1) and Serpil Çerçi (1,2)
(1) Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey.
Tel: 0 322 338 63 25 / 2036, Fax: 0 322 3383126, E-mail : ayuceer@mail.cu.edu.tr
(2) Tel: 0 322 338 65 34, Fax: 0 322 3383126, E-mail : scerci@mail.cu.edu.tr
Abstract
In this paper summer housing and settlement in Mersin-Silifke shoreline of Eastern Mediterranean and the effects on environment were studied. Eastern Mediterranean is an important settlement area since antic ages. Unplanned and dense settlement has taken place due to the socio-economic chances and political decisions with rapidly increasing populations and migrations for last 30 years. Specially, developments in the summer housing have affected the urbaning in the region. Important environmental problems have been increased due to illegal urbaning. Natural and historical sites, shorelines and agricultural lands have lost their natural values. This will adversely affect the ecological balances in the future. Rules and regulations for urbaning were found to be insufficient for these developments. Especially, sensitive regions like shore lines with ecological values loss their natural environmental balances with the pollutional loads of the settlements. In this study, natural and unnatural inventory of the Mersin-Silifke coast, as a sample area is worked. Using the obtained data, the settlements are evaluated in characteristics, environmental accordance and environmental pollution. The study involves measurements and analysis of marine, atmospheric, soil and drinking water, within the study area. Additionally, inventory studies of urbanization, transportation, social and technical background and constructive characterization of the buildings are accomplished. Results of this inventory study are used for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Suggestions, to rehabilitate the coastal zones are introduced taking the criteria as a basis, obtained from the EIA.
Coastal Tourism
Sustainable Tourism Options for Coastal Areas of Turkey
A. Cil Idikut
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Faculty of Social Sciences, De Boelelaan 1081 c, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Tel: +3120444 67 47, Fax: +31204446722
E-mail: a.idikut@fsw.vu.nl
Abstract
Tourism has become one of the most important socio-economic sectors in the world and one of the leading components of international trade. As a result of the rapid expansion of the tourism sector, tourism destinations are facing increasing pressure on their natural, cultural and socio-economic environments. There is now recognition that uncontrolled growth in tourism aiming at short-term benefits often results in negative impacts, harming the environment and societies, and destroying the very basis on which tourism is built and thrives. Sustainable tourism is designed to improve the quality of life of the local community, provide a high quality of services for the tourists and maintain the quality of the environment on which both the local community and tourists depend. Sustainable tourism should not generate serious environmental and socio-cultural problems, the overall environmental quality of the tourism area is maintained and or improved, a high level of tourism satisfaction is maintained so the tourist markets are retained and the benefits of the tourism area widely spread throughout the society. It implies that the natural, historic and cultural resources for tourism are conserved for continuous use in the future as well as present. Tourism in Turkey, just as in many Mediterranean countries, is one of the key sectors of economic development that is strongly supported by the central ad local government. The negative impact of tourism on the physical environment has appeared, following the phase of more or less uncontrolled development during the 1980s. Uncontrolled hotel construction has emerged on the coastal zone. This haphazard building and polluting of resources has endangered sustainable tourism development. Therefore, this paper discusses the possibilities of sound tourism development for the local governments and proposes suitable tools to develop and to promote sustainable tourism in coastal areas of Turkey.
Island of Vis - Case Study: Living (Only) With Tourism?
Marina Radic
Environmental Association SUNCE, 21000 Split, Croatia
Tel: +385-21-360 779 Fax: +385-21-360 779
E-mail: marina.radic@sunce-st.org
Abstract
On the global level, that is, IUCN and WWF (the initiative ''Global 2000''), marine regions are divided in 18 basic ecoregions, firstly on the grounds of bio-geographical criteria. According to that scale the Mediterranean is established as a unique, great and semi-closed ecoregion. The area of the outer islands of the middle and south Dalmatia are defined as a priority zone of protection due to extraordinary and unique biological values. These were the reasons for the partners WWF Mediterranean Programme Office and environmental association SUNCE, to start the Ecoregion Action Programme: Mid & South Dalmatian coast & islands, the project of preservation of the biological diversity with the special accent on cultural and historical values as the infallible peculiarities in the whole process of protection on the area of Split-Dalmatia and Split-Dubrovnik county with the focus on the "blue corridor" archipelago of the islands of Vis, Lastovo and Mljet. Being the island with one the most important aquatorium in the Adriatic, Vis is the island where WWF and SUNCE initiated most of the activities. Also, it has growing tourism attraction, trend that can be used in both ways: as an important developing force or a commercial tool for nullify all comparative advances. Through the SWOT analysis author tries to show all the treats and opportunities of such developing tourism industry on the island.
Evaluation of Tourism Planning Process of South Antalya Tourism Development Project
Naim Özgür Kutlu(1) and Ebru Manavoglu(2)
(1) Akdeniz University, Surveying & Cadastre Program, Antalya, Turkey.
Tel: +90-242- 2274780 Ext. 4137, Fax: +90-242- 2274785 , E-Mail: kutlu@.akdeniz.edu.tr
(2) Akdeniz University Department of Landscape Architecture, Antalya, Turkey.
Tel: + 90-242-2274560, Fax: + 90-242-2274564, E-mail: ebrumanavoglu@yahoo.com
Abstract
Tourism; has become an international phenomenon with its economic, social, cultural, technical, political and sanitary aspects and it has led to higher level of economic development by creating new jobs. Tourism, which is one of the potential powers of development in the cities, necessitates rational and economic planning. Tourism is highly dependant on environmental resources. Therefore, it has to be considered within the framework of the development plan of the respective country. Optimal allocation of scarce resources can only be achieved through efficient physical planning and execution.
A Questionnaire Study on Yachting Holidays in Göcek Bays
Erdal Özhan(1), Asli Numanoglu Genç(2) and Çagdas Demircioglu(3)
Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
Tel: +90-312-2105429, Fax: +90-312-2101412
(1) E-mail: ozhan@metu.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: asln@metu.edu.tr
(3) E-mail: cagdas@metu.edu.tr
Abstract
Fethiye-Göcek area is among the nine coastal Specially Protected Areas (SPA) in Turkey. The pine covered hilly shores of Fethiye-Göcek SPA, with numerous coves, tiny bays and small islands, exhibit one of the most pristine and beautiful Mediterranean coastal landscapes. Since the mid-80's, the area has gained national and international publicity and as a result of the subsequent recognition, recreational and tourism activities have significantly increased. The numerous charming bays of Göcek have acquired a well-earned international fame as a paradise for boating vacations, and the town of Göcek has developed to be a yachting centre. At present, there exists a very low level of managerial effort for limiting the environmental impacts of boating activities in Göcek Bays. The yachts can go wherever they like without any limitation, and can stay overnight at anywhere they choose. Consequently, the uncontrolled yachting in Göcek Bays presents a growing pressure on the environment, and the coastal and marine ecosystem. On the other hand, it contributes to decreasing the quality of holidays due to congestion, noise and water pollution. The yachting activities in Göcek Bays have been assessed by questionnaire surveys carried during the summer months of 2000 and 2001. In the surveys, the types of holiday activities of the boaters, the factors that affect the boaters' choice of the anchor sites and their opinions on a future management plan were examined. Responses to 430 questionnaires were collected during two summers. This paper presents the findings of the questionnaire study. Among others, the factors that affect the quality of yachting holidays and the main elements of a future management plan for yachting in Göcek Bays are discussed.
The Coastal Guide to European Destinations, Promoting Sustainable Development at a European Scale
C. Pérez Valverde
EUCC - The Coastal Union, Barcelona Office, c-o Consorci EL Far. C. Escar 6-8, Modulo 10a, 08039 Barcelona, Spain.
Tel: +34-93-2247340 Fax: +34-93-2247341
E-mail: Carolina@eucc.nl
Abstract
Imagining the Mediterranean without tourism and recreation is impossible. The number of annual visitors is still growing and the negative impact on the environment constitutes a major problem. However, there are ways to enjoy the coast in a sustainable way. The Coastal Guide to European Destinations (www.coastalguide.to) aims at providing tips on how to do so. The web site offers information to the visitors of European coastal areas. Special attention is given to the history of the landscapes, wildlife, nature and recreation areas and the cultural and historical heritage.
Urban Development
Functional Transformation of an Ancient Mediterranean Harbour in Turkey
M. Selcuk Sayan(1) and Ulku Cavdar(1,2)
(1) Akdeniz University, Department of Landscape Architecture 07070 Antalya,Turkey
Tel: +90-242-3102448 Fax: +90-242-2274564, E-mail: sayan@akdeniz.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: ulkucavdar@akdeniz.edu.tr
Abstract
Antalya Harbour is one of the oldest harbours in the Eastern Mediterranean from the archaic period. Antalya City and the harbour was founded in 158-138 B.C. by Attalos Philadelphos, the second king of Pergamon whose name was the origin of city's ancient name, Attaleia. Antalya City and Harbour had not only been a fleet base, but at the same time a trade harbour. Antalya Harbour has functionally transformed in a long period of time. Social, physical and economic needs, strategic location characteristics and management priorities are effective on this transformation. It has firstly taken on the defence function, which was a result of vital protection need, and two rows of city wall and breakwaters with towers were constructed in the Roman Period. The City was one of the most important trade harbours of the Eastern Mediterranean in the Byzantium Period. Trade function was originated by importing or exporting needs. After inauguration of new port in 1973, trade function of the old harbour disappeared. The harbour has been functioning for tourism from the second half of 19th century. Although tourism is a very new issue besides the old history of the city, it is the actual function both for the harbour and the city. But as being the greatest sector of the world, tourism is supposed to keep on designing and developing coastal zones of the world as well as the Antalya coastline.
Sustainable Development of the Coastal Cities
Silvia Golem
Faculty of Economics, Matice hrvatske 31, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
Tel: +385 21 430 673, Fax: + 385 21 430 701
E-mail: sgolem@efst.hr
Abstract
Sustainable development is identified as a much broader concept than environmental protection. It has economic, social, and cultural as well as environmental dimension. First part of the paper theoretically discuses and distinguishes notions of sustainability, development and sustainable development. Sustainability refers to state or condition of a system in the certain moment of time. When all subsystems of one system are in balance, it is defined as sustainable system. One of the main characteristics of the system is that, in time and in space, it changes - it develops. Development is, therefore, a dynamic process of changes. In order to insure that changes of each subsystem (and system as a whole) result in a desirable future sustainable state of system we need to plan those changes. There is a great emphasis on, and significant need for planning of process of development of a certain system. Each city can be considered as one system - complex system made of different subsystems, characterized by continuous process of changes - development. It allows application of system theory in researching and explaining sustainable development of cities. System approach is integrative, multisectoral approach. An important difference between city and natural system is that natural systems tend to maintain their equilibrium internally. Cites are, on the contrary, faced with huge problems of economic prosperity, social changes, lack of space, air pollution, water pollution, solid waste… Thus, urban management should be based on the adoption of management principles comparable to those within natural systems. Urban strategies and plans should insure that development of all urban subsystems (e.g. urban economy, urban housing, society, transportation, environment...) occurs in a sustainable way. Coastal cites, in comparison to continental ones, are more challenging and difficult to plan, manage, and govern. First, their geographical position gives them specific base of economic developing opportunities (tourism, industry, services, harbours, refraction points, transport corridors…). The environmental dimension includes sea, rather vulnerable and sensitive eco-subsystem. Present approach of coastal cities toward their sea shows that this precious natural subsystem has been misunderstood, neglected and degraded.
A Strategic Environmental Assessment View in Çanakkale
Derya Altunbas(1) and Hamit Palabiyik(1,2)
(1) Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Biga Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 172000 Biga, Çanakkale, Turkey.
Tel: +90-286-316 57 11 Fax: +90-286-316 58 32, E-mail: daltunbas@comu.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: hpalabiyik@comu.edu.tr
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of policies, plans and programs in the world. Therefore some principles for SEA systems have been developed in several countries. Although there is no agreement on the common and universal definition of SEA, this article determines requirements proposed successful SEA system and summarizes a publicized environmental report as a SEA view in the case of Çanakkale, Turkey. Growth of the number of coastal urban population created and is still creating congestion within boundaries of coastal cities, with all its negative consequences. In many cases, where geographical conditions allowed, coastal cities started to enlarge penetrating into its surrounding hinterland. That fact is very important and should be taken into consideration when making plans and visions of sustainable development of coastal cities. The example of such metropolitan area of coastal city will be given in the end of paper.
On the Bosphorus Coastal Area, Istanbul
Aysen Ciravoglu
Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: + 90-212-259 70 70/2864, Fax: + 90-212-261 05 49
E-mail: aysenc@yildiz.edu.tr
Abstract
By outlining the historical, spatial and legal transformation of the Bosphorus settlements of Istanbul in Turkey, the purpose of this paper is to attract attention to the problems of its coastal area. The Bosphorus has witnessed enormous changes throughout history. From early settlement to the present, it has always been subject to political and social changes. As one of the most attractive settlement areas, transformations firstly affect its coastal area. Therefore in this paper after a brief history of the Bosphorus, the problems of today's Bosphorus coastal area are outlined; legal issues, the sources of today's spatial problems, are discussed. In this context ownership problems along the shores of the Bosphorus are examined. And lastly solutions to those problems are researched.
Impacts of Tourism on the Urban Identity of Two Mediterranean Coastal Cities; Kyrenia and Alanya
Cenk Hamamcioglu(1) and Bora Yerliyurt(2)
(1) Yildiz Technical University, 80750 Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212-259 70 70 /2389 Fax: +90-212-261 05 49, E-mail: chamamci@yildiz.edu.tr
(2) Yildiz Technical University, 80750 Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212-259 70 70 /2373 Fax: +90-212-261 05 49, E-mail: byerli@yildiz.edu.tr
Abstract
Mediterranean is the geographical region where the first human activities like settlements, civilizations, agriculture, taming, discoveries, struggles and religions took place. For this reason, Mediterranean has a layered history and cultural heritage. But, after 1950s the urban fabrics where lay on the coasts of Mediterranean are started to lost their attractiveness properties of physical and social values because of the urban profit and the intensive tourism constructions. In this direction of poor qualified tourism constructions, the sameness process of the Mediterranean coast cities accelerate; thus the differences that create the urban identity of the cities are coming face to face with transformation risk. In this study, Alanya and Kyrenia cities will be evaluated parallel to the tourism impacts on the urban development process of the cities historical sites together with the new developing urban fabric around it. From this point of view, the impacts that the mass tourism causes over the cities identity and images of Alanya and Kyrenia will be put forward. Meanwhile some principles for the preservation of the coastal cities attractiveness properties will be present.
Mariculture
Marine Aquaculture and its Interaction with Other Coastal Users in Turkey
Hayri Deniz
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of Agricultural Production and Development, Aquaculture Department,
Milli Müdafaa Cad. No. 20/1103, 06100 Kizilay, Ankara / TURKEY.
Tel: +90-312-4240580/247, Fax: +90-312-4170026
E-mail: hayrideniz@tr.net or hayrideniz@hotmail.com
Abstract
Aquaculture has great potential for the production of food, alleviation of poverty and generation of wealth for people living in coastal areas, many of who are among the poorest in the world. Aquaculture has also been faster growing food production system for the past decade in the world. World aquaculture production is growing at more than 10 % per year, compared with 3 % for terrestrial livestock and 1.5 % for capture fisheries. This growth is expected to continue in future faster than today. Turkey has a great potential for the aquaculture developments. Turkey's fisheries resources area is larger than its forest area and as large as its agricultural areas. Turkey total aquaculture production was 67,244 t in 2001. The first sea farming commercial ventures were set up in 1985 and it has rapidly increased from 35 tons in 1986 to 29,730 t in 2001. Now, there are 346 sea farms and 18 marine hatcheries with capacity of 100 million fry per year. Mediterranean aquaculture production in 2001 was estimated at 1.4 million tonnes with over 70% being produced in coastal regions. The rapid growth of this sector has led to social, economic, environmental and legal problems in many countries. As with the other Mediterranean countries, there is a strong competition with among aquaculture, tourism, environmental protection, recreation, urbanisation, archaeology and navigation for coastal resources in Turkey. Marine aquaculture has brought significant economic and employment benefits to both national economies and coastal people throughout the world. Efforts to integrate aquaculture into the coastal management can contribute to improvements in selection, protection and allocation of sites and other resources for existing and future aquaculture developments.
ARCON® - Mass Culture of Marine Invertebrates: Experiences from a Mariculture Farm for Sponges
Lothar Schillak(1), Axel Holz(1,2), Peter Proksch (3) and Renato Batel(4)
(1) MVV - Consultants and Water Engineers GmbH, Augustaanlage 59, 68165 Mannheim, Germany. Tel: +49-621-418040, Fax: +49-621-4189440
E-mail: lschillak@waterconsultants-mvv.de
(2) E-mail: aholz@waterconsultants-mvv.de
(3) Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, German. Tel: +49-211-8114163,
Fax: +49-211-8111923, E-mail: proksch@uni-düsseldorf.de
(4) Centre for Marine Research, G.Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia,
Tel: +385-52-804729, Fax: +385-52-813496, E-mail: batel@cim.irb.hr
Abstract
In the Limsky Canal, an 11 km long; almost west-east orientated fjord-like sea area north of Rovinj (Croatia, Northern Adriatic Sea), a mariculture platform was installed to investigate the possibilities to culture sponges species in large scale dimensions. Five target species (Axinella polypoides, Aplysina aerophoba, Chondrilla nucula, Tethya aurantium and Dysidea sp.) have been tested regarding their transplantation techniques, substrate preferences and survival rates. Cut pieces (transplants) were taken from mother organisms and fixed to the different substrates. Axinella polypoides, Aplysina aerophoba, and Dysidea sp. show a restricted substrate preference and are suitable for large-scale mariculture, since the survival of transplants is as high as 95%. Chondrilla nucula and Tethya aurantium are less suitable for mariculture purposes. Chondrilla nucula is an encrusting species with the ability for movements. Tethya aurantium, too, is less suitable for transplantation due to morphological characteristics. Transplants as well as corresponding mother organisms of Aplysina aerophoba have been analyzed for their content of bioactive metabolites (alkaloids). Both groups the motherorganisms and the transplants showed a remarkable similarity. Results obtained from various transplantation experiments show that the cultivation of sponge transplants on the artificial ARCON® substrate is feasible even under large, economically orientated scale.
Marine Transportation
Handling Possibilities at the Offshore-Based Terminal of Antalya New Port, Turkey
K. Öztürk(1), M.C. Barla(1,2), N. Akten(1,3), G. Alkan(1,4), A.E. Müftüoglu(1,5), S. Ünlü(1,6) and B. Alpar(1,7)
(1) Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Vefa - Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212-5282539 Fax: +90-212-5268433
E-mail: kurultay@istanbul.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: mcbarla@istanbul.edu.tr
(3) E-mail: nakten@istanbul.edu.tr
(4) E-mail: guleralkan2@yahoo.com
(5) E-mail: edip@istanbul.edu.tr
(6) E-mail: su@istanbul.edu.tr
(7) E-mail: alparb@istanbul.edu.tr
Abstract
Seaport is a gateway between land and water transports, and mostly of international character. One side of the gateway is used by ships; the other by lorries, railways and barges. There some part of the World trade constantly passes through. At present, parallel to the growing marine transportation and shipment facilities, Antalya seaport became far from its main intention; the tourism along the southern coasts of Turkey. The increasing demand of hinterland forces the planning of new offshore-based terminals. For handling of dry and liquid bulk cargoes new offshore terminals were planned off the second seaport of the region, known as Antalya New Port. The morphologic and geophysical features of this narrow shelf area offshore the Quaternary sediments on land were studied. Sea level variations and currents which may exert influence on transportation and handling facilities in this offshore-based terminal have been given. Possible natural hazard threats and design criteria of a seaport terminal were discussed.
Coastal Water Resources Management
Geochemical Characterisation and Management of the Akrotiri Aquifer System (Cyprus)
M. Chatzioannidou(1), O. Christou (2), D. Rapti Caputo(3) and G. Dimopoulos (1)
(1) Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Geology, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Tel: +30-31-998451, Fax: +30-31-998506, E-mail: gdimop@geo.auth.gr
(2) Geoinfo, Grigoriou Labraki, 133, Ano Toumba Thessaloniki GR-54351 Greece.
Tel: +30-31-941160, Fax: +30-31-941160, E-mail: geoinfo@hol.gr
(3) University of Ferrara, Department of Earth Sciences, Corso Ercole I d'Este, 32, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
Tel: +39-0532-55255, Fax: +39-0532-55255 , E-mail: cpr@unife.it (contact author)
Abstract
In this article we present the results of a geochemical investigation carried out on the Akrotiri coastal multi-aquifer system (Cyprus). In this arid zone of the Mediterranean region (440 mm/a), the intense human activities and the controlling of the hydrographic network flow by engineering handicrafts have induced the quality worsening of the groundwater resources. Due to over-pumping the central sector of the area suffered local drops of the aquifer as large as 15 m. As a consequence, a salinisation process has occurred in the western sector. The mean velocity of the salty waterfront varies between 47 and 97 cm/a, relative to the period 1964-1996. Because of the high salinity values, the water is unsuitable for irrigation. In the frame of a project devoted to the artificial recharge, local authorities try to arrest the lowering of the piezometric surface and the consequent ingression of the salty wedge.
Hydrological Investigation of Antalya Basin (Turkey) Concerning the Inflow into the Mediterranean Sea
Remzi Karagüzel (1) and Jürgen Jensen (2)
(1) Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.
Tel: +246-237-0428, Fax: +246-237-0855, E-mail: kguzel@mmf.sdu.edu.tr
(2) Research Centre for Water and Environmental Engineering (fwu), University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany.
Tel: +49-271-740 2627, Fax: +49-271-740 2722, E-mail: jensen@fb10.uni-siegen.de
Abstract
A hydrological study is carried out of the Antalya travertine basin in Turkey concerning the inflow into the Gulf of Antalya into the Mediterranean Sea, respectively. The demand for water (for drinking, industrial and irrigation purposes etc.) in the Antalya basin is increasing. E.g. the city of Antalya will require about 150o106 m³ water in the year 2020 (Karagüzel et al., 1999). To be able to determine the water need, geological, hydrological, hydro geological and hydro chemical investigations in the Antalya basin are needed. Especially measurements of precipitation, water levels (volumes) of the lakes, discharges of the distributaries and the irrigation channels in the whole catchments area are necessary. Water-quality analyses show that groundwater has been and is being contaminated by sewage discharge, industrial and other activities that create an ever-expending impact to the available aquifer (Karagüzel and Irlayi 1998). On the basis of the present research an integrated, e.g. EU-founded research project is needed. Project co-ordinator will be Süleyman Demirel University (SDÜ), which is located at the centre of the research area. Turkish and German universities and the public sector institutions will be the partners of the project. In this paper the status of the present research and the ongoing research activities are presented.
Salinization Processes in a Coastal Aquifer System (Syracuse, Italy)
Dimitra Rapti Caputo(1) and Carmela Vaccaro(1,2)
(1) University of Ferrara, Department of Earth Sciences, Corso Ercole I d'Este, 32, 44100-Ferrara, Italy.
Tel: +39-0532-293750, Fax: +39-0532-210161
E-mail: cpr@dns.unife.it (contact author)
(2) E-mail: vcr@dns.unife.it
Abstract
The Syracuse area (Southeastern Sicily, Italy) is famous since ancient times for its natural springs, like Aretusa and Ciane, as well as for the hydraulic management handicraft know from 480 B.C. Unfortunately, the recent hyper-exploitation of the underground water resources and the concomitant decrease of the precipitations caused a general lowering of the piezometric level of the aquifers therefore enhancing the ingression of marine salty waters. In the present research, numerous hydrochemical parameters have been investigated, among which the pH, the total dissolved solid, the electric conductivity, the temperature and the concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, Cl and SO4. The data have been collected from five well fields located at different distances from the coast. Analyses have been performed in order to understand the relationships between the intense exploitation and the geochemical characteristics of the underground water resources. Our results obtained by applying classical geochemical methodologies integrated with techniques of statistics emphasise, firstly, the predominance of the Ca-HCO3 hydrochemical facies. Secondly, we could determine the evolution of mixing phenomena between salty and fresh waters approaching the coastline (San Nicola field). This behaviour is mainly associated to the pumping increase. Obviously, this intrusive process characterised by chlorides concentrations larger than 2000 mg/l affects the entire coastal natural environment and generates severe problems to the entire aqueduct network.
The Impacts of Septic Tanks on Groundwater Quality: Case Study of Liman Region in Antalya
Tugba Ozden(1) and Habib Muhammetoglu(2)
Akdeniz University, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Antalya, Turkey
(1) Tel: +(242) 3232364, Fax: +(242) 3232362
E-mail: tugbaozden@akdeniz.edu.tr
(2) Tel: +(242) 3236892, Fax: +(242) 3232362
E-mail: muhammetoglu@usa.net
Abstract
A research study has been initiated to assess the impacts of septic tanks on the groundwater quality at Liman Region in Antalya - Turkey. An intensive measurement and analyses program was carried out between November 2001 and January 2003 at eight representative sampling and measurement stations. Measurements of temperature, salinity, conductivity, specific conductivity and pH were realized in the field where analyses of nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen, orthophosphate, total phosphorous and fecal coliform were realized in the lab. Additionally, a field survey was conducted to investigate factors such as the depth of the sampling stations to groundwater, land-use activities around the sampling stations, distance between the sampling station and the septic tank. The results of the measurements have shown that the groundwater is contaminated with fecal coliform in some stations, which are near to the septic tanks. Also, nitrogen and phosphorous were high in the stations located in the crowded locations. Moreover, it is noticed that the levels of pollutants such as nitrite and orthophosphate were in general highest in early summer while nitrate levels were highest in late summer. Further future research studies will include water and nitrogen balances in the study area in addition to modelling studies and management scenarios to control the pollution in the groundwater of the unsewered areas.
VOLUME II
Coastal and Marine Biology, Ecology and Ecosystems
Feeding Biology of Lithognathus mormyrus (Teleostei, Sparidae) in Egyptian Waters
A.M. Osman
Alexandria University, Faculty of Science, Oceanography Department, Egypt.
Tel: +02-03-4843172, Fax: +02-03-5435956
E-mail: amosman88@yahoo.com
Abstract
The present study revealed that Lithognathus mormyrus feeds on crustacea (amphipoda, isopoda and prawn larvae), mollusca (bivalves and gastropods), echinoderms, fishes, foraminifera and polychaetes. The most abundant of these items proved to be gastropods (%abundance =26.62) and bivalves (%abundance=23.6). Bivalves were most frequent in stomachs of these fish (%occurrence=26.07). Study of vacuity index revealed that this species does not have a fasting season, although the rate of feeding decreases in spring and autumn for males. Length appeared to have an effect on food selectivity; small fishes less than 10 cm feed exclusively on polychaeta. Prawn larvae and bivalves appeared in the stomachs of length groups 10-15 cm, and deceases thereafter in abundance among the examined food items as the fish increases in length. The gastropods became the most abundant food item in length groups 15-20 cm. Study of the effect of sexual state on the abundance and occurrence of food items revealed that gastropods were more abundant in the stomachs of males and females, while bivalves were more abundant in the stomachs of hermaphrodites. Seasonal variations studies showed that only bivalves and fish were found in the examined stomachs in autumn. Bivalves had higher abundance among the examined food items in spring as well. Prawn larvae were most abundant in winter and spring, while gastropods were only found in the examined stomachs in summer. To determine the importance of each food item for each sex, four indices have been calculated; these are absolute importance index (%RI), (Wallace, 1981), the index of relative importance (% IRI), (Pinks et al., 1971), feeding coefficient (%Q), (Hureau, 1970) and main food item (%MFI), (Zander, 1982). The mean of the four studied indices showed that gastropods were the preferential food item for males. Concerning females bivalves were the most preferred food item followed by gastropods. For hermaphrodites polychaetes were the most preferred food item.
Systematic of the Atherinidae Species in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Basins based on Biochemical-Genetic Data
Ivan Dobrovolov(1), Petya Ivanova(1), Apostol Apostolu(2) and Zhivko Manolov(1)
(1) Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Primorski Blvd, 4, P.O. Box 72, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria.
E-mail: pavl_petya@yahoo.com
(2) Sofia University"Sv.Kliment Ohridski", Faculty of Biology, Department of Hydrobiology, Dragan Tzankov Str., 8, 1421 Sofia, Bulgaria.
Abstract
The taxonomic status of atherinid species in both basins is very disputable. In this study the allozyme comparison between the species from Genus Atherina in the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean are presented using different methods (horizontal starch gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing) on seven enzyme systems like: AAT, ADH, EST, LDH, MEP, MDH and SOD and general muscle proteins (PROT). We examined 16 enzymes and 10 non-enzymes loci in muscle and eye tissue. According the genetic distance between the A. boyeri, A. m. pontica, A. sp.1 (little-eye, sharp-muzzle), A. sp. 2 (big-eye, short-muzzle) and A. hepsetus they are good divergated on the species level. The Nei's genetic distance (DNei) between A. hepsetus and other investigated Atherinidae species was estimated as 0.956, 1.06, 1.07 and 1.178 respectively. A. hepsetus might diverge from other species 4.8-5.9 million years ago and should be separated as another subgenus. Our biochemical-genetic analyses covered 480 samples from mentioned above localities pointed that A. mochon samples had never been found in the Aegean Sea and Mediterranean. In view of that, we suppose that probably the species in Black Sea should be Atherina pontica (Eichwald, 1838).
Variability in Distribution of Macrobenthos on Rocky Shores at Elba Island
Massimo Ponti(1) and Marco Abbiati(1,2)
(1) Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali in Ravenna, Università di Bologna,
Via Tombesi dall'Ova 55, 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: + 39-0544-213831 Fax: + 39-0544-31204
E-mail: ponti@ambra.unibo.it
(2) E-mail: abbiati@ambra.unibo.it
Abstract
The distribution patterns of macrobenthic assemblages on rocky subtidal shores of the promontory and bay of Fetovaia (Elba Island, Tyrrhenian Sea) were investigated by visual estimates of species percent cover. Orientation and the nature of the substrata were investigated at two spatial scales and two depths. Species distribution showed high levels of heterogeneity at both the investigated spatial scales. Heterogeneities observed at the scale of tens of metres were comparable to those observed between sites separate by hundreds of metres and with different geographic orientation. Differences in distributions of several species and in the overall assemblages were observed between the two shores of the bay. Furthermore assemblages found on the promontory were more variable than those occurring in the bay. Although the distribution of most taxa did not appear to be related to differences in the substratum mineralogy, some evidence of the influence of the substratum type on the distribution of macrobenthic assemblages were found at 3 metres in depth. However, in the study area, distribution of species and assemblages was affected mainly by geographic orientation, rather than by substratum mineralogy.
Assemblages on Human-Made Structures in the North Adriatic Sea
F. Bacchiocchi (1), M. Abbiati (1, 2), F. Colosio (1, 3), P.R. Jonsson (4) and L. Airoldi (5)
(1) Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali di Ravenna, University of Bologna,
Via Tombesi Dall'Ova 55, 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: +39-0544-213831 Fax: +39-0544-31204, E-mail: backy@ambra.unibo.it
(2) E-mail: abbiati@ambra.unibo.it
(3) E-mail: colosio.francesco@tiscalinet.it
(4) Tjarno Marine Biological Laboratory, Goteborg University, SE- 452 96 Strömstad, Sweden.
Tel: +46-(0)-526-68627 Fax: +46-(0)-526-68607
E-mail: per.jonsson@tmbl.gu.se
(5) Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali di Ravenna and Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale,
University of Bologna,Via Tombesi Dall'Ova 55, 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: +39-0544-213831 Fax: +39-0544-31204
E-mail: lairoldi@ambra.unibo.it
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to map all human-made structures occurring along 40 km of the Emilia- Romagna coasts (Italy) and to explore how the distribution of colonising epibiota varied in relation to a number of selected key features of the structures. For each structure, several parameters were recorded, including: location, type of structure, size, shape, height, age, distance from shore, size of gaps between structural units, construction material and abundance of conspicuous species of intertidal epibiota. A total of 133 structures were identified and mapped: these were mainly groynes, breakwaters, sea walls, harbour structures and pontoon pilings. Most structures were built with natural calcareous rock, while concrete, wood and metal structures were less common. Other parameters, such as age, distance from shore, gap-size and length, were very variable. The composition and abundance of species varied in relation to location of the structures. Differences in the abundance of epibiota also occurred among different typologies of human- made structures, between landward and seaward sides of the breakwaters and among structures of different material. Other factors explained only a limited amount of variability in the data set.
Effects of Coastal Defence Structures on the Distribution of Hard-Bottom Species
Laura Airoldi(1), Elisa Camorani(1), Francesca Bacchiocchi(1, 2), Victor Ugo Ceccherelli(1, 3) and Marco Abbiati(1, 4)
(1) Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali di Ravenna and Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale,
University of Bologna,Via Tombesi dall'Ova 55, I-48100, Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: +39-0544-484271 Fax: +39-0544-455118
E-mail: lairoldi@ambra.unibo.it
(2) E-mail: backy@ambra.unibo.it
(3) E-mail: victor@ambra.unibo.it
(4) E-mail: abbiati@ambra.unibo.it
Abstract
The aims of the present study were: (1) to characterise the abundance of conspicuous, intertidal species associated to defence structures along the Italian shores of the North Adriatic Sea and (2) to identify the scales of discontinuity in the distribution of species. The study was carried out in May 2000 at 8 locations, from Trieste south to Ancona. Assemblages were dominated by mussels and ephemeral green algae. Filamentous algae and limpets were also frequent, but their abundance was variable among locations. The distribution of species was heterogeneous. At small (1 to 10s of m, distance among plots) and medium (10s to 100s of m, distance among sites) scales differences reflected variations in the relative abundance of species rather than composition. Conversely, differences in species composition were observed among locations, with a trend of increasing species richness from north to south.
The Effects of Sewage on Benthic Community in Antalya Bay, Turkey
Gonul Tugrul Icemer (1) and Erdal Kosun (2)
(1) Akdeniz University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Topcular, Antalya, TURKEY.
Tel: +90-242-323 23 64-106, Fax: +90 242 323 23 62
E-mail: gicemer@akdeniz.edu.tr
(2) Akdeniz University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, Topcular, Antalya, TURKEY.
Tel: +90-242-323 23 64-125, Fax: +90 242 323 23 62
E-mail: kosun@akdeniz.edu.tr
Abstract
Seasonal sampling of the benthic fauna in Antalya Bay, Mediterranean Sea, was undertaken during 1999-2002 years at 3 stations. The aim of this study was to detect possible faunal changes following the start of a sewage treatment plant in 2001. The faunal data were analysed community diversity, evenness and species diversity index. The results showed a decline in species number of natural benthic faunal community.
A Study on the Phytoplankton and Nutrients in the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Samsun, Turkey
Arif Gönülol(1), Gülfem Bakan(2), Özgür Baytut(1,3), Hülya Böke Özkoç(2,4) and Eda Özbayrak(2,5)
(1) Ondokuz Mayýs University, Biology Department, 55139, Samsun, Turkey.
Tel: +90-362-4576020/5132 Fax: +90-362-4576081
E-mail: agonulol@omu.edu.tr
(2) Ondokuz Mayýs University,Environmental Engineering Department, 55139, Samsun, Turkey.
Tel: +90-362-4570020/2823 Fax: +90-362-45760351
E-mail: gbakan@omu.edu.tr
(3) E-mail: obaytut@omu.edu.tr
(4) E-mail: hozkoc@omu.edu.tr
(5) E-mail: eozbayrak@omu.edu
Abstract
Phytoplankton and fluctations in physico-chemical characteristics researched in the mid-Black Sea, coast of Samsun, Turkey. Sampling was continued at five sampling stations chosen at the research area between July 2002 and June 2003. The phytoplankton was mainly composed by species belonging to Dinophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Dinophyceae, Noctilucaphceae, Bacillariophyceae, Coscinodiscophceae, Fragilariophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae classes. Among them, Bacillariophyceae species were generally dominant and Dinophyceae species were subdominant during the research period. The declines in Diatoms were followed by increases in Dinophyceae species. The fresh water originates from Yesilirmak and the Kizilirmak Rivers, which carry agricultural, industrial and domestic wastewaters, reduce surface water salinity and contribute large amounts of nutrients, detritus and pollutants. The seawater column was also monthly sampled at each station in order to determine nutrients (NO3- - N, NO2- - N, NH4+ - N, PO43 - P), temperature, pH and turbidity. The correlations between phytoplankton studies and physico-chemical characteristics of water column show that all the recent changes in the mid-Black Sea phytoplankton were originally caused by anthropogenic eutrophication.
Phytoplankton Development in the Romanian Coastal Waters during 2001
Laura Boicenco
National Institute for Marine Research and Development "Grigore Antipa", 300 Mamaia Bdv., Constanta RO-900581, Romania.
Tel: +40-241-540870 Fax: +40-241-543288
E-mail: boicenco@alpha.rmri.ro
Abstract
The dynamics of algal blooms and numerical abundance of phytoplankton community were followed up during 2001 in Romanian coastal waters. The defining characteristic of year 2001 consisted of increased temperature values and lower salinity, reflected in the mean monthly values recorded for spring and summer seasons. Due to these conditions higher frequency of the blooms and changes in the phytoplankton structure and dynamics have been registered. During the warm season of the year 2001, a number of 13 micro algal species produced blooms, such as the following: Cyclotella caspia, Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros socialis, Nitzschia delicatissima, Leptocylindrus danicus, Prorocentrum minimum, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Microcystis orae, Navicula sp., Amphora sp., Tabellaria sp., Cerataulina pelagica. Comparing the phytoplankton and physico-chemical data for the 2001 with the long-term recordings for the Constanta sampling site, it can be stated that this year is to be considered very important for the microalgal growth. There are important nutrient concentrations in the Romanian coastal waters that can support massive phytoplankton densities and algal blooms, whose amplitude will be determined by the specific hydrological and meteorological conditions.
Nutrients and Phytoplankton Biomass in the Ombla River Estuary, Southern Adriatic
Marina Caric(1) and Nenad Jasprica(1,2)
(1) Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Laboratory of Plankton Ecology, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Tel: +385 20 323 484 Fax: +385 20 323 872
E-mail: caric@labdu.izor.hr
(2) E-mail: jasprica@labdu.izor.hr
Abstract
The Ombla River estuary, only 4 km long, is a region influenced by karstic fresh and marine waters. The sea penetrates deeply into the estuary. Maximal nutrient values were found in the surface layer. The nutrient concentrations in the surface layer oscillated far more than in the bottom layer. The concentration of all nutrients decreased from the upper to the lower reaches of the estuary. The Redfield ratio values were 27-38, from April to August. The ratio values were far greater, 78-103, in the remaining months. Two peaks of phytoplankton, both microphytoplankton (MICRO) and nanophytoplankton (NANO), occurred in May and August. The phytoplankton population density, as with nutrients, decreased towards the lower reaches of the estuary.
First Data on Spartina x townsendii in the Lagoon of Venice (Italy)
Francesco Scarton(1), Leonardo Ghirelli(2), Daniele Curiel(1,3) and Andrea Rismondo(1,4)
(1) SELC scarl, Via dell'Elettricità 5/d, Marghera (VE), Italy.
Tel: +39 041 5384817 Fax: +39 041 5384757 , E-mail: scarton@selc.it
(2) Via Roma 38, Maserà di Padova (PD), Italy.
Tel: +39 049 8862173, E-mail: ghirelli.leonardo@libero.it
(3) E-mail: curiel@selc.it
(4) E-mail: rismondo@selc.it
Abstract
In 2002 we found S. x townsendii, a non-native hybrid, at several sites in the Venice lagoon salt marshes. This is the first record for Italy and, most likely, for the whole Mediterranean. The plants, usually living in circular clumps, were observed both in natural than man made salt marsh, at a wide range of elevation above sea level. Concern is expressed about the possible effects of the spreading of the hybrid in the whole lagoon.
Ecological Response of Microbial Community to Wave Action in Swash Zone - NW Mediterranean
Vanessa-Sarah Salvo(1), Valentina Marin(1,2), Cristina Misic(1,3), Mariapaola Moreno(1,4) and Mauro Fabiano(1,5)
(1) Università di Genova, DIP.TE.RIS., 16132 Genova, Italy.
Tel: +39-010-3538066 Fax: +39-010-3538140, E-mail: salvo@dipteris.unige.it
(2) E-mail: marin@dipteris.unige.it
(3) E-mail: misic@dipteris.unige.it
(4) E-mil: moreno@dipteris.unige.it
(5) E-mail: fabianom@unige.it
Abstract
Weekly and microscale (thirty minutes) variability of sediment organic matter and microbial component (bacteria, fungi and microalgae) were investigate in beach ecosystem of Celle Ligure (NW Mediterrean) by the use of two different sampling strategy. During the weekly sampling a sudden meteo-marine conditions change occurred. The results obtained, considering this event, suggest that the wave motion and grain size sudden affect the beach micro-ecosystem; however a system recover was recorded in a few days. The low concentrations of organic matter and of the microbial component confirmed that the Ligurian beaches are highly oligotrophic. The quantitative and qualitative variations define different response in the emerged, swash zone and submerged and highlighted the swash zone as the force driving the system recover.
Structure of a Small Estuarine Tidal Flat
Takashi Sakamaki(1), Yoko Ogawa(1,2), Munehiro Nomura(1,3) and Osamu Nishimura(1,4)
(1) Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University 06 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aobaku, Sendai, 982-8579, Japan.
Tel: +81-22-217-7469 Fax: +81-22-217-7471, E-mail: sakamaki@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
(2) E-mail: ogawa@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
(3) E-mail: nomura@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
(4) E-mail: osamura@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
Abstract
In order to To characterize the ecological structure and functions function of small estuarine tidal flat flats, spatial variations variation in sediment characteristics, benthos and biological metabolisms of organic matter were determined in a small estuarine tidal flat in Japan. The results show that there are reveal steep transitions in organic content and grain size of sediement sediment, and bed level stability in the study area, even though the study area was despite small area (about 500 x 200 m2). Macrobenthos habitation correlates strongly with spatial variation in the above factors. Bivalve density was limited by bed level instability at on the ocean side, and by high organic content at on the upstream side. Polychaete density is likely to be significantly governed significantly by organic content. Although the heterotrophic process is dominant in at every sites site, the dominant metabolism metabolic process for organic matter differs was different among the sites;: filter feeding by bivalves and and microorganisms microorganism respiration are dominant in sandy and muddy areas, respectively. Primary productivity of benthic algae probably does not is unlikely to restrict the heterotrophic metabolisms metabolic processes in the present study area. It is thought that the high diversity in the ecological structure and function functions in on this small tidal flat is attributed to the caused by the balance of relatively strong wave power and small small river discharge.
Biological Effects on Organic Matter Dynamics in Tidal Flat
Osamu Nishimura(1), Takashi Sakamaki(1,2) and Munehiro Nomura(1,3)
(1) Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University 06 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aobaku, Sendai, 982-8579, Japan.
Tel: +81-22-217-7470 Fax: +81-22-217-7471 E-mail: osamura@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
(2) E-mail: sakamaki@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
(3) E-mail: nomura@eco.civil.tohoku.ac.jp
Abstract
To assess the influence of benthic biota on organic matter dynamics in tidal flat ecosystems, an experimental study was conducted usingwith a model equipment. In the experiment, four different biota ecosystems were prepared: shaded, unshaded, unshaded and polychaete introduced, and unshaded and bivalve introduced systems. Organic content of the sediment subsurface gradually rose, and the accumulation rates differedwere different among the systems. The rate was greatly higher in the shaded system than the other unshaded systems. This result suggests that benthic microalgae enhances bacterial degradation of organic matter with supplying oxygen and extracellular metabolites. TheThis effect was much greater than that of macrobenthos. Filter feeding by bivalvesbivalve also inhibited the accumulation of organic matter in the sediment subsurface, which was attributed to bivalvebivalves respiration, assimilation, and decreasing deposition. Moreover, bivalves enhanced the productivity of algae due to their activating PO4-P regeneration.
Material Circulation and Species Composition in Tidal Flat Microcosm System
Kazuhito Murakami(1), Toshio Ishii(1), Kazuo Taki(1), Yuichi Ishii(2) and Hideki Tatsumoto(2,3)
(1) Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-8588 Japan.
Tel: +81-47-478-0455 Fax: +81-47-478-0474, E-mail: kaz_murakami@ce.it-chiba.ac.jp
(2) Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522 Japan.
Tel/Fax: +81-43-290-3559 , E-mail: you1@graduate.chiba-u.jp
(3) E-mail: tatumoto@cuphd.nd.chiba-u.ac.jp
Abstract
Material circulation in tidal flat ecosystem was investigated from the viewpoint of biological interaction using microcosm system. The biota of this microcosm system is composed of Ulva pertusa (chlorophyceae) as producer, Ruditapes philippinarum (bivalves) as filter feeder and Neanthes japonica (annelida) as detritus feeder. Results were concluded as follows; 1) it was recognized that Ulva pertusa play a role of NH4-N removal and PO4-P exhaust, Ruditapes philippinarum of NH4-N exhaust and PO4-P exhaust, and Neanthes japonica of NH4-N exhaust and PO4-P removal, 2) Ulva pertusa is much effective on NH4-N circulation, and especially in the case of co-existence with Neanthes japonica, 3) Neanthes japonica is much effective on PO4-P circulation, 4) high diversity of tidal flat's livings is much important for wise use of tidal flat as water purification system, because of different species of livings play different roles on the material circulation of wetland ecosystem.
Descriptors of Posidonia Oceanica Meadows: General Overview
V. Leoni(1), V. Pasqualini(1,2) and C. Pergent-Martini(1,3)
(1) Equipe "Ecosystèmes Littoraux", Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Corse, 20250 Corte, France.
Tel: 33 4 95 45 00 75 Fax: 33 4 95 46 24 41
E-mail: eqel@univ-corse.fr
(2) E-mail: pasquali@univ-corse.fr
(3) E-mail: pmartini@univ-corse.fr
Abstract
The management of the marine environment requires possessing information, which allows appreciating in a reliable way, the global quality of the environment. Resorting to biological indicators often appears as a way adapted to answer this type of problem. So, for a few years, a particular interest is granted to Posidonia oceanica meadows, because of their wide distribution over the littoral zone and because of the importance of these meadows within the conservation of the Mediterranean. It seems possible today to use this magnoliophyta to determine the quality of the coastal water. A reasoned management, on the scale of the Mediterranean basin in general, requires standardized methods of study, applicable by the researchers and the administrators, and letting to obtain comparable results. The aim of this study is to search for the different implemented methods used to study the health of Posidonia oceanica. To do it, a questionnaire was passed on to all the laboratories working in the domain. The results identify the parameters and their technical characteristics (e.g. protocol of implementation, presence/absence of standardization, interest and limits of use and pertinence of the acquired information) from the answers supplied by about thirty international scientists.
A New Seagrass Map for the Venice Lagoon
Andrea Rismondo(1), Daniele Curiel(1,2), Francesco Scarton(1,3), Daniele Mion(1,4) and Giovanni Caniglia (5)
(1) SELC scarl, Via dell'Elettricità 5, 30174, Marghera-Venezia, Italy.
Tel: +39-041-5384817, Fax: +39-041-5384757, E-mail: rismondo@selc.it
(2) E-mail: curiel@selc.it
(3) E-mail: scarton@selc.it
(4) E-mail: gis@selc.it
(5) Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via Trieste 75, Padova, Italy
Tel: +39-049-8276239, Fax +39-049-8276260, E-mail: giovanni.caniglia@unipd.it
Abstract
In 1990 the first mapping project of submerged aquatic rooted vegetation was carried out to determinate the coverage of three species of seagrasses (Zostera marina Zostera noltii and Cymodocea nodosa occurring in the Lagoon of Venice. After twelve years a new program of research has been started in the framework of a monitoring project carried by Consorzio Venezia Nuova, on behalf of Magistrato alle Acque, Venice. Part of this project deals with the update of seagrass map of Venice Lagoon. All shallow bottoms, tidal flats and channels (not deeper than 2.5 metre) of the Lagoon have been surveyed, as it was made for the previous mapping of 1990. Field operations have been carried out by boat, adopting a satellite positioning system with D-GPS technology (accuracy: 1 metre) connected to a portable PC where all data collected in the field, concerning presence of the species, coverage percentage and other information about seagrass meadows have been recorded and daily downloaded to a desk station. All data have been recorded in a GIS, utilizing ARC-GIS software. Definition of the meadows on the map was made possible with a long and accurate desk work, both by integration of recorded waypoints and by satellite and airplane photo interpretation. C. nodosa extends now in the Lagoon of Venice over 2945 hectares (1634 ha in 1990), Z. marina over 3442 ha (3642 in 1990) and Z. noltii over 633 ha (4141 in 1990). The comparison with 1990 seagrass distribution shows a very clear regression of Z. noltii in the inner areas, while Z. marina has been increasing its coverage in the central basin of the Lagoon, where strong dystrophic events, caused by macroalgae blooms, were frequently recorded until few years ago. C. nodosa does not show a clear trend apart from a strong loss close to Chioggia town (southern basin), due its to artificial removal operated by clam collectors.
Transplanting Seagrasses in the Venice Lagoon: Results and Perspectives
Daniele Curiel(1), Francesco Scarton(1,2), Andrea Rismondo(1,3) and Mara Marzocchi(4)
(1) SELC, Via dell'Elettricità 5/d, 30174 Marghera, Italy.
Tel: +39.041.5384817, Fax: +39.041.5384757 , E-mail:curiel@selc.it
(2) E-mail: scarton@selc.it
(3) E-mail: rismondo@selc.it
(4) Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via Trieste 75, 35121 Padova, Italy. Tel +39.049.8276261, Fax +39.0498276262
E-mail: mara.marzocchi@unipd.it
Abstract
As part of a more comprehensive restoration and mitigation plan, a two-year pilot project of seagrass transplanting was initiated in April 1994 in the lagoon of Venice. Two different techniques (non-anchoring method and anchoring method) were tested in five stations with Cymodocea nodosa and five stations with Zostera marina. Survival rates, coverage, shoot density and biomasses were measured at the ten sites for both methods. After two growing seasons, both transplanting methods showed good success. Nineteen of the 20 cells still had seagrass coverage and the coverage ranged, for C. nodosa, for both methods from 76 to 86% and for Z. marina from 70 to 74.4%. Compared to the initial densities the increase of the transplanting was, for C. nodosa, 15.1 times greater for sod method (681 ± 391 shoots m-2) and 42 times greater for rhizome method (563 ± 463 shoots m-2); for Z. marina it was 6.6 times greater for sod method (107.5 ± 50 shoots m-2) and 16.7 times greater for rhizome method (130.6 ± 60 shoots m-2). In comparison with the control site, for both methods after 17 months the density of C. nodosa reached 50% and the biomass was 16-36%, while for Z. marina the density reached about 50% and biomass was 34-54% that of control site. Statistical differences between the two transplant methods were observed only for C. nodosa biomass, which was higher in the sods technique than with rhizome technique. The only treatment that reached a level not significantly different from that of the control was the sod technique for Z. marina, for biomass.
Trophic Structure of the Waterbird Community Foraging in the Comacchio Lagoon (N Adriatic)
Paolo Boldreghini and Alessandro Dall'Alpi
Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bologna
Via S. Giacomo, 9, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39 0512094224, Fax: +39 051251936
E-mail: paolo.boldreghini@unibo.it
Abstract
The Comacchio Lagoon is a coastal wetland complex remaining after the reclamation of a large wetland area for agriculture purposes. Now it covers some 120 km2. It has been managed during last centuries for extensive rearing of euryhaline fish and salt extraction. Waterbird populations have been censused monthly on nearly half of the lagoon, representative of every type of habitat and human management. The study area has been subdivided into 33 sectors belonging to four major district: Municipal Valli, two wide water bodies which take salt- and freshwater under human control, used for extensive fish-culture; Valle Furlana, a set of smaller basins also used for extensive fish-culture but under a more strict control; Valle Fattibello, a lagoon freely communicating with the Adriatic Sea; Salina, a set of saltwater basins and abandoned salt-pans. The trophic structure of the community has been analysed employing the following 15 guilds: Swimming ichthyophagous, Wading ichthyophagous, Flying ichthyophagous, Omnivores (these four mainly fish-eaters), Swimming invertebratophagous, Flying invertebratophagous, Probers, Peckers, Scythers, Malacophagous (these six mainly invertebrate-eaters), Predators of ground animals, Raptors, Dabbling phytophagous, Dabbling poliphagous and Diving poliphagous (the last three mainly plant-eaters). Despite the large number of species and guilds a quite low diversity was found in most sectors, because of the dominance of one or few guilds, as well as in the whole area, because of the dominance of the Diving poliphagous. Cluster analysis and PCA yielded similarly three main groups of sectors mostly belonging to the same major district. A great difference was ascertained between the two districts managed for extensive fish-culture, attributed to the availability of different kinds of fish and to the different occurrence of vegetation.
Management Needs of Coastal Areas in the Eastern Mediterranean
K. Tuluhan Yýlmaz (1), Halil Çakan (2), Tamas Szekely (3)
(1) University of Çukurova, Dept. of Landscape Architecture 01330 Adana, Turkey.
Tel: +90 322 338 69 67 Fax: 0 322 338 61 89, E-mail: tuluhan@mail.cu.edu.tr
(2) University of Çukurova, Dept. of Biology 01330 Adana, Turkey.
Tel: +90 322 338 60 84 Fax: 0 322 338 60 70, E-mail: hcakan@mail.cu.edu.tr
(3) Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Bath, UK
Bath BA2 7AY. Tel: +44 1225 383 676 Fax: +441225 386 779
E-mail: T.Szekely@bath.ac.uk
Abstract
The Çukurova, located in the Southeastern coast of the Anatolian peninsula, is a wide alluvial coastal plain (7 000 km2) formed by three rivers; Seyhan, Ceyhan and Berdan. These rivers originate in the Taurus Mountains and flow into the Mediterranean Sea. From the mountains to the sea diverse ecosystems are represented: Yýlmaz (1998). There are five lagoons along the coast of Cukurova. Lagoons, oxbows and former riverbeds form a complex wetland system with dense reed beds that are very suitable for nesting and breeding of waders, passerines and waterfowl in the area. The lagoons are also very important habitats for waterfowl and fish. It is reported that 240 bird species were observed along the delta in 1987 (van der Have et al, 1988). The sandy beaches are important habitats in terms of endangered marine turtles (Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta). The Eastern Mediterranean region contains 11 coastal dune areas. Seven of them are located on the coast of Çukurova. These coastal dunes, with a length of over 100 km, cover an area of 9591 ha. This is the largest coastal dune area in Turkey (Uslu, 1989).
Çukurova coastal sand dunes which cover an area of 9 500 ha, have particular importance since they form the largest single dune area in Turkey. There are six endemic plant associations in the sand dunes located around the Seyhan Delta. The geographical distribution of the Cresso creticae-Hordeum marinae association is limited in the area (Uslu and Bal, 1993). The flora of Çukurova coastal area is very diverse. The abundance of plant species (560 species) is associated with divers habitats and land uses (Çakan, 2001). The area comprises 31 endemic plant taxa. However, this coastal dune ecosystem is under risk of several detrimental impacts such as tourism, agriculture and afforestation. Along the coast of the neighbouring province of Içel, fertile plains have been occupied by blocks of apartments, so called summer resorts. Since the tourist investments and summer resorts are less intensive than the western part of the Mediterranean coast, the coastal zone of the region still has much of its original state except for some afforested and cultivated parts. An area about 3 500 hectares was afforested and 3 200 hectares was cultivated. Within this paper ecological importance in respect of plant and bird biodiversity and habitat features were emphasised and as an integrated management proposal SPAMI procedure was suggested for the area examined.
Importance of Lake Iztuzu for Coastal Management (Turkey)
Nilgün Kazancı(1), Sönmez Girgin(2) and Muzaffer Dügel(1,3)
(1) Hacettepe University Science Faculty Biology Department Hydrobiology Section Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
Tel: + 90-312-297 80 33, Fax: + 90-312-490 54 72 E-mail: kazanci@tr.net
(2) Gazi University Gazi Education Faculty Biology Section Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey, Tel: + 90-312-297 80 33 Fax: + 90-312-490 54 72
E-mail: sonmezgirgin@ttnet.net.tr
(3) E-mail: dugel@hacettepe.edu.tr
Abstract
The Köyceðiz-Dalyan region in southwestern Turkey was declared in 1988 by law as a specially protected area. Attempts to construct a hotel complex on the eastern end of the Iztuzu Beach stimulated international concern about the nesting areas of the endangered Caretta caretta. The importance of the region is due to the existence of a wide variety of aquatic habitats and to the presence of valuable aquatic plant and animal communities. Close to the shore line there is a lagoon with changing salinity, Iztuzu Lake. The Lake is influenced by Mediterranean seawater. In this research the physical, chemical and biological status of Iztuzu Lake was examined between April 1991 and August 1993. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, Ca2+, Mg2+, sulfate, chloride were measured. Thirteen algae species from Bacillariophyceae and 22 zooplankton species from Rhizopoda, Ciliata, Rotifera, Nematoda, Polychaeta, Crustacea were identified. Bacillariophyta was determined as single taxon in the algae. Rotifera was relatively more diverse in zooplankton species composition. The effect of sea flushing on water quality of Iztuzu Lake is researched by using algae and zooplankton species composition. Recommendations for the protection of the lake are given based on the results of this research.
Invasive Species, Toxic Organisms and Harmful Algal Blooms
Effects of the interaction between Posidonia oceanica and two invasive Caulerpa species
Gérard Pergent(1), Olivier Dumay(1,2) and Christine Pergent-Martini(1,3)
(1) EqEL, University of Corsica, Faculty of Sciences, BP 52, 20250 Corte, France.
Tel: +33-4-95 45 01 46 Fax: +33-4-95 46 24 41
E-mail: pergent@univ-corse.fr
(2) E-mail: dumay@univ-corse.fr
(3) E-mail: pmartini@univ-corse.fr
Abstract
The interaction between the endemic Mediterranean Magnoliophyta Posidonia oceanica and the invasive tropical Chlorophyceae algaes Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa racemosa was carried out, during one year, in four sites from french riviera. According to the season and the level of interaction, Posidonia oceanica showed significant variations in term of phenology, epiphytic biomass, leaf renewal cycle, primary production, and tannin cell. So, the mean leaf length exhibited a significant reduction according to an increasing interaction (from 531.8 mm to 468.4 mm) and the mean leaf Area index was reduced upper than 20 %. Conversely when the interaction became higher, there was an increase of the number of leaves produced per year and of the mean foliar primary production (about 83% for C. taxifolia and 27% for C. racemosa). The number of tannin cell increased significantly too. In the same time, Caulerpa species produced less secondary metabolites (e.g. Caulerpenyne - CYN), while the frond length increased. In terms of energy allocation, it appears that Posidonia oceanica experiences high-energy costs to ensure leaf production. This increased primary production, which is brought on by interspecific competition with Caulerpa, may, in the long term, lead to a shortage of nutrients necessary for plant growth. Indeed, although an increased allocation of photosynthetic products can, at least in the short-term, lead to an energy surplus to the shoots of Posidonia oceanica, such a mechanism must be studied over the long term. For the two Caulerpa species, the increase in frond length appears to correspond to a classic strategy (competition for light). So, the high energy allocated to the growth of frond would be at the cost of another function (production of secondary metabolites).
Appearance of Invasive Species in Southern Lake of Tunis
J. Ben Souissi(1), M. Rezig(2) and J. Zaouali(3)
(1) Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, cité Mahrajène 1082, Tunis Tunisie.
Tel: 00-216-71-287 110 Fax: 00-216-71-799 391
E-mail: bensouissi.jamila@inat.agrinet.tn
(2) Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire d'écologie littorale, Campus Universitaire, 1002 le Belvédère, Tunis Tunisie.
Tel: 00-216-71-872 600 Fax: 00-216-71-885 480
E-mail: MRezig@fst.rnu.tn
(3) 14 rue Virgile, Salammbô, 2025,Tunis- Tunisie.
Tel: 00-216-71-732 852 Fax: 00-216-71-799 391
E-mail: jeanne.zaouali@planet.tn
Abstract
Located in the southeast part of the Tunis gulf, the lagoon, also known as the Tunis Lake, is made of two separate body of water, the Northern Lake and the Southern Lake. The two lagoons are separated by an important canal, stretching over 10 km. The Southern Lake, under growing urban and industrial anthropic pressure was invaded by Ulvae. So its rehabilitation was planned. The project lasted 4 years, and was the second part of the Tunis lagoon rehabilitation, after the successful completion of the Northern Lake restoration. The study of the environment re-conquest in the Southern Lake of Tunis, after its ecological restoration, shows not only a profound modification of the biocenotical characteristic of this body of water before its restoration, but more importantly a very fast adaptation (presence of animals of all sizes) of species originally from the Indian ocean and the Red sea as Fulvia fragilis, Sphaeroma walkeri, Pilumnopeus vauquelini, Eucrate crenata, Bursatella leachi.
The reasons for this adaptations are for the time being difficult to explain (may be, except because of a lack of benthic studies along Tunisian coats), in fact, in the best case example Fulvia fragilis scenario, this specie appears after a 500 km gap in the coast.
Harmful Algae at Northeast Black Sea Coast
Alexander Vershinin (1), Anton Moruchkov (1,2) and Irina Sukhanova (1,2)
(1) P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Nahimovski prosp. 36, Moscow 117851, Russia
Tel: +7-095-124-7996 Fax: +7-095-124-5983
E-mail: avershinin@mail.ru
(2) E-mail: biocoast@ecosys.sio.rssi.ru
Abstract
Harmful algae associated adverse impacts on marine ecosystems, public health, and resorts' quality were observed at NE coast of the Black Sea since mid-80s, and since 1996 a systematic investigation of those problems was started by Institute of Oceanology RAS. Observations being made along the whole Russian coastline, and since 2001 to these date permanent monitoring of toxic algae is performed at 2 stations: at Bolshoy Utrish and Orlyonok. Among the 94 phytoplankton species observed during 2001-2002 period, 14 species known as toxic in other seas were found. 8 species of DSP-toxic Dinophysis spp., Gonyaulax grindleyi, and Prorocentrum lima were observed during April-October period each year. Potentially PSP-toxic Alexandrium cf. tamarense was found in July 2001 for the first time, and later it occurred in samples during all year 2002. Potentially ichthyotoxic Cochlodinium polykrikoides caused bloom in Utrish bay in August 2001 (~70000 cell/l, 0,62 mg/l), it was first observation of the species in the Black Sea. A special case of noxious bloom of filamentous green algae Cladophora vagabunda can be observed at Anapa beaches during warm season each year.
New Strategy of Monitoring and Management of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Mediterranean
Mercedes Masó(1) and STRATEGY Group (2)
(1) Institut de Ciències del Mar, ICM-CSIC
P. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37- 49, E08003Barcelona, Spain.
E-mail: meme@icm.csic.es
(2) The following people are involved in the STRATEGY group:
M. Vila, E. Garcés, N.Sanpedro, S.Angles, L. Arin, J.Camp,
E. Flo, B. Puig1
M. G. Giaccobe, E. Gangemi, F. Decembrini, F. Azzaro, S. Borzi 3
A. Luglié, N. Sechi, A. Sannio R. Rita F. Fiocca G. Mura4
O. Gotsis-Skretas., L. Ignatiades, A. Metaxatos, C. Kontogiannis,
G. Assimakopoulou., V. Kabouroglou5
A. Penna, M. Magnani, E. Bertozzini, F. Andreoni, L. Galluzzi 6
F. Orozco, F.Gaya7, E. Cozar8
I.Bravo, S. Fraga, M.R. Figueroa 9
O. Raillard, M. Cousin10
J.Tintoré, G. Basterretxea, A.Jordi, A.Orfila, B.Casas11
(3) IST, Via San Ranieri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy.
(4) DBEV, Via Muroni 25 - 07100 Sassari, Italy.
(5) NCMR, 19013 Anavyssos Attikis, Athens, Greece.
(6) CBA, Univ. of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
(7) FOA, Av. Cordova, 5è 1ª. E07181 Palmanova, Calvià, Spain.
(8) Ajuntament Calvià, Can Vich 29. E07184 Calvià, Spain.
(9) IEO, Apto. 1552- 36280 Vigo, Spain.
(10) Safege Cetiis, Av. de Berlincan, 4, S. Médard en Jalles, France.
(11) IMEDEA, Miquel Marques 21, E07190 Esporlas , Spain.
Abstract
The new strategy of monitoring and management of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the Mediterranean Sea is a EU research program (STRATEGY), which began in September 2001 and will continue for 3 years. The STRATEGY main goal is to provide the keys for tackling one of the main risks of coastal regions on a world scale, and specifically along the Mediterranean coastline: the increased frequency of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) as the possible consequence of anthropogenic activities. The program is centred on the genus Alexandrium and is focussed mainly through in situ studies in the Northern Mediterranean basin, where blooms associated with Alexandrium species are recurrent and frequently cause public health, economic, and social impacts. We present the main lines of the project, participants and the first year results, related with the STRATEGY NETWORK. The final output of STRATEGY will be the development of a theoretical framework of Alexandrium outbreaks and expansion, and to contribute in developing a new concept of monitoring and management of coastal waters quality in relation with dinoflagellate blooms in the Mediterranean Basin.
Ecosystem and Environmental Impacts
Agonizing Coastal Sea Ecosystems: Understanding The Cause; Placing the Blame!
Michael A. Rozengurt
Chamber's Associates and Coastal Consulting, 8888 Lauderdale Court, Unit 216FHuntington Beach, CA 92646.
Tel: (714) 536-4403, E-Mail: mrozengurt@juno.com
Abstract
The dissection of rivers by dams has distorted interaction of coastal ecosystems and led to the formation of "impounded seas" on a global scale. All the above belies the statements claiming that it is possible to restore historical habitats of impounded coastal ecosystems despite the fact that their unnatural, broken continuum has nothing in common with the history of their evolution should be considered as reductio ad absurdum.
Environmental Impact Assessment after Sand Extraction for Beach Nourishment: a Methodological Approach
E. Fanelli(1), L. Nicoletti (1,2), G. Franceschini(3), O. Giovanardi (3,4), M. Gabellini(1,5) and M. Preti(6)
(1)* ICRAM Central Institute for Research Applied to the Sea - Via di Casalotti, 300 - 00166 Rome, Italy.
Tel: +39 06 615701, Fax: +39 06 61561906, E-mail: e.fanelli@icram.org
(2) E-mail: l.nicoletti@icram.org
(3) ICRAM Chioggia - Loc. Brondolo - 30015 Chioggia (VE), Italy.
Tel: +39 041 5543933, Fax: +39 041 5547897, E-mail: g.franceschini@icram.org
(3,4) E-mail: o.giovanardi@icram.org
(1,5) E-mail: m.gabellini@icram.org
(6) ARPA Emilia Romagna- Ingegneria Ambientale. Vicolo Carega, 3 40121 Bologna. Tel: +39 051 2966310, Fax: +39 051 2966338
* actual address CSIC-CMIMA Marine Science Institute, Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
Abstract
Along the northern Adriatic coast, especially off the Emilia Romagna region, the erosion problem is very important. In this area the presence of man-made structures (artificial reef in front of the beaches) often modified the local hydrodynamism and promoted coastal erosion. During 2001 "ARPA Emilia Romagna" entrusted ICRAM (Istituto Centrale per la Ricerca scientifica e tecnologica Applicata al Mare) to coordinate a beach nourishment program using "relict" marine sand located off Marina di Ravenna (Ravenna, Italy). In the same year, ICRAM carried out an assessment of environmental impact before, during and after dredging activities, by using different investigations. Side Scan Sonar and Multibeam investigations of sea bottom, sedimentological and biological studies and analyses on the water column were carried out during oceanographic surveys. Half year later all the results showed a progressive recovery of the original characteristics. The methodology followed a previous "pilot" project carried out by ICRAM in the central Tyrrhenian Sea (Latium coast) and the whole study can confirm its effectiveness giving methodological and scientific outlines for future research on excavation activities for beach nourishment.
The Impact of Clam Fishing Dredges on Adriatic Lagoons
Ivonne Burla(1) and Giorgio Fontolan(1,2)
(1) Coastal Group - Dept. of Geological, Environmental and Marine Sciences - Università degli Studi - Via E. Weiss 2, 34127 Trieste - Italy.
Tel: +39-040-5582036, Fax: +39-040-5582048
E-mail: burla@units.it
(2) E-mail: fontolan@units.it
Abstract
In order to estimate the possible impacts induced by Manila clam fishing with mechanical dredges, some experiments have been carried out in an intertidal area, given in concession for trawling inside the Marano lagoon, northern Adriatic (Italy). Two different dredges have been used: the locally called "Marano" and "Sponter" dredges. Sediment plumes induced by dredging feature turbidity peak values up to 40 times higher than the background suspended matter. Because of tidal currents up to 40 cm/s, concentrations tend to extinguish rapidly both in time and in space, within a maximum of 300 m from the fishing area, where background values are reached. Dredging causes a loss of re-suspended mud, kept in suspension by tidal currents and transported toward the nearby channels. During ebb tide, sediment fate is to be irreversibly removed from the lagoons. Sand fractions, on the other hand, tend to settle immediately close to the dredged area, thus increasing mean grain size of the fishing areas. Despite the sedimentary loss, fishing practice inside concession areas is regulated by the 3-years growth cycle of the Manila clam, thus reducing the biological and sedimentary impact. On the other hand, when fishing is intensively carried out without regulation, as in the Venice lagoon, the long-term effect is an irreversible deepening of the tidal flats and progressive resource depletion.
Pollution Bio-Indicators
Use of Phenolic Compounds in Posidonia Oceanica
Ferrat Lila(1), Pergent-Martini Christine(1,2), Roméo Michèle(3) and Pergent Gérard(1,4)
(1) EqEL, University of Corsica, BP 52, 20250 Corte, France.
Tel: +33-495-45 01 46 Fax: +33-495-46 24 41
E-mail: ferrat@univ-corse.fr
(2) E-mail: pmartini@univ-corse.fr
(3) ROSE, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Parc Valrose,
06100 Nice, France.
Tel/Fax: +33-492-07 68 22
E-mail: romeo@unice.fr
(4) E-mail: pergent@univ-corse.fr
Abstract
In marine environment, sea grasses would appear to be potentially valuable bioindicators of pollution. Correlations have been found between the mercury levels, accumulated in the plant tissues, and its concentration in the water column. However, the use of biomarkers, or early signs of modifications of molecular, biochemical or cellular parameters, is increasingly useful for early and efficient monitoring of environmental quality. Moreover, in organisms, mercury undergoes a redox cycle, thus creating an oxidative stress. Secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds may be considered as biochemical markers of antioxidant response to a stress. So, it would be of interest to verify if in a sea grass exposed to mercury contamination, a modification of these compounds can be measured. In order to verify this hypothesis, water-soluble phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, in sheaths and blades of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, a Mediterranean seagrass, coming from a site contaminated by mercury and a pristine site of the Western basin. Total phenolic compounds were measured by spectrophotometry and simple phenolic compounds by GC/MS. The study revealed the involvement of cinnamic acid derivates (caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic acids) and moreover flavonoïds in quality of antioxidant, particularly in the sheaths coming from the contaminated site. The presence of phenolic glycoside, reducing the antioxidant power of the extracts, is also discussed. Indeed, the production of phenolic compounds cannot be studied only on a quantitative aspect, a complementary qualitative analyze is necessary to estimate the efficiency of the antioxidant response to a given stress.
A Possibility of Using Mollusks Mytilus Galloprovincialis for Indication and Monitoring of Oil Pollution in the Black Sea
T. Schekaturina and T. Osadchaya
The A.O.Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of Southern Seas,
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Ukraine
E-mail: msh@ibss.iuf.net
Abstract
The paper summarizes the data available from the field and experimental study about hydrocarbon content (total and individual compounds) of mussel tissues in depends on pollution degree of studied region, an inhabiting deep and physiological state.
Pollution Control with the Usage of New Methods of Xenobiotics Bioidentification in Water
Valerii Tonkopii and Anatoly Zagrebin
Institute of Limnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 196105 St.Petersburg, Russia.
Tel: +7-812-388-80-09 Fax: +7-812-388-73-27
E-mail: tonkopi@hotmail.com
Abstract
We have been developing non-traditional methods of the identification of pollutants, using various hydrobionts as biological objects and the study of the mechanism of toxic action of xenobiotics. The experiments were carried out with using of Daphnia magna. Daphnia magna is a Crustacean in the order of Cladocera. This aquatic animal extensively used as a test organism in aquatic toxicology due to their small size, short life cycle and amenability to lab culture. Daphnia magna is the most sensitive test-object in relation of different pollutants among all known biological objects including experimental animals. Experiments were performed with a 2-days old culture of Daphnia magna. The toxicity of xenobiotics was determined by the value of LC50, a concentration of the compounds causing death to 50% of hydrobionts during incubation with toxicants for 24 hours. In the first stage of the work, toxicity of organophosphates (Dipterex, DFP, DDVP, Paraoxon, Malathion, Malaoxon), carbamates (Aminostigmine, Physostigmine, Sevine), heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, As, Al), organochlorines (Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Aroclor, DDT, Lindane, PCBs etc.) and pyrethroids (Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate, Deltamethrin, Permethrin, Allethrin, Resmethrin, Phenothrin, Kadethrin, Cyphenothrin) was determined. The effects of a number of antagonists on the toxicity of xenobiotics were studied. At the first time we discovered that in experiments to Daphnia magna some muscarinic cholinoreceptor blockers (atropine, glipine, pediphen etc.) reduced the toxic effect of organophosphates and carbamates. In the case of heavy metals the chelating agents (EDTA, Dithioethylcarbamate, Unithiolum, Sodium thiosulphuricum, L-Aspartic acid) were effective, for certain organochlorine poisonings - anticonvulsive drugs (diazepam, phenobarbital). In the case of pyrethroid's poisonings the antagonist of glutamate receptor (ketamine), DOPA receptors (haloperidole) and blocker of calcium channel (nimodipine) reduced the toxicity of xenobiotics. As far as these antidotes have a specific treatment action only against definite classes of pollutants, we have elaborated the sensitive express-methods of bioidentification of pollutants.
Land-Based Sources of Pollution and Litter
Assessment of Pollution Generated by Some Moroccan Cities on the Mediterranean Sea
M. Saâdallah(1) , L. Bourchich(1,2) and A. Foutlane(1,3)
(1) Office National de l'Eau Potable, Direction Contrôle Qualité des Eaux Station de traitement,
Avenue Oued Akreuch BP Rabat-Chellah 10002- Rabat- Maroc
E-mail : onepdlq@onep.ma, Tel : 212 37 75 96 00/01, Fax : 212 37 75 23 77
(2) Tel:212 37 65 06 77, Fax:212 37 75 23 77
(3) Tel:212 37 75 91 70, Fax: 212 37 75 23 77
Abstract
Within the long term program for pollution Monitoring and Research in the Mediterranean Sea, the ONEP Central Laboratory contributed with other Moroccan institutions, since 1983, to the assessment of some pollutants in the Mediterranean sea from two Moroccan cities Tanger and El Hoceima. These surveys concern wastewater effluent from two Moroccan Mediterranean coast cities. This study covers the period between 1996 and 2002.
The results of physicochemical and bacteriological analysis of parameters, measured as far as 2002, are giving below:
§ Wastewater effluents of Tanger city (about 525 105 inhabitants), which are rejected in the Mediterranean Sea without preliminary treatment, with domestic character contents, show a high level of organic matters, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci.
§ Domestic effluents of El Hoceima city, which transit since July 1996 by a wastewater plant with activated sludge, show a physico-chemical quality generally meeting guides recommended by project of Moroccan standards of effluent. However, the bacteriological parameters (CF and SF) exceed globally the values fixed by the mentioned standard.
The analyzed micro-pollutants (hydrocarbons, detergents, phenols etc.) are present in both wastewater effluent and sometimes in values lower than the standards.
Contribution of the Land-based Sources to Pollution of Izmit Bay (Turkey) after the Earthquake
Leyla Tolun(1), Oya Okay(2), Vildan Tüfekçi(1), Fatma Telli Karakoç(1), Duran Karakaþ(1), Hüseyin Tüfekçi(1), Arzu Olgun(1) and Enis Morkoç(3)
(1) TUBITAK, Marmara Research Center, Earth and Marine Sciences Research Institute, P.O. Box. 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli / Turkey.
E-mail: Leyla.Tolun@mam.gov.tr
(2) Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 34469 Maslak, Istanbul / Turkey.
(3) Marmara University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Eng. Dept., Goztepe, Istanbul / Turkey.
Abstract
The industrialization of the Izmit Bay is one of the turbines powering the economic development of Turkey. Previous studies showed that pollution status of the bay has changed after the earthquake (Izmit 1999). Waste minimization and clean up studies have been focused on mainly eastern region as a part of continuing effort to maintain and improve its marine environment. In this study, industrial and domestic pollutants arising from heavily industrialized northern part of Izmit Bay and their effects to the coastal waters of the Bay have been determined. Present pollution status of the main discharges and their loads has also been determined. Results of the analysis (period of 2001-2002) show that 65-70 % of the total wastewater load discharged to the bay via Eastern Channel. The expected population has decreased in 1999 because of the Izmit earthquake, resulting in an approximate 10 % decrease in the pollutant loads. Although the domestic inputs increased in the last 15 years due to the population growth, there is no significant change in the total load of the organic matter to the bay. The marked decrease in the industrial organic matter loads result from treatment and waste minimization activities. However, the total nitrogen loading is much more higher than the previous years. Since the increase in TN load has been clearly pointed out, the sources should be taken under control. Ecotoxicological effects of the pollutants have been investigated using biomarker techniques and toxicity screening tests. The discharges are still toxic and mussels collected from the middle part of the Bay are in poor health. Data collected after earthquake will be useful for coastal management activities and for local authorities to take precautions.
Management of the Biota and Sediment of Mid-Black Sea, Turkey
Hülya Böke Özkoç(1), Gülfem Bakan(1,2), Sema Arýman(1,3) and Eda Özbayrak(1,4)
(1) Ondokuz Mayýs University, Environmental Engineering Department, 55139, Kurupelit / Samsun, Turkey.
Tel: +90-362-4576000/2823-2830 Fax: +90-362-4576035
E-mail: hozkoc@omu.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: gbakan@omu.edu.tr
(3) E-mail: semakaya@omu.edu.tr
(4) E-mail: eozbayrak@omu.edu.tr
Abstract
In the past two decades, the Black Sea and of course, the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey has been threatened with a pollution problem from chlorinated compounds as well as other chemical pollutants. The main reason of this pollution is the transportation of various pollutants by many rivers and streams passing from main agricultural areas of Turkey and other neighbouring countries. Chemicals released to surface waters from industrial and municipal discharges and polluted runoff from urban and agricultural areas; continue to accumulate to environmentally harmful levels in sediment and bioata. The main aim of this study, which is funded by TUBITAK, is to determine the organic pollutant levels of surface sediments, mussels and seawater at the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey. Sediment, mussel and water samples were collected at the discharge points of the rivers and corresponding coastal areas of the mid- Black Sea at each seasonal period of 2002. A tiered approach of EPA try to be adopted to physical and chemical analysis of the water, sediment and mussel samples such as routine water parameters (pH, COD, BOD, N, P) and sediment analysis (organic matter, water content, pH) were carried out as parallel to the pesticide analysis of each sample. For certain organic pollutant analysis such as pesticides, the sediment and mussel samples were prepared for soxhlet extraction, then extracts were fractionated using column chromatography with florosil and then analyzed by GC-ECD. After the monitoring study, land-based pollution loads of especially organic pollutants are going to be determined in order to identify the flux of the riverine systems mainly agricultural and industrial, to the mid-Black Sea coastal zone of Turkey. As a conclusion, since high quantities of water being carried by the rivers and streams to the Black Sea basin, annual loads of all pollutants, both inorganic and organic ones, flowing into the Black Sea showed strong correlation with discharge mainly from domestic and agricultural areas.
Assessment of Bogaçay Stream Water Quality by Using Fuzzy Logic
Ahmet Yardýmcý(1), Ayse Muhammetoglu(2) and Hakan Oguz(3)
(1) Electrical and Electronics Program, Akdeniz University, Antalya.
Tel: +(242) 2274780 Ext.4101, Fax: +(242) 2274785, E-mail: yardimci@.akdeniz.edu.tr
(2) Environmental Pollution & Control Program, Akdeniz University, Antalya.
Tel: +(242) 2274780 Ext. 4129, Fax: +(242) 2274785, E-Mail:muhammetoglu@usa.net
(3) Environmental Pollution & Control Program, Akdeniz University, Antalya.
Tel: +(242) 2274780 Ext. 4147, Fax: +(242) 2274785, E-Mail:hknoguz@akdeniz.edu.tr
Abstract
Antalya City, located along the coasts of Mediterranean Sea in Turkey, is famous worldwide due to its tourism potential. Antalya City has a beautiful landscape composed of mountains, forests, beautiful beaches and the sea. In order to apply sustainable tourism principles in Antalya, the protection of valuable environmental resources gains a particular importance. In this context, protection of the seawater quality in Antalya is an important issue and some monitoring and research studies are concentrated in this area. A land survey study has been carried out to determine the pollution loads of Bogaçay Stream, an important land-based pollution source of Antalya City, for one-year duration. In this study, both field measurements and lab analyses have been realized and pollution loads of the polluting parameters have been calculated. A recent study has been realized to assess the water quality of Boðaçay Stream at the discharge point to the Mediterranean Sea using Fuzzy Logic approach. According to the water quality classifications obtained from Fuzzy Logic, water quality changes temporally in Boðaçay Stream and an occasional critical level of water quality is determined in July, which coincides with the peak use of the beach for recreational activities.
Marine Litter Assessment for Antalya Beaches
C.E. Balas(1), A. Ergin(2), A.T. Williams(3), L. Koç(4) and D. Demirci(5)
(1) Gazi University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Civil Engineering Department, Celal Bayar Bulvarý, 06570 Maltepe, Ankara.
Tel: +90-(0)312-2317400 /2256 Fax: +90-(0)312-2308434 , E-mail: cbalas@gazi.edu.tr
(2) Middle East Technical University, Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, 06531 Ankara, Turkey.
Tel: +90-(0)312-2105441 Fax: +90-(0)312-2101412, E-mail: ergin@metu.edu.tr
(3) Applied Science Department, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Wales, UK.
Tel: +44-(0)1443-482280 Fax: +44-(0)1443-482285, E-mail: allan.williams@virgin.net
(4) Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Sivas, Turkey.
Tel: +90-(0)346-2191010/1318 Fax: +90-(0)346-2191165, E-mail: mkoc@cumhuriyet.edu.tr
(5) Ministry of Defense, Undersecretariat for Defense Industries, SSM Ýnönü Bulvarý, Kirazlýdere, Bahçelievler, Ankara, Turkey.
Tel: +90-(0)312-410 6282 Fax: +90-(0)312-3422044, E-mail: ddemirci@ssm.gov.tr
Abstract
In this study, five important tourist beaches namely: Konyaaltý, Kemer, Çýralý, Side, Belek beaches on the south coast of Turkey, near Antalya region are surveyed within nine months. During these surveys the number of litter items on these beaches are counted and recorded in different categories. From the analysis of surveys, it is observed that the main source of litter on beaches was beach users. The results were compared with the results of a similar study for UK.
Water and Sediment Pollution
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Some Pollutants in and around Trabzon Harbour (Turkey)
E. Çapkýn(1), M. Boran(1,2) and E. Baþar(1,3)
(1) Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Marine Sciences, 61530, Çamburnu, Trabzon, Turkey.
Tel: +90-462-7465495 Fax: +90-462-746 5202, E-mail: ecapkin@ktu.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: mboran@ktu.edu.tr
(3) E-mail: ebasar@ktu.edu.tr
Abstract
From December 98 to November 99, water quality (temperature, dissolved oxygen and salinity) and pollutants (suspended matter, anionic surfactant, phenol, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease) were determined in Trabzon harbour. Temperature, dissolved oxygen and salinity levels were ranged between 8.8°C-27°C, 6.5-9.5 mg/L and 2 %0 - 18 %0 respectively. There were significant differences in annual temperature and dissolved oxygen values (p<0.01), whereas change in the salinity was insignificant. Range of values obtained for suspended solid, anionic surfactant, phenol, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease were 3.08-26.42 mg/L, 0.072-0.148 mg/L, 0.008, 0.027 mg/L, 250.7-338.6 mg/L and 0.073-0.367 mg/L respectively. The values of anionic surfactant, phenol, chemical oxygen demand were higher in the port that of outside the harbour. In conclusion the pollutants found that are being effective in the regions are mainly from the terrestrial input. Marine activities taking place in this region are not so effective on pollution load.
Case Study of Modelling Wastewater Outfall Plumes in Trabzon
Þebnem Erkebay(1), Ercan Köse(1,2), Ersan Baþar(1,3), Abdulaziz Güneroðlu(1,4), Nüket Sivri(1,5) and Coþkun Erüz(1,6)
(1) Faculty of Marine Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61530,
Çamburnu-Trabzon, Turkey. Tel: +90-462-752 28 05 Fax: +90-462-752 21 58
E-mail: serkebay@hotmail.com
(2) E-mail: ekose@ktu.edu.tr
(3) E-mail: ebasar@ktu.edu.tr
(4) E-mail: aguner@ktu.edu.tr
(5) E-mail: sivrin@yahoo.com
(6) E-mail: ceruz@ktu.edu.tr
Abstract
Wastewater is often discharged in to coastal water through long outfalls. These processes cause rapid reductions in wastewater concentrations and can reduce possible environmental impact of the discharge to a small area. Due to complexity of marine environment, predicting this impact is difficult. In this research CORMIX 1 was used to test deep-sea discharge at Yomra and Söğütlü outfalls with one port. In situ data were taken from 10 stations. In this stations, conductivity temperature, turbidity, depth, and velocity values were measured. Then CORMIX 1 was used to model the distribution at discharge this runs were compared with in situ data and results of comparison were showed reasonable good agreement.
Treatment Characteristics of Algerian Velvet Manufacture Wastewater by Electroflotation
Madani Khodir(1), Chibane Mohamed(1,2) and Merzouk Belkacem(1)
(1) Biophysics Biochemistry Biomathematics and Scientometry Laboratory, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie,
University of Bejaia, Route tergua Ouzemmour 06000, Bejaia, ALGERIA.
Tel: 0021334217373, Fax: 0021334215661, E-mail: madani28@caramail.com
(2) E-mail: chibane28@caramail.com
Abstract
Electroflotation has been successfully applied to various suspensions such as heavy metal, oil in wastewater. In this paper, electroflotation with Aluminum electrodes was applied to an industrial wastewater, namely Algerian Velvet Manufacture (AVM) wastewater. AVM wastewater had the negative zeta potential and it was mostly composed of fine particles. Due to the large amount of cations and anions contained in the AVM wastewater sample and Al3+ generated from anodes under applied voltage (10, 15, 20V), any extra coagulants and electrolytes were found needless. Subsequently, batch-type electroflotation reactor was operated at various applied voltages during run time, which was composed of contact time and separation time. Consequently, the removal efficiency by EF in various items was observed at 20V during 20 minutes. In particular, turbidity and suspended solids were removed by over 90%, and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (93.5%), Chemical Oxygen Demand (90.3%), while Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cr, Ni, Ca and NO3- SO42- were removed by over 87%.
Effects of a Marine Pen Cage Farm on Sediments
Lucía Molina Domínguez(1) and José M. Vergara Martín(2)
(1) Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas, P.O. BOX 56, 35200 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain.
Tel: +34-928-132900 Fax: +34-928-132908, E-mail: luciam@iccm.rcanaria.es
(2) Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira 35017
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
Tel: +34-928-454462 Fax: +34-928-452922
E-mail: jvergara@dbio.ulpgc.es
Abstract
A comparative study on sediments was carried out for more than three years at different influence areas of a floating cages system. The farm was located at Melenara Bay in the East coast of Gran Canaria Island, producing 250 Mt per year of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The study started before fish were stocked in the cages. Bottom sediments were sampled in three different influence areas, underneath the cages, 60 m, and 200 m far from the cages, and samples were analysed for particle size and organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents. Results showed no statistical differences for all studied parameters between points in every influence area. When different areas were compared, significant higher organic matter and nitrogen values were present in the area directly underneath the cages, but no differences were showed for phosphorus content and particle size. Except for the latest, all parameters studied showed a similar seasonal variation, with maximum values in summer and minimum in winter. As a conclussion of this work, the sediments were not greatly influenced by the operation of the farm, except for the increase in organic matter and nitrogen values in the area just below the cages, and this could be explained as a result of overfeeding, causing uneaten feed to settle and decompose in this area.
Oil Transport, Pollution and Control
Economic Instruments and Oil Spills in the Mediterranean
Ivana Pavic
Faculty of Economics Split, Matice hrvatske 31, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
Tel: + 385-21-430 693, Fax: + 385- 21-430 701
E-mail: ivpavic@efst.hr
Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea is an "inland ocean" extending from Gibraltar in the West to Israel in the East and to the Central Europe in the North. As a result of its geology, climate, richness of habitat types, biological diversity is exceptionally high; its flora and fauna is the fourth richest in the world after Brazil, Columbia and China. Indeed, sea is a complex set of ecosystems whose well-being is central to health of the Mediterranean Basin. However, it has constantly been endangered by the transport of oil and has become symbol of sea pollution and of human destruction of the natural environment. Oil spills endanger public health, imperil drinking water, devastate natural resources, harm wildlife in number of ways, and disrupt the economy. The size of spill has little to do with the damage it can cause. The same amount of oil can do more damage in some areas than in the other. Since the Mediterranean is an enclosed sea, its absorption capacity is much lower making it more sensitive than other seas. Within such a framework, the author advocates that the attitude toward the oil transport as well as the impact of accidental and non-accidental oil pollution in the Mediterranean has to be changed. Oil pollution is not a problem that can be addressed only after the event, washed away with new and improved cleaning technologies (mechanical containment, recovery and cleanup equipment). Contrary, it has to be prevented. To this end, the author suggests the implementation of the economics instruments. She argues that the choice of the appropriate economic instrument, as well as the creation of an effective supra-national monitoring system, would help to ensure that the most of ecosystems, maintaining human health and environmental quality, is protected and preserved for future generations.
A Study on Oil Spills in Marmara Sea Coastal Areas
Zuhal Er (1), Tanzer Satýr(1,2), Prof. Dr. Beril Tuðrul(3), Cengiz Deniz(1,4) and Masao Furusho(1,5)
(1) ITU Maritime Faculty, 34940 Tuzla-Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-216-395 10 43 Fax: +90-216-395 45 00, E-mail: zuhaler@care2.com
(2) E-mail: tsatir@itu.edu.tr
(3) ITU Institute of Energy, Ayazaga Kampusu,
80626 Maslak-Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-216-395 10 43 Fax: +90-216-395 45 00, E-mail: beril@.itu.edu.tr
(4) E-mail: cdeniz@itu.edu.tr
(5) E-mail: furusho@itu.edu.tr
Abstract
All the hydrocarbons that spill into sea caused by tanker accidents, ballasting, flushing of refinery plants, offshore drilling and pumping, shipping activities, petroleum transport, polluted rivers, industrial and domestic effluent. They have direct and indirect negative affect on marine organisms such as plankton, algae and fish. The industrialised coast has more risk for their ecological environment. Marmara Sea with Strait of Istanbul and Strait of Çanakkale is composed the main route petroleum transport between two different seas. So, Marmara region is an important coastal settlement in Turkey with rapidly increasing population and industrial activities. In this study, main and recent events with detailed information are tabulated with the different parameters. Risk factors are evaluated in the point of view of environmental pollution. Further more, root causes of accidents are investigated to enable the further understanding of preventive actions.
Assessment of Environmental Damage in the Sea of Marmara due to Oil Spill from Volganeft-248
Ilhan Talinli(1), Kadir Sarioz(2) and Rana Yamanturk(1,3)
(1) Ý.T.Ü. Ýnþaat Fakültesi, Çevre Müh. Bölümü, 80626, Ýstanbul
Tel: +90-212-2856546 Fax: +90-212-2856587
E-mail: italinli@ins.itu.edu.tr
(2) Ý.T.Ü. Gemi Ýnþaatý ve Deniz Bilimleri Fakültesi, 80626, Ýstanbul
Tel: +90-212-2856396 Fax: +90-212-2856454
E-mail: sarioz@itu.edu.tr
(3) E-mail: ryamanturk@hotmail.com
Abstract
Minimization of environmental damage caused by oil spill related to tanker accidents can be made by removal of oil, which contaminates the water body, deep sea, sand area and concrete structure. Besides that planning of the emergency action has to be considered in order to minimize accidental defects. Emergency action facilities after oil spills, according to the type of oil, depend on the dispersion of oil both in water body and its environment. Economical dimension of the clean-up operations for contaminated materials is generally functions of spilled oil amount, contaminated area characteristic, time and weather conditions. Assessment of environmental damage is variable according to the sort of removal operations such as, recovery of oil from sea surface by barriers, clean-up procedure for sunken oil in benthic area or oil removal from sand and concrete structure. However, determination of the environmental permanent damage quantitatively is very difficult considering the cost of these operations. In such circumstances, environmental compensation can be estimated by the amount of spilled oil and permanent damage can be calculated according to the removal operation efficiencies. In this study, both the pollution profile in the Sea of Marmara and performance of removal operations in order to control pollution caused by spill of 1578 tones of heavy fuel oil from the Volganeft-248 are assessed. During clean-up operations, %69 of total spilled oil removal, both from deep sea and at full length of 2100-m heavily polluted shoreline, was determined. The environmental compensation is calculated as 20 million US$ by the assumption of 2000 US$ / barrel. %31 of total spilled oil still remain in the area and the environmental compensation was determined as 6 million US$.
Training Model for Coastal Organizations due to Shipboard Oil Spills
Zuhal Er(1) and Tanzer Satýr(1,2)
(1) ITU Maritime Faculty, 81716 Tuzla-Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: +90-216-395 10 43 Fax: +90-216-395 45 00
E-mail: zuhaler@care2.com
(2) E-mail: tsatir@itu.edu.tr
Abstract
Oil pollution form ships have a significant impact on marine pollution. The catastrophic results enforce the enhancement of strategy planning and professional training in the long run. Coastal Organizations like Flag State Controls or Port State Controls are responsible to establish inspection and training methods to their qualified officers for the prevention of environmental pollution caused by ships. In theory, when lecturers are teaching the implementation of all compulsory requirements that are defined in MARPOL, STCW Convention and separate Port State Control requirements, they are confronting some flue areas or inconsistencies that could result an environmental deficiency. Misunderstanding or lack of environmental strategy planning philosophy directly causes the less efficient learning models. Taking into account the above constraints and the requirements of international marine pollution prevention rules, Environmental Training Model is proposed in this study for Mediterranean Coastal Organizations. Environmental Training Model means the actions will be taken step by step. The steps are to identify the environmental aspects, analyse the impacts, measure the significant impacts, and then tailor a solution that could be named as target. When the target is initiated to implement, its effectiveness is measured. If needed, the approach for reaching the target is adjusted for effectiveness. When success is achieved, the set of process actions is closed. Long term monitoring usually follows to ensure that the environmental hazardous occurrence does not arise again. As well as that this model enables to upgrade the knowledge background of trainers for ensuring an effective Environmental Management System. Consequently this proposed model could be a supportive preventive action for reducing the marine pollution caused by ships and the rectification of environmental management rules that are not clearly defined in MARPOL Convention. The advantage of Training Model can enable the shipboard environmental protection activities by controlling the process depending upon the international maritime rules.
Risk Assessment of Oil Tanker Unloading Point in the South-Eastern Black Sea -Trabzon Station
Ersan Baþar(1) and Ercan Köse(2)
(1) Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Deck Department, Tr- 61600 Sürmene/ Trabzon, Turkey.
Tel: +90- 462-7464045 Fax: +90- 462-7465202
E-mail: ebasar@ktu.edu.tr
(2) Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Fisheries Technology Engineering Department,
Tr-61530 Çamburnu/Trabzon, Turkey.
Tel: +90-462-7522806 Fax: +90-462-7522158
E-mail: ekose@ktu.edu.tr
Abstract
The aim of this research is to identify the risks of tanker unloading points in the South-Eastern Black Sea region. There are two unloading areas and the total yearly unloading is about 550 000 tons. These are not only for crude oil but also for oil products. In this research, environmental parameters like currents, temperature, salinity, density, turbidity are also measured. By using these parameters, the dynamic distribution has been calculated. Then, four different scenarios were planned by using effective wind directions. These were applied to investigate the probable distribution of oil. Results of these runs with respect to time are given. Results showed that almost under all conditions, oil reaches the shore where some recreational places are located.
GEOS: An Integrated Flexible System for the Management of Oil Spill Emergencies
M. Puletti (1), A. Ancarani (2), C. Brandini (3), L. Ceffa (5), G. De Filippi (4), F. Meneguzzo (3) and G. Messeri (3)
(1) ENI Divisione E&P, Via del Marchesato 13, I-48023 Marina di Ravenna (RA), Italy.
Tel: +39-0544-512742, Fax: +39-0544-512671
E-mail: micaela.puletti@agip.it
(2) ENIDATA, Via A. Moro 38, I-40127 Bologna (BO), Italy.
Tel: +39-051-6086683, Fax: +39-051-6086670
E-mail: angela.ancarani@enidata.it
(3) LaMMA - Institute of Biometeorology of the National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence)-Italy.
Tel: +39 055 4483050, Fax: +39 055 444083
E-mail: messeri@lamma.rete.toscana.it
E-mail: meneguzzo@lamma.rete.toscana.it
E-mail: brandini@lamma.rete.toscana.it
(4) D.E.A.M. srl, Via Casina 11, I-56010 S. Martino U. (PI), Italy.
Tel: +39-050-864864, Fax: +39-050-864525
E-mail: defi@deamitalia.it
(5) ENI Divisione E&P, Via Emilia 1, I-20097 San Donato M.se (MI), Italy.
Tel: +39-02-520-62768, Fax: +39-0544-512671
E-mail: luigi.ceffa@agip.it
Abstract
Environmental Risk Management has become a main issue in general and in particular as far as the activities involving crude oil at sea are concerned. ENI E&P has developed GEOS, an innovative integrated system for managing oil-spill emergency and for risk assessment evaluation in the planning of offshore platforms.
The following key items are integrated in the system:
· OSCAR, a model of transport and weathering of crude in case of spill at sea;
· RAMS, a complete atmospheric mesoscale model;
· AGIP IDRO, a hydrodynamic model of the Adriatic sea;
· MARTE, a system for real-time data acquisition from offshore platforms in the Adriatic Sea. Several monitoring station are installed on the platforms. The incoming data are validated and loaded in a data base for statistical processing;
· A large database of environmental information about the Adriatic Sea.
The idea is the following: gathering all the information and output data from the listed key items using a GIS (Geographic Information System) for visualization and the risk analysis purposes. In case of an oil-spill emergency, real time data are involved in the calculation: wind and currents speed and direction are interpolated to define wind and current field at the spill site. The OSCAR model is then applied for a short time forecast of the spill evolution and after the arrival of a new set of data; the forecast is updated. As far as is concerned the risk assessment evaluation, the historical data are used and the interaction with sensible areas are calculated. At the moment, GEOS is applied to the Adriatic Sea, but its extension all over the Mediterranean Sea is ongoing, along with the integration with further environmental prediction models.
Enhancement of Environmental Care with Six Sigma Approach
Ismail Deha Er(1) and Masao Furusho(1,2)
(1) ITU Maritime Faculty of Istanbul Technical University,
34940, Tuzla - Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: +90-216-395 1043 Fax: +90-216-395 45 00
E-mail: dehaer@care2.com
(2) E-mail: furusho@itu.edu.tr
Abstract
The process in the six-sigma approach is "DMAIC": Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control. The Define phase is driven by customer requirements and satisfaction, and focuses on the existing situation. Although the process will usually focus on product realization, the six-sigma approach might also involve resource management, management responsibility, or the measurement, analysis, and improvement of other processes as well. In this respect the six-sigma approach could thus be utilized by coastal organizations to measure performance and improve the quality of ships' inspection techniques. The STCW 95 Convention requires various proficiency levels from seafarers for the aspects of safety and environmental pollution prevention. The existing regulation requires that effectiveness measurements should be carried out at all levels of the training institutions. This study illustrates the advantages and techniques of the six-sigma approach that could be directly applied for quality improvement at Coastal Organizations while simultaneously integrating the control requirements of MARPOL Convention into port State organizations. The originality of this study appears that the six-sigma project management approach has not been considered in this field yet though that is directly applicable to coastal organizations.
Water Quality Management
Implementation of the European Water Directive for Coastal Waters in the Mediterranean
Gianna Casazza(1), Cecilia Silvestri(1,2) and Emanuela Spada(1,3)
(1) APAT, Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy.
Tel: +39-0650072838 Fax: +39-0650072218
E-mail: casazza@apat.it
(2) E-mail: csilvest@apat.it
(3) E-mail: spada@apat.it
Abstract
The European Water Framework Directive, entered into force in 2000, establishes a general discipline for the protection of all water bodies to achieve a good water status for all water body types, through a series of key actions that has to be undertaken by Member States to support the implementation of the Directive. Work of integration among different scientific and technical issues, as well as collaboration and information exchange between Member Countries is required to apply the Directive in a uniform and coherent way. For this purpose the Commission and Member Countries agreed a Common Implementation Strategy to provide help in developing common methodologies and approaches on key elements of the Directive. Work was carried out within Working Groups, on specific themes that eventually produced guidance documents on the different issues. In this paper we gathered the most significant information and conclusions achieved in the working groups' guidance for the application of the Directive to the coastal waters, in general, focusing the attention on the Mediterranean ecoregion peculiarities. Available information, data and considerations for the application of the Directive to coastal waters in the different Mediterranean Member States are analysed and discussed.
Towards the Application of the European Water Framework Directive in Italian Coastal Waters
C. Silvestri(1), E. Magaletti(2), A.M. Cicero(2), F. Giovanardi(2), A. Scarpato(2), A. Brondi(2), E. Spada(1) and G. Casazza(1)
(1) APAT - Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services,
Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 - 00144 Roma, Italy.
Tel: +39-06-50072838 Fax: +39-06-50072218
E-mail: csilvest@apat.it
(2) ICRAM - Central Institute for Marine Research, Via di Casalotti 300 - 00166 Roma, Italy.
Tel: +39-06-61570454 Fax: +39-06-61561906
E-mail: am.cicero@icram.org
Abstract
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) establishes a framework for Community action in the field of water policy to prevent further deterioration and protect and enhance the status of aquatic ecosystems. Given the complex nature of the Directive, the European Commission established a Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) whose tasks are, among others, the production of non-legally binding documents that propose an overall methodological approach for the implementation of the WFD. The guidance is not prescriptive and will need to be adapted to fit specific circumstances, which vary between Member States and river basins. The paper outlines some recommendations of the CIS working group on coastal waters ("COAST") and the application of the "COAST" Guidance to the Italian coastal areas. Monitoring programs are analysed and present available data required by the EU Directive are discussed. Future needs for the implementation of the Directive for Italian coastal waters are eventually considered.
Italian Coastal Typology for the European Water Framework Directive
A. Brondi(1), A.M. Cicero(1,2), E. Magaletti(1,3), F. Giovanardi(1,4), A. Scarpato(1,5), C. Silvestri(6) and G. Casazza(6,7)
(1) ICRAM - Central Institute for Marine Research - Via di Casalotti300, 00166 Roma, Italy.
Tel: +39-0661570454 Fax: +39-0661561906
(2) E-mail: am.cicero@icram.org
(3) E-mail: e.magaletti@icram.org
(4) E-mail: f.giovanardi@icram.org
(5) E-mail: a.scarpato@icram.org
(6) APAT - Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services - Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy.
Tel: +39-0650072838 Fax: +39-0650072218
E-mail: csilvest@apat.it
(7) E-mail: casazza@apat.it
Abstract
Knowledge of coastal geo-morphological characteristics can provide relevant information for a variety of environmental studies, given their relationship with sedimentary processes and contamination potential of coastal areas. Based on some key surfaced and submerged morphological features of the coastal area and of the associated river basin, an analysis of the Italian coastal areas resulted into the identification of a limited number of relevant coastal types that are scattered all along the country in a continuous variable sequence of different types. The importance of the establishment of coastal typologies for the definition and assessment of water quality status has been recently underlined in the European Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) that establishes a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. In fact the Directive requirements of achieving a good ecological status for all water bodies involves, and actually specifically requires, monitoring and intercalibration programmes in defined sites, established by Member States, according to their water typologies. Thus the correct identification of typologies represents the first step towards the application of the Directive and, as such, it is crucial for the assessment of reference conditions and, ultimately, for the classification of water bodies.
Impacts of Stream Discharges on the Bathing Water Quality of Konyaaltý Beach
Hakan Oguz(1), Ayse Muhammetoglu(1), Bülent Topkaya(2)
(1) Akdeniz University, Environmental Pollution and Control Program, Kampüs, Antalya, Turkey, Tel: +242-227 47 80, Fax: +242-227 47 85
E-mail :hknoguz@akdeniz.edu.tr, E-mail : muhammetoglu@usa.net
(2) Akdeniz University, Environmental Eng. Dept., Topçular, Antalya, Turkey,
Tel: +242-323 68 90 Fax: +242-323 12 60 E-mail: btopkaya@akdeniz.edu.tr
Abstract
Antalya province located on the Turkish Mediterranean coast has several Blue Flag beaches that attract many foreign and local tourists. Konyaaltý is a very important bathing beach for Antalya City where the seawater quality is continuously monitored. Arapsuyu-I, Arapsuyu-II, Acýsu, Boðaçay and Sarýsu Streams flow directly into Konyaaltý Beach and hence Antalya Bay, carrying different types of pollutants from their catchment areas. Field and lab studies have been implemented on these streams to determine the flow and pollution loads for organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds and coliform numbers. Among these streams, Boðaçay is found to be the major land-based pollution source. Additionally, the domestic wastewater of Antalya City is collected separately, treated and discharged to Antalya Bay through a long and deep-sea outfall system. A seawater quality-monitoring program has been launched to determine the impacts of the outfall system. In order to protect the seawater quality of Konyaaltý Beach, all the illegal land-use activities in the catchment area of the streams, like sand and gravel quarrying, and illegal discharges of domestic wastewater need to be controlled. Due to the detection of high numbers of fecal coliform especially in Boðaçay Stream, which sometimes exceeds the standards for recreational activities, swimming in the stream and its mixing zone with the sea should be prohibited.
A New Settlement for Sea Water Quality and Transport in Coastal Area Facing Cesenatico
G.L. Bragadin, M.L. Mancini and A. Turchetto
Dipartimento di Ingegneria delle Strutture, dei Trasporti, delle Acque,
del Rile-vamento, del Territorio-Facoltà di Ingegneria,
Universita'di Bologna, Via Risorgimento, 2-Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39-051-2093752 Fax: +39-051-6448346
E-mail: maurizio.mancini@mail.ing.unibo.it
Abstract
Many projects and proposals have been submitted to Municipal and Governative Authorities in order to develop nautical pleasure yachting in Cesenatico. Firstly these projects have to be compatible with new executive works and structures projected to defend inhabitants from seawater inflow and overflowing due to high water level but a few aspects regarding water and sediments quality seem to be for the authors not secondary. The present paper offers a preliminary evaluation of connected changes in transport capability and in water quality of internal and coastal seawater during summer in dry environmental conditions. Particularly the first part of this work consists in detecting and explaining a few design solution, proposed by the authors, in order to integrate works for hydraulic security with plants for remediation of unsatisfactory water quality in internal and external points of the canal harbour. It will be exposed a mathematical reproduction of ecosystem equilibrium for transition waters in Cesenatico channel basin due to variations in geometry of internal hydraulic volumes and flux management. Water quality seems to be strongly variable during the day because turbulent mixing and oxidisation capabilities are function of channel morfometry and tidal conditions. Suspended solids and Ammonium input may produce, in actual state, critical oxygen conditions in a few internal points. The balance of freshwater volumes could modify termoaline assessment and ammonium nitrate equilibrium in output disposal. Data available from official authorities of water management and sanitary control made possible an accurate description of the system, in actual equilibrium conditions, by morphometric and water quality measurements. A special field survey made possible a first calibration of the model. Here are presented results of numerical simulations for transient state of principal water quality parameters, in internal and coastal points, as the result of proposed design solutions.
Hydrological Management of the Golden Horn Estuary, Turkey
B. Alpar(1), S. Burak(2) and E. Dogan(2,3)
(1) Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management,
Marine Geology & Geophysics Div., 34116 Vefa-Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-535-7458109 Fax: +90-212-5268433, E-mail: alparb@istanbul.edu.tr
(2) Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management,
Marine Environment Div., 34116 Vefa-Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-535-7458109 Fax: +90-212-5268433, E-mail: sburak@istanbul.edu.tr
(3) E-mail: edogan@istanbul.edu.tr
Abstract
The region of the Golden Horn estuary has been suffering from severe domestic and industrial pollution. Heavily polluted by the discharges of the creeks Alibey and Kaðýthane conveying domestic and industrial loads, the Golden Horn has also been affected by the implementation of ill-adapted coastal structures and upstream activities. Increased sediment deposition coupled with weakened water circulation has hindered the self-purification capacity of the estuary that has particular oceanographic features. The water circulation in the Golden Horn Estuary was examined and it was found that the estuarine water body is governed/dominated by the hydrodynamic conditions of the Istanbul Strait that are dependent on the atmospheric factors and the water budget of the latter, and also to many non-linear transient variances such as temporary blocking of the lower layer or the upper layer flows circulating in opposite directions due to salinity and temperature gradients. The present paper describes the observations related to the water mass structure and circulation of the Golden Horn based on the recent oceanographic data. The primary objectives set forth are as a first step to understand what problems this estuary is opposed to, and to suggest a comprehensive management / research program where organisations concerned, local communities and individuals with diverse expertise would collaborate within a partnership approach to promote the rational and efficient management of the Golden Horn estuarine system.
Finite Element Water Quality Model of the Moreton Bay System
P. R. F. Bell(1) J. McEwan(2) and S. Coombs(3)
Division of Chemical Engineering University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
CRC Coastal Zone Estuary and Waterway Management, Fax: + 61-7-3365-4199.
(1) E-mail: p.bell@mailbox.uq.edu.au, Tel: + 61-7-3365 3801
(2) E-mail: j.mcewan@mailbox.uq.edu.au, Tel: + 61-7-3365 7534
(3) E-mail: s.coombs@mailbox.uq.edu.au, Tel: + 61-7-3365 7534
Abstract
The RMA finite element computer models have been used to assess the impacts of discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the resuspension of sediments on the water quality in the Brisbane-Bremer River estuary and Moreton Bay. The results show that filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP or OPO4) behaves as a passive tracer and hence FRP can be used to track the influence of the WWTP discharges and to calibrate the transport model. The WWTP discharges have a significant impact on the dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations in the Brisbane-Bremer estuary and the nutrients discharged to Moreton Bay promote high levels of phytoplankton growth. The resuspended sediments promote high turbidities in the estuary and western shores of Moreton Bay and these high turbidities restrict the growth of phytoplankton. The turbidity in the Brisbane River during "dry weather" results from the combined effects of tidal resuspension of the flocculating sediments and the density stratification induced by baseline freshwater flow. The tidal pumping of resuspended sediments from the Bay is sufficient to provide the observed turbidity in the Brisbane River during "dry weather". The turbidity could be reduced by reducing the tidal range within the estuary and/or by reducing the baseline freshwater flow.
A Water Quality Modeling Study, QUAL2E of the Mert River, Turkey
Gulfem Bakan(1) and Eda Ozbayrak(1,2)
(1) Ondokuz Mayýs University, Engineering Faculty, Dept. of Enviromental Engineering, Samsun, Turkey
Tel: +90-362-4576000/2823 Fax: +90-362-4576035
E-mail: gbakan@omu.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: eozbayrak@omu.edu.tr
Abstract
The use of mathematical models is a good decision making tool in river basin management for the estimation of the impact of discharged wastewater on the quality of receiving streams. In rivers mostly polluted with degredable organic matter, the major effect of wastewater discharge results in a substational decrease of dissolved oxygen. In this study, the model QUAL2E developed by United States Enviromental Protection Agency (USEPA) was applied to wastewater impact assesment in river. Mert River is one of the most important river transfering high quantity of contaminant loads to the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey. Not only domestic wastewater but also industrial wastewater and leakage water of solid wastes of Samsun through the Yýlanlý Stream part of Mert River are discharged to the Black Sea. An intensive water quality study of the lower Mert River, located in Samsun, Black Sea coast of Turkey, was performed examining dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphate-phosphorus, nitrogen derivetives, river hydrology and major inputs. QUAL2E was then succesfully calibrated and validated using field and laboratory data collected during 1996-2001 summer, low flow surveys. A sensitivity analysis of the model was performed. The degredation and reaeration rate constants were determined in the laboratory and whereas hydrological characteristics were evaluated on the basis of empirical coefficients. The validated model was then used to estimate the impact of municipal, industrial wastewater discharges on water quality of the Mert River near Black Sea. The model is going to be later used to simulate various conditions in the river and varios degrees of treatment discharged wasteawaters, leakage water and industrial wastewaters. Three different conditions for the Mert River basin will be simulated. Three different scenarious for the Mert River basin were simulated. First of all, simulation consider preliminary precautions and conventional treatment of the domestic wastewaters, the second is the best management of the river basin including its quality for wild-life enhancement, aesthetics and recreation and the third is the worst condition may be occured the river basin.
Pamolare Model for Management of Sapanca Lake
Mustafa Oguz(1) and Hatice Dinc(2)
(1) M.E.T.U. Dept. of Environmental Engineering, 06531 Ankara, Turkey.
Tel: +90-312-210 58 75 Fax: +90-312-210 12 60
E-mail: oguzm@metu.edu.tr
(2) Dogal Hayati Koruma Dernegi, Ankara, Turkey.
Tel: +90-312-310 33 03 Fax: +90-312-310 66 42
E-mail: hdinc@wwf.org.tr
Abstract
In this study, 1st layer of PAMOLARE model developed by S.E. Jorgensen, H. Tsuno and T. Hidaka for UNEP, DTIE and IETC/ILEC (2000), which consists of a combination of casual dynamic model, and a set of associated empirical models is calibrated and validated for Sapanca Lake based on data provided by State Hydraulic Works for period of 1988-1997. Water quality changes are predicted, and model is examined as a management tool to test the water quality under six different scenarios. Two statistical error quantification methods have been used to test the goodness of fit between water quality model predictions and field measurement data, including total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a concentrations. A sensitivity analysis on model parameters was also done. The dynamic model is able to produce acceptable predictions with the state variables of total nitrogen and total phosphorus according to error analysis results of the validation period. Based on the results, responses of the dynamic model were positive and several management measures are suggested. Yet, still better agreement should be achieved by supplying the model with better quality data in order to use the model for total nitrogen and total phosphorus predictions confidently in the future. However, chlorophyll-a predictions and calculations of the empirical model failed to reach an acceptable range within the calibration stage, inferring that the model is not appropriate in the prediction of chlorophyll-a values. Similarly, model outputs for average primary production result in negative values, which is theoretically not possible. In conclusion, empirical models based on several Danish lakes were not found to be applicable to Sapanca Lake.
Lagoons and their Management
Impact of Venice Lagoon Storm Surge Barriers on the Morphology and Circulation of Waters
J.G. Boon(1), E.D. de Goede(1,2), M. van Ormondt(1,3) and J.A. Roelvink(1,4)
(1) WL| Delft Hydraulics, PO box 177, 2600 MH, Delft, the Netherlands.
Tel: +31-15-2858536 Fax: +31-25-2858282
E-mail: Johan.Boon@wldelft.nl
(2) E-mail: Erik.deGoede@wldelft.nl
(3) E-mail: Maarten.vanOrmondt@wldelft.nl
(4) E-mail: Dano.Roelvink@wldelft.nl
Abstract
To protect the city of Venice and the adjacent Lagoon from its regularly flooding (the so-called Acqua Alta), various engineering structures have been designed. Presently, the Italian government is involved in various studies regarding the impact of additional construction works. As an example offshore storm surge barriers are planned for placement in front of the three entrances to the Lagoon of Venice: Lido, Malamocco and Chioggia. It is expected that these proposed offshore breakwaters will affect the local scour and other morphological behaviour near the structures. Furthermore, it is most probable that these breakwaters will influence the flushing rates through the tidal entrances. To assess the impacts of the proposed offshore breakwaters, WL| Delft Hydraulics was invited to perform a numerical model study. For the purpose of the study, a new hydrodynamic model was constructed covering several geographical domains: a section of the Adriatic Sea, the Lagoon of Venice and three high resolution domains of the tidal inlets. These five different geographic domains were dynamically linked using the Delft3D domain decomposition functionality. Simulations were performed with and without the proposed structures for a number of tracers originating from various sources. These tracers represent the distribution of water from different sources such as the rivers entering the Lagoon and the major urban discharges.
Based on the performed numerical simulations, it was concluded that the breakwaters at Chioggia and Malamocco have a rather limited impact. Larger effects are expected at the Lido inlet. In addition, the breakwater in front of the Lido inlet causes the outgoing jet stream of Lagoon water to be diverted into two streams, resulting in higher Lagoon water concentrations along the Lido beaches. Modification of the structure was recommended which will block the diversion of fine sediments towards the Lido beaches and reduces the scour.
A GIS-Based Morphological Evolution of the Venice Lagoon
Simone Pillon(1), Giorgio Fontolan(1), Annelore Bezzi(1), Ivonne Burla(1), Umberto Tessari(2), Umberto Simeoni(2),
Andrea Zamariolo(2), Elisabetta Tromellini(3) and Massimo Gabellini(3)
(1) Coastal Group - Dep. of Geological, Environmental and Marine Sciences, Università degli Studi, via E. Weiss 2, 34100 Trieste.
Tel: +390405582036, Fax: +390405582048
E-mail: pillons@tin.it; fontolan@units.it; bezzi@units.it; burla@units.it
(2) Coastal Group - Dep. of Earth Sciences, Università degli Studi, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, Ferrara. Tel: +390532293723, Fax: +390532206468
E-mail: g23@dns.unife.it; zma@dns.unife.it; umberto.tessari@poste.it
(3) ICRAM - Central Intitute for scientific and technological Research Applied to Sea - Via di Casalotti 300, 00166 Roma, Italy.
Tel: +3906615701, Fax: +3906615619606
E-mail: e.tromellini@tin.it; mgabellini@tin.it
Abstract
Despite the large amount of data available concerning the Venice Lagoon, some morphological aspects have not been still investigated thoroughly. This is the case of the bathymetry of the 1930, edited by the Magistrato alle Acque, which was never used to make precise volumetric calculations. Only Rusconi (1987) compares the lagoon in 1930 and 1970, evaluating the difference in surface covering by bathymetric categories.
The 1930 bathymetric data have been digitised and elaborated by GIS to make a 3D model to compare with the 1970 and 1990 digital products available for the lagoon. Using GIS is easy to perform precise volumetric calculations, thus obtaining information on the morphological evolution of the lagoon before and after the dredging of the Oil Channel.
Fishing down Marine Food Webs in the Coastal Areas: the Venice Lagoon as a Case Study
S. Libralato(1), F. Pranovi(1,2), S. Raicevich(1,3), M. Zucchetta(1,4), R. Pastres(5) and P. Torricelli(1,6)
(1) University "Ca' Foscari" of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences
Campo della Celestia 2737/b, 30122 Venezia, Italy.
Tel: +39-041-2347735 Fax: +39-041-5281494, E-mail: libral@unive.it
(2) E-mail: fpranovi@unive.it
(3) E-mail: sasaraic@unive.it
(4) E-mail: matzuc@libero.it
(5) University "Ca' Foscari" of Venice, Department of Physical-Chemistry
Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venezia, Italy.
Tel: +39-041-2348674 Fax: +39-041-2348594, E-mail: pastres@unive.it
(6) E-mail: torri@unive.it
Abstract
The fishery landings of the Venice Lagoon from 1945 to 2001 were analysed and each caught species was classified in accordance with its trophic level, in order to study the "fishing down marine food web" phenomenon. Such analysis allowed us to identify three different periods, which can be characterized by a set of indicators: the trends of the indicators showed sudden changes, which can be related to the development of the fishery during the last 50 years. The changes in the indicators from 1945 to 1975 were related both to the increase in the fishing effort and in the nutrient loads, while the collapse of the landings, which began in 1975, was due to the increase in the frequency of the dystrophic crises. In the 90s, the intensive exploitation of Tapes philippinarum led to a marked increase in the landings, which was associated to a drop of the mean trophic level. Moreover, the last part of the time series showed evidence of a critic "fishing down effect", which can be ascribed to a change in the system induced by the indirect effects of the mechanical clam harvesting, as the analysis of fishing effort data led to exclude that the effect was a consequence of overfishing.
Modelling the Impact of Clams in the Biogeochemical Cycles of a Mediterranean Lagoon
J. M. Zaldívar(1), M. Plus(1,2), G. Giordani(3) and P. Viaroli(3,4)
(1) European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, TP 280, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy.
Tel: +39-0332-789202 Fax: +39-0332-789328, E-mail: jose.zaldivar-comenges@jrc.it
(2) E-mail: Martin.Plus@ifremer.fr
(3) Parma University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Parco Area delle Scienze 33/A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
Tel: +39-0521-905683 Fax: +39-0521-905683, E-mail: giordani@nemo.cce.unipr.it
(4) E-mail: pierluigi.viaroli@unipr.it
Abstract
A discrete stage-based model for the growth of Tapes philippinarum has been coupled with a continuous biogeochemical model of the Sacca di Goro ecosystem. The model considers for the growth of Tapes philippinarum the nutrient contents in the water column as well as its temperature based on a continuous model, this is then traduced on variable stage duration for each stage in the population matrix. Furthermore, the effects of harvesting as well as the mortality due to anoxic crisis are taken into account. The model results have been compared with data on clams productivity in the lagoon and the model is able to reproduce the biomass production. Finally, the model has allowed studying and assessing the impact of the clams in the biogeochemical cycles. The results shown that they have an important effect not only on the nutrients but also on oxygen dynamics.
Characterization and Variations of Water Parameters in Bizerte Lake (Tunisia)
Nejla Aloui-Bejaoui (1) and Slim Gana (2)
Institute National Agronomique de Tunisie - 43, Avenue Charles Nicolle
1082 - Tunis- Mahrajène - Tunisie.
Tel: +216.71.287110, Fax: +216.71.799391
(1) bejaoui.nejla@inat.agrinet.tn
(2) gana.slim@inat.agrinet.tn
Abstract
Water parameters variation was studied in Bizerte Lake in three mussel culture areas: the monthly variations of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH and Chlorophyll. A was evaluated during two consecutive years. Bizerte Lake is particularly subjected since few years to hydrological disturbances related to the construction of dams upstream the Lake. Results show that water temperature is moderate during most months in the year, salinity is out of limits established by scientists during last years (1960-1980), oxygen rate characterizes a relatively ventilated area, pH is higher than sea water and photosynthetic pigments reflects a relatively weak primary productivity for a lagoon. Principal component analysis shows that the two parameters able to describe characteristics of each station are temperature and chlorophyll A. These parameters, which influence the biological processes of the populations of shellfish, are better correlated inside Bizerte Lake than in channel that communicates with the sea.
Geomorphological Evolution of a Lagoon System: the Pialassa Baiona (Ravenna, Italy)
C. Ascani (1), F. Sangiorgi (1, 2) and G. Gabbianelli (1, 3)
(1) University of Bologna, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via degli Ariani, 1 - 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: +39-544-484758, Fax: +39-544-484758
E-mail: carla_ascani@hotmail.com
(2) E-mail: franci@ambra.unibo.it
(3) E-mail: gabgio@ambra.unibo.it
Abstract
This paper focuses on the geomorphological evolution of a coastal lagoon near Ravenna (Pialassa Baiona, Italy). The analysis of the available historical maps points out that the first phases of the evolution and the geomorphological transformation of the area can be ascribed to both climatic variability, as a consequence of the Little Ice Age (AD 1500 - AD 1850), and to active human intervention, necessary to contrast the increased rainfall, high sedimentary input from rivers to the sea and stronger sea storms. The topographic maps and the aerial photographs show that the evolution of the Pialassa Baiona since the end of the Second World War has been predominantly affected by anthropic impact.
Beach Management
Conceptual Modelling of Beach Management: South Wales Case Studies
C. Nelson (1), A. T. Williams(2) and D. Botterill (3)
(1) Vale of Glamorgan Council, Subway, Dock Office, Barry,
CF63 4RT, United Kingdom
Tel: +44-(0)-1446 704731 Fax: +44-(0)-1446 704892, E-mail: nelsoncliff@hotmail.com
(2) Applied Science Department, University of Glamorgan,
Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
Tel: +44-(0)-1443 480480 Fax: +44-(0)-1443 482285, E-mail: allan.williams@virgin.net
(3) University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Colchester Avenue,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
Tel: +44-(0)-2920 551111 Fax: +44-(0)-2920 456057, E-mail: dbotterill@services.uwic.ac.uk
Abstract
Researchers have investigated isolated aspects of beach systems but few attempts have been made at tackling beach management in an overall holistic context. The complexity of examining the dynamic interaction between human and natural forces operating on the beach environment may well account for the dearth of literature apparent in this field. In an attempt to examine the beach system, this paper recognised the need to bridge the void between the natural and social sciences, utilising a multi-disciplinary approach. The main thrust of the work aimed primarily at developing a conceptual beach management model based on both a qualitative assessment of beaches using observational analysis, supported by empirical data obtained from fieldwork conducted during the summer seasons of 1995 and 1996. Three case study beaches lying along the South Wales were selected to conduct the research, Barry Island, Langland Bay and Cefn Sidan. To evaluate beach user perceptions of beach management a semi-structured questionnaire was employed (n=1859). Through examining the institutional and organisation nature through which beaches are managed, conceptual modelling was employed to set a management framework which includes a control loop for dynamic comparison between outputs and inputs, allowing continuous re-evaluation of key decision making processes. Research identified key beach management issues and proposed management measures to tackle these issues. Seaside award schemes were also investigated in terms of their effectiveness as management tools. Research identified the lack of attention given to the cognisance of the beach user in any beach planning or management and the need to include the perception of the beach user in any future integrated sustainable management programme, including implementation of new legislation/regulation. This does not negate the need to drive beach management from an organisational or institutional level but to develop vertical integration into the process, giving credence to public participation in decision-making processes. In addition, the research recognised the need to account for the psychological aspects of beach-scape appreciation through the necessity to develop aesthetic indexing systems, with visual quality proving to have a significant impact on the beach user. If seaside award schemes are intended to be used as beach management tools, it is recommended that a unified European Award be adopted, awarded on two levels catering for both resort and rural beaches. In summation, beach management has to reconcile all conflicting interests within beach boundaries to promote sustainable management planning. It is apparent that to effectively achieve this aim a multi and inter-disciplinary, co-ordinated and integrated approach is necessary.
Baseline Integrated Research on Mediterranean Sandy Beaches for Sustainable Management
Felicita Scapini
Department of Animal Biology and Genetics, University of Florence, 50125 Florence, Italy
Tel: +39-055-2288 217 Fax: +39-055-222565
E-mail: scapini@dbag.unifi.it
Abstract
Sandy beaches represent environments of high economic value for most countries along both the northern and southern Mediterranean shores. However, little is known about the ecological value of these fragile environments subject to various threats of natural and human origin. Sound scientific baseline inputs to sandy beach ecology are needed for a sustainable beach management. In the framework of the MECO project (MEditerranean COastal ECOsystems, 1998-2001, funded by the EU, contract n. ERB-IC18CT-98-0270), a number of study sites were chosen along western Mediterranean coasts, on which a multidisciplinary characterisation and evaluation of the state of beach ecosystems were conducted. Biological diversity at different levels of integration (community, population, molecular and physiological-behavioural) was estimated on key organisms. Different bioindicators were compared to be proposed for monitoring the effects of management and uses of beach environments. The importance was highlighted of extending the approach to influencing environments both inland and seawards, and a systemic approach was adopted in the ongoing MEDCORE project (MEDiterranean COstal River Ecosystems, 2003-2005, ICA3-CT2002-10003).
Implications of Beach Nourishment Projects along the Emilia-Romagna Coast
Ozlem Unal
Strada di Passo Carini 10 - C, 05020 Montecampano, Amelia (TR), Italia.
Tel: +39 0744 989 201, Fax: +39 06233 232 780,
E-mail: unalozlem68@yahoo.com
Abstract
Tourism is one of the most important income generating sectors of the economy of the Mediterranean countries. Despite the up and downs worldwide, around 715 million international visitors were recorded in 2002 with a share of 20,45% of South Mediterranean Europe. Arrivals to the Mediterranean countries are expected to reach nearly 270 million in 2010 and 346 million in 2020. While the leading destinations will continue to be France, Spain and Italy, rapid growth in international arrivals will occur in Croatia, Slovenia and Turkey. Although coastal areas play an important role in attracting visitors, past experiences showed that coastal destinations has been under severe pressure since 1950s and especially 1970s and 1980s due to moving dynamics and various kind of human interventions along the coasts. Today the situation has not changed so much. In Italy, Emilia-Romagna Regional Authority has been dealing with the problems affecting the littoral area especially since 1979. Employing beach nourishment approach as an alternative to concrete breakwaters and merged barriers in response to the problem of coastal erosion is one of the important initiatives of the Authority not only for the purpose of protecting the coast but also creating better possibilities for tourism.
Monitoring Beach Stability on the Mediterranean Island of Malta
Anton Micallef
Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insuar Coastal Dynamics
Foundation for International Studies, St. Paul Street Valletta.
Tel.: +356 21240746; Fax: +356 21230551; E-mail: a.micallef@icod.org.mt.
Abstract
The Maltese Islands are characterized by a very limited number of small pocket-shaped beaches. Their relevance is nonetheless of high importance to the support of a local economy dominated by the influence of a strong tourism and increasing local demand for coastal recreational amenities. Within this context, a programme to monitor beach stability was developed, utilizing a novel beach profiling system. The latter utilizes for the first time, a fan-shaped profiling technique in place of traditional shore perpendicular profiles. Beach profiling results spanning a five-year period are presented for a number of local beaches on the island of Maltese, describing a general trend of beach instability. These findings are discussed within the context of method reliability, known local forcing factors on sediment dynamics and expected pocket beach sediment dynamics.
To Bathe or Not To Bathe - The Bather's Choice?
David Johnson(1) and Ayca Erdem(2)
(1) School of Maritime and Coastal Studies, Southampton Institute, East Park Terrace, Southampton, UK. SO14 0RD
Tel: +44-(0)23-80 319752 Fax: +44-(0)23-80 319739, E-mail: david.johnson@solent.ac.uk
(2) Akdeniz University, Dumlupinar Bulivari, 07059, Antalya Turkey
Tel: +90-242-3236892 Fax: +90-242-3232362, E-mail: ayerdem@akdeniz.edu.tr
Abstract
The proposal for revision of the EC Bathing Water Directive was developed with an objective to fundamentally shift the philosophy from bathing water monitoring to bathing water management. The proposal contains the combination of more stringent microbiological quality standards and measures to promote beach management. An element of the latter, enhanced public information requires further research to ascertain what the public currently understand and how information might best be provided. The UK Dorset Sea Water Information & Monitoring (SWIM) Pilot Project was used as a basis for further pilot surveys undertaken in 2002, in the Solent (UK) and Antalya (Turkey), to determine beach users' views on the amount, type and preferred location of information they wish to see. The results of the surveys, when considered against potential new responsibilities and management options being advocated by policy-makers, have implications for coastal tourism planning and management. At the same time, inconsistencies point to the need for public education and a requirement to involve and harness the local media.
Coastal Dunes and their Management
The Vulnerability and Management of Three Sand Dune Sites in Southwestern Turkey
R. Marlow(1) and A. Morris(1,2)
(1) Southampton Institute, East Park Terrace, Southampton, England.
Tel: +44-2380-319668 Fax: +44-02380-319739
E-mail: marlow_richard@hotmail.com
(2) E-mail: Tony.Morris@solent.ac.uk
Abstract
This paper examines the vulnerability and management options for the dune systems at Olu Deniz, Patara Beach and Side on the southwestern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. The dune systems in this region are subjected to varying levels of pressure, principally resulting from high tourist densities and varying Aeolian processes. Although several areas are governed by legislation, the threats can trigger phase transitions within the system over a variety of time scales. This paper will begin by highlighting the vulnerability and management issues associated with dune systems before reviewing the research methodology employed during site visits in Turkey. Various methodologies have been utilised to measure dune vulnerability in an attempt to preserve and restore the natural values of a system. This study applies a recognised checklist to objectively assess the concepts of dune vulnerability and protection at the three chosen sites. The checklist is divided into sub-sections covering site and dune morphology, beach conditions, beach surface characteristics and pressure of use, all of which are assessed to give an overall percentage vulnerability index, with recent protection measures also calculated to enable a comparison between vulnerability and protection. Evaluation of the results determined Patara as positively out of equilibrium as a result of excessive sand supplies due to the size of the beach, relatively low levels of tourism in relation to the system size and extensive protection measures in place to safeguard the presence of sea turtles; Olu Deniz was established as a system in equilibrium following the protective status of the area as a Nature Park, work undertaken by the Turkish Marine Research Foundation and low wind erosion rate owing to the granular sediment size; and the dune system at Side assessed as one negatively out of equilibrium, caused predominately by the lack of beach sediment supplies, absence of any appropriate protection measures and high visitor numbers. Based on these results future management options and objectives are identified.
Investigation of Vegetation and Soil Relationship on Sakarya Coastal Dunes (Turkey)
Ahmet Serteser(1) and Yilmaz Içaga(2)
(1) Afyon Kocatepe University, Vocational High School, 03200, Afyon, Turkey
Tel: +90-272-213 34 72 Fax: +90-272-213 54 05, E-mail: aserteser@aku.edu.tr
(2) Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Technical Education, 03200, Afyon, Turkey
Tel: +90-272-228 13 12 Fax: +90-272-228 12 35, E-mail: yicaga@aku.edu.tr
Abstract
The relationship between coastal dunes vegetation and soil was investigated on Sakarya coastal dunes (Sakarya-TURKEY). Samples of soil such as Karasu, Ihsaniye-Denizköy, Acarlar and Kanlý Göl from coastal dunes were picked up from a depth of 0-30 cm and were subjected to physical and chemical analysis in order to investigate the relationship of plant associations with soil. The relationship between coastal dunes vegetation and soil, which very important for structure, was evaluated for water saturation, humidity, organic material, total salt as percentage and pH analyses results using statistical methods. According to the statistical tests, there are differences between the variables and also sample location.
Ecotypes of Ammophila arenaria in the Portuguese Coast
Catarina Schreck Reis(1) and Helena Freitas(1,2)
(1) Department of Botany, University of Coimbra, Arcos do Jardim, 3000Coimbra, Portugal.
Tel: + 351-239-822897, Fax: +351-239-820780
E-mail: c_schreck_reis@mail.pt
(2) E-mail: hfreitas@ci.uc.pt
Abstract
In spite of the intensification of road and house construction near the sea, pressure from tourism during summer and also natural erosion processes, sand dune systems are common in Portugal and extend for more than half of the country coastline. Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link, marram grass, is the dominant plant in the foredunes and plays an important role in dune systems, fixing the sand and stabilizing the first dune. Its wide distribution all over the European coast leads to believe in the existence of different genotypes, resulting from a climate selection. With this study we intend to contribute to a better understanding of the Portuguese sand dune ecosystems, in particular the population ecology of Ammophila arenaria. The fieldwork was carried out in the Natural Reserve of São Jacinto, in northern Portugal, and in the Natural Reserve of the Sado Estuary, in the southwest coast. Several morphological and physiological parameters were measured in A. arenaria. The characterization of the dune system was also performed. The differences and similarities of the two systems and populations are discussed.
Beach Ridges and Dunes of the Arno River Delta
Minja Kukavicic(1) and Enzo Pranzini(1,2)
(1) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze,
Via J. Nardi 2, 50132 Firenze, Italy.
Tel: +39-055-243486 Fax: +39-055-241595, E-mail: kukavicic@geo.unifi.it
(2) E-mail: epranzini@unifi.it
Abstract
The River Arno Delta, which formed during the past 2500 years as the result of a huge sedimentary input due to the deforestation of its basin, is a foredune/beach ridge plain. The aim of this study is to map these ridges and reconstruct the process forming and reshaping the delta through the analysis of ridge patterns and the chronological ordering of ridge morphologies. Aerial Infrared False Color photos, Landsat TM 5 images and high-resolution images acquired by Ikonos-2 where processed and photointerpreted after georeferencing in UTM ED50. Aerial photographs have been enhanced for the same color tone and same brightness and finally digitally mosaicked into a seamless image. Multispectral data were processed by stretching and equalization; as well as applying several other digital processes such as NDVI, Principal Component Analysis and Tasseled Cap Transformation. Photointerpretation was performed on the results of the image analysis in order to discriminate between the beach dune, beach ridge and interdune areas that characterise the study area. Swamp areas and palaeochannels of the Arno and Serchio rivers were also recognised and mapped. These morphologies were subsequently confirmed by field surveys. Various pattern types were discernible which allowed several growth and erosion phases to be identified which can be related to the human impact on the Arno River watershed. As a whole, approximately 100 ridges were formed from the 4th century B.C. to the 19th century, when the delta started to erode. On average, one ridge formed every 25 years, but during periods of maximum accretion rates, beach ridges formed approximately every 4 years.
Foredune Classification and Morphodynamic Processes along the Veneto Coasts (N. Adriatic, Italy)
Annelore Bezzi (1) and Giorgio Fontolan (1,2)
(1) Coastal Group - Dep. of Geological, Environmental and Marine Sciences, Università degli Studi, via E.Weiss 2 - 34127 Trieste.
Tel: +390405582036, Fax: +390405582048
E-mail: bezzi@units.it
(2) E-mail: fontolan@units.it
Abstract
A dune inventory has been carried out for the Veneto coasts, which considers the beach, foredune and secondary dune characteristics, related to the natural and/or artificial status. Owing to the urbanization and tourist use of the littorals, most of the ancient dunes are nowadays completely disappeared or in precarious equilibrium state. Data indicate a high dune development potential (DDP) for some wind-exposed wide beaches, given by the simple standardized product of effective azimuth (the angle between shoreline and wind direction) and beach width. DDP, together with the main littoral morphodynamics, can thus represent a useful and simple index for differentiating sites where intervention can be carried out, aimed to the restoration of the aeolian morphologies.
The Penna Grossa Point Dune Ridge (Adriatic Apulia, Southern Italy)
Vincenzo De Santis and Giovanni Palmentola
Dipartimento di Geologia e Geofisica, Università degli studi di Bari, Campus universitario; via E. Orabona 4, Bari.
Tel: +39-0805442562, Fax: +39-0805442625
E-mail: vdesantis@geo.uniba.it, g.palmentola@geo.uniba.it
Abstract
Penna Grossa Point dune ridge, located about 15 km north of Brindisi town, Apulia, Italy, may be divided in two parts, which although bear a physical continuity with each other, show up peculiarities completely different from one another, in both sedimentary nature and vegetable covering. Data collected direct on the ground, but main of all, compared analysis of aerial pictures of different periods, lay the ground to affirm that, Penna Grossa Point dune ridge is in reality the joint of two dune ridges with an historical background completely different from one another. The eastern part is the residual of a Greek-roman age dune; the western one is a recent dune, whose formation process started around late sixties/ early seventies, on an area cleared up by man made (Nordstrom, 2000) stripping of part of the old Greek-roman age dune. By knowing the period of time during which the destruction of the old dune ended (between 1965 and 1970), and by calculating the volume of the recent dune, it has been obtained its yearly average growth rate.
Applicability "System Theory" in Foredune Instability Assessment - A Verification
U. Tessari(1), F. Immordino(2), G. Mastronuzzi(3), P. Sansò(4) and U. Simeoni(1)
(1) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra - Università degli Studi di Ferrara. Corso Ercole I d'Este, 32 - 44100 Ferrara (Italy).
Tel: +39.0532.293723, Fax: +39.0532.206468, E-mail: utessari@libero.it g23@unife.it
(2) ENEA Ente per le nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e l'Ambiente
Protezione del Territorio e dell'Ambiente - Prevenzione e Mitigazione Rischi Naturali via Martiri di Monte Sole, 4 - 40129 Bologna (Italy).
Tel +39.051.6098089, Fax: +39.051.6098544, E-mail: immo@bologna.enea.it
(3) Dipartimento di Geologia e Geofisica - Università degli Studi di Bari Via Orabona, 4 - 70125 Bari (Italy).
Tel +39.080.5442634, Fax: +39.080.5442625, E-mail: g.mastronuzzi@tin.it
(4) Osservatorio di Chimica, Fisica e Geologia Ambientali, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali -Università degli Studi di Lecce (Italy).
viale Gallipoli,49 - 73100 Lecce (Italy).
Tel +39.0832.297556, Fax: +39.0832.297548, E-mail: paolo.sanso@unile.it
Abstract
An innovative application of System Theory was elaborated 10 years ago to carried out an integrated management planning for a coastal dune complex, present in a littoral area belongs to Apulia Region. Fourteen environmental parameters were used to determine a Comparative Index for the Foredunes Instability. This one permitted the classification of the coast into three instability classes, after its subdivision into 10 homogeneous tracts. Nevertheless in the last period none integrated intervention has been made. This suggests the verification of the applicability of the adopted methodology. After some field surveys and new cartographical comparison, the classification of the coast, based on the foredunes instability index seems to be, at present, very similar to the older one. Only one tract present now a quite different state, because of human interventions made without taking into consideration the suggestions derived from the application of System Theory. In any case, the correct choice of the system parameters and the goodness in their classification has been demonstrated.
Re-assessment of Surface-Wind Systems for Aeolian Saltation
Eugene J. Farrell(1) and Douglas J. Sherman(2)
(1) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi Di Firenze, Via J. Nardi 2, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
Tel: +39-055-243486 Fax: +39-055-241595, E-mail: ejfarrell2003@yahoo.com
(2) Department of Geography, University Texas A&M, 810 O&M Building, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A.
Tel: +001 979 845-7141 Fax: +001 979 862-4487, E-mail: sherman@geog.tamu.edu
Abstract
This paper examines the characteristics of the interaction between the flow field and surface during wind blown transport for wind tunnel and field environments. This is accomplished using the Charnock relationship, which describes the relationship between the shear velocity (u*) and surface roughness (z0) parameters. Both parameters, u* and z0, are vital components to modelling the transport system and are estimated from the measured wind velocity profile. The saltation characteristics of sand transport in the two environments are also analysed. This is done by examining the behaviour of the particles during saltation - specifically by analysing the vertical distribution of mass flux and trajectory characteristics of the particles during saltation. Results indicate that the apparent roughness measured in field experiments is 6-7 times greater than the roughness measured in the laboratory. The difference between estimated roughness lengths increases with greater excess shear velocities. A modified Charnock relationship is shown to be physically more meaningful for aeolian saltating systems and indicates that the two transport populations (laboratory and field) behave differently (T=2.87; P<0.01). The vertical distribution of mass flux has different characteristics for the two environments. Results show that laboratory profiles of flux are much steeper - having a faster decrease in flux with elevation above the bed. Particle trajectories are suppressed in wind tunnels, leading to characteristic particle path height and path length trajectories that are too low and too short respectively.
Alternative Restoration Outcomes for Dunes on Developed Coasts
Karl F. Nordstrom(1) and Nancy L. Jackson(2)
(1) Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8521. Tel: (732) 932-6555 x502, Fax: (732) 932-1820
E-mail: nordstro@imcs.rutgers.edu.
(2) Environmental Policy Studies, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102. Tel: (973) 596-8467, Fax: (973) 642-4689
E-mail: jacksonn@njit.edu.
Abstract
The ability to preserve or restore dunes in developed areas depends on the amount of sediment available on beaches, the space available seaward of human structures, the direct actions of humans to trap sand or move sand by mechanical means, and the tolerance of people for natural features. On the east coast of the USA, the alternative types of dunes include: 1) a natural gradient that contains all of the microhabitats achievable in undeveloped segments of the shore, from pioneer species on incipient dunes to trees and woody shrubs in the stable backdune; 2) a truncated gradient that represents the seaward dynamic zone that would occur naturally in the restricted space available; 3) a compressed gradient, where species diversity is achievable through ongoing human efforts to maintain a stable protective dune; 4) an expanded gradient, where diversity is achievable by allowing the dune to migrate onto private property; 5) a fragmented gradient, where the dune is interrupted by human development; and 6) a decoupled dune, where the seaward portion of the foredune is eliminated, but the landward portion of the dune can survive as a result of shore protection structures. The characteristics and resource values of these types of dunes are discussed, along with implications for restoration in locations where dunes do not exist or are under-utilized.
An Innovative Sand Dune Restoration Project from Malta
Alan Deidun(1), Adrian Mallia(2) and Patrick J. Schembri(1,3)
(1) Department of Biology, University of Malta, Msida MSD06, Malta.
Tel: 23403092 Fax: 21323781, E-mail: alpra1@mail.global.net.mt
(2) Adi Associates, 2nd Floor, BSL Centre, B'kara Road, San Gwann SGN08, Malta.
Tel: 21378172 Fax: 21322016, E-mail: adrian.mallia@adi-associates.com
(3) E-mail: patrick.j.schembri@um.edu.mt
Abstract
Sand dunes arguably qualify as the most endangered natural habitats in the Maltese Islands due to the small size of the dunes, the low proportion of sandy shores (just 2.4% of the entire islands' coastline), the intense human impact, and the lack of public awareness and information about these ecosystems. Out of 32 areas known to have harboured some sort of natural sand dune flora, only five localities now support dunes with relatively intact characteristic dune vegetation. One of these, the dune at White Tower Bay was earmarked for a dune restoration project since this is the best-preserved sand dune system on the island of Malta. Main threats to the White Tower Bay dune include illegal camping activities and parking especially during summer, trampling by humans and off-road vehicles, ill-conceived afforestation schemes, cultivation in the dune's catchment area, and huts that abut on the dune. These threats operate even though the White Tower Bay sand dune is scheduled as an Area of Ecological Importance and a Site of Scientific Importance. Restoration of the White Tower Bay sand dune is being jointly undertaken by the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA) and the NGO Nature Trust (Malta), as part of MEPA's Environmental Initiative In Partnership Programme. Restoration includes both short-term (temporary) and long-term (permanent) measures. Emergency measures included the installation of metal bollards joined by metal chains around the dune's landwards border to prevent vehicular access to the dune from the road skirting it, as well as the installation of educational signs explaining the importance of the dune and the scope behind the restoration works. Due to consultation with stakeholders and their involvement from the onset, it was ensured that conflicts were minimized. The permanent restoration measures will be completed within the next few years. These include the gradual relocation of the huts, closure of the road surrounding the dune, the manual removal of alien flora, and the planting of Ammophila littoralis (marram grass) - a stabilising pioneer species of foredunes that is now extinct from the Maltese Islands - along the seaward margins of the dune. In addition, the complete removal of seagrass wrack from the beach will be discouraged. Special emphasis will be placed on the educational value of the site and on effective enforcement of existing and planned regulations concerning the area through wardening. This restoration project is locally (and perhaps regionally) innovative for a number of reasons, including the extensive and ongoing consultative process with all stakeholders, the emphasis on the educational value of the site, the basing of restoration measures on sound scientific research, and the inclusion of a monitoring programme to assess effectiveness of the interventions and to fine-tune these as the need arises. This initiative can serve as a pilot upon which other habitat restoration projects may be based.
The Monitoring of Bordering Dunes in the Littoral of Mahdia (Eastern Tunisia)
Oula Amrouni Bouaziz(1), Radhia Souissi(2), Sâadi Abdeljaoued(1), Mohamed Choura(2), Foued Souissi(1), and Mohamed Ali Torki(3)
(1) Department of Geological Sciences, Laboratory of "Mineral Resources and Environment", University of Manar, Tunis 1060, Tunisia.
E-mail: oulabz@yahoo.fr.
(2) University of Sfax.
E-mail: Radhia.Souissi@fss.rnu.tn, Mohamed.Choura@fss.rnu.tn.
(3) Agency for Coastal Protection and Development.
Abstract
The "El Asfouria" beach constitutes the eastern border of Mahdia city. In November 2000, rehabilitation works were conducted on these bordering dunes by windbreakers system. This device, acting as a sand trap, allows the implementation of a permanent natural plant cover. To test efficiency of this protection device and follow up the evolution of the morphology of the dune, 19 transverse topographic profiles have been realised all over the study area. The analysis of the study area shows that three zones can be distinguished from north to south. The first zone is characterised by a complete morphological evolution going from the embryodune up to the fixed one. In the second zone, the dune bar is damaged either by the trespassing of summer residents or marine erosion which is evidenced by a large breach, a part of which, was artificially stopped before the setting up of the windbreakers. The artificial bar runs along the previous zones, and the sand volumes accumulated there improved the aero dynamism of the dune-system profile, by stopping the breaches and the migration of aeolian fluxes without jeopardising the plants that colonize the interior part of the white dune. The third zone is dominated by a series of small transverse dunes that a patchy plant cover. The protection of the dune-beach system is has not been achieved, considerable quantities overflow the shore - parallel dune and migrate landward. The volume of sand, trapped at El Asfouria beach and estimated to 2300 m3/m is mainly caused by the beach drift that is estimated to 12850 m3/m/ year.
VOLUME III
Coastal Processes, Erosion and Shoreline Management
Geomorphological Framework of the Abruzzi Shores
Leandro D'Alessandro(1), Claudio Caputo(2), Marcello Buccolini(1,3), Enrico Miccadei(1,4),
Tommaso Piacentini(1,5), Gianni Scalella(1,6), Paolo Paron(1,7) and Francesco Ricci(1,8)
(1) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 30, 66013 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy.
Tel: +39-0871-3555363; E-mail: leandrodalessandro@unich.it
(2) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
Tel: +39-06-49914917; E-mail: claudio.caputo@uniroma1.it
(3) Tel: +39-0871-3556424; Email: buccolini@dst.unich.it
(4) Tel: +39-0871-3556423; E-mail: miccadei@dst.unich.it
(5) Tel: +39-0871-3556426; E-mail: t.piacentini@unich.it
(6) Tel: +39-0871-3556424; E-mail: gianni.scalella@tiscali.it
(7) Tel: +39-0871-3556426; E-mail: paron@unich.it
(8) Tel: +39-871-3556426;E-mail: geo.frank@inwind.it
Abstract
The aim of this research is to analyse and give an organic framework of the geomorphologic knowledge on the Abruzzi shores. This is at the base of the ongoing research on coastal dynamics focused on the most eroded beaches of the Abruzzi region. The methodology consists of topographic surveys and multitemporal and multiscalar images analyses. The final aim of the project is to outline a detailed morphodynamic characterization of the Abruzzi shores. The Abruzzi coast runs for about 126 km from the Tronto River to the Trigno River. Different morphologies depending on the lithological, structural and morphoevolutive characters of the area mark out the coast. Basing on general physiographic characteristics it is possible to define three different littoral sectors: northern, central and southern. In the northern and southern sectors the typical forms are generally sandy shores with two different morphologies: one with and one without dunes. The presence of cliffs distinguishes the central sector; basing on structural and lithological characteristics, morphological activity and on the presence/absence of sea terraces on the cliffs, it is possible to identify different morphologies. Beaches form 79% of the whole littoral, and half of them are subject to erosion (D'Alessandro and La Monica, 1999). The erosion crisis started in the fifties and involved several bathing establishments and other structures. After this crisis several erosion-defence structures have been built; they have conditioned the littoral dynamics, both in the protected and in the neighbouring areas. At present the erosion is involving also some protected beach stretches. A significant example is the beach between the Saline and Pescara rivers. For it a topographic monitoring survey, a historic analysis and some detailed geomorphologic surveys have been made; they allowed to characterize the morphoevolutive situation, to quantify the degree of erosion and progradation of the beach and to testify that, at present, some protected beaches suffer erosion.
Monitoring of Ragusa Coastal Area (SE Sicily)
M. Tagliente(1), G. Randazzo(1,2), S. Buonmestieri(3), G. Biondi(3,4) and G. Alessandro(3,5)
(1) University of Messina, Department of Earth Sciences
Salita Sperone, 31 - 98166 Messina, Italy.
Tel: +39-090-6765095 Fax: +39-090-392333, E-mail: mtagliente@unime.it
(2) E-mail: grandazzo@unime.it
(3) Regional Province of Ragusa, Geological and Geognostical Department
Via G. Di Vittorio, 175 - 97100 Ragusa, Italy.
Tel: +39-932-675553 Fax: +39-932-675522, E-mail: s.geologia@tin.it
(4) E-mail: giovannibiondi@tin.it
(5) E-mail: giuseppe.alessandro@tiscali.it
Abstract
The Department for Territory, Environment and Civil Protection of the Provincial Administration of Ragusa, with the scientific coordination of the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Messina, has begun to carry out a monitoring program for the sedimentological and morphological analysis of the Ragusa coastal area, between Dirillo River mouth and Punta Castellazzo headland. The need to monitor the coastline of Ragusa stems from the awareness of the Provincial Administration that an uncontrolled process of deterioration and erosion of the entire coast is under way. The shoreline recession is a consequence above all to human interventions along the coast, which have modified the natural equilibrium of the ecosystems. The monitoring of the Ragusa coastal area, therefore, with topographic and bathymetric surveys, detailed computations of sand volume budget and grain size studies, will provide an important basic information source for local Coastal Planning and Management. Without an effective use of this information no form of sustainable development can take place in the coastal area.
Sedimentological Review of the Lavagna Coast after its Reconstruction in the 1970's
Ivana Delbono (1), Mattia Barsanti (2), Nicola Corradi (3) and Ornella Ferretti (1, 4)
(1) ENEA S.Teresa, Marine Environment Research Centre, P.O. BOX 224, 19100 La Spezia, Italy. Tel: +39(0) 187 978206, Fax: +39(0) 187 978273
E-mail: delbono@santateresa.enea.it
(2) D.S.T., University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 78, 43100 Parma, Italy.
Tel: +39(0) 187 978292, Fax: +39(0) 187 978273 , E-mail: barsanti@santateresa.enea.it
(3) Dip.Te.Ris. University of Genova, C.so Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy.
Tel: +39(0) 103538261, Fax: +39(0) 10352169, E-mail: corradi@dipteris.unige.it
(4) Tel: +39(0) 187 978272 Fax: +39(0) 187 978273, E-mail: ferrettio@santateresa.enea.it
Abstract
The Lavagna coast has been affected by relevant changes in its coastal dynamics, mainly due to the construction in the '60s and '70s of two marinas on both sides of the Entella River's mouth. Having experienced considerable erosion phenomena after severe storm surges, in 1977 the coast of Lavagna was reconstructed with coarse sediments. A first detailed sedimentological study was carried out in 1977-78 by Cortemiglia G.C. (University of Genova), in order to investigate the causes of the relevant coastal erosion occurred in that year and to indicate the possible beach reconstruction. Therefore, a year of coastal monitoring followed and paths of sedimentary transit axes (through modal isodensity maps), where fine sands are cleared out offshore, were defined. Several hard coastal defence structures and replenishment activities were then realised in the last 25 years. In the year 2002, a detailed coastal monitoring study was carried out over those areas, which have been previously investigated, in order to get a data review and assess the present coastal dynamic processes. The comparison of the 1977 and 2002 sedimentological studies shows a good agreement in results, although they were achieved with different methodologies. In particular, the importance of transversal sediment transport and the presence of rip currents was confirmed and highlighted.
Some Data About the Marina di Ugento Sand Beach Dynamics (Apulia, Southern Italy)
G. Palmentola, G. Cacciapaglia and V. De Santis
University of Bari, 70121, Bari, Italy.
Tel: +39-0805442562, Fax: +39-0805442625.
E-mail: g.palmentola/g.cacciapaglia/vdesantis @geo.uniba.it
Abstract
During last decades the contour, the shape of the Apulian coastal zone has been here and there deeply modified, (AA.VV., 1995) above all as far as sandy shore is concerning; measurements and controls recently carried out have pointed out that many kilometres of sandy beaches represented on the official maps have been eroded, some completely erased, during last twenty years. With the aim to individualise natural processes affecting Apulian coastline dynamics and to measure their effect, the "Marina di Ugento" sandy beach has been chosen, in some way representative of the whole region, and extended about 5700m along the western coast of the Lecce district, Salento Peninsula, on the Apulian side of the Gulf of Taranto. So its last 50 years story has been reconstructed by mean of: geo-morphologic survey; exams of document; analyses of aerial photos; inhabitant evidences; anemometrical data collected by the Airforce station of S.Maria di Leuca, and by mean of a recording anemometer set up since three years ago, just in order to have more strictly local meteorological data; four years extended controls, sampling and measurement of length and width along fixed direction from the foot of the foredune to the isobath 2m. Observations and controls demonstrated the beach dynamics is strongly controlled by meteorological conditions: protracted high energy winds blowing along the coast line, and oblique sea cause erosion, while nourishment is consequent to more or less frontal wind and sea.
Beach Erosion in the Corinthian Gulf, Resulting from Coastal Processes and Tectonic Activity - ?he Ag. Sotira Case
C. Solomonidis(1), A. Rogan(1), D. Georgas(2), C. Perissoratis(3) and A. Boutatis(1)
(1) ROGAN ASSOCIATES S.A., 9 Valetta Str, GR -15771 Athens, Greece.
Tel: +30-210-7782405 Fax: +30-210-7750629 E-mail: rogan@otenet.gr
(2) MESOGAIA, 12 G.Giorga Str., GR-19004 Spata, Greece.
Tel: +30-210-6633345 Fax: +30-210-6633345 E-mail: dgeo@tee.gr
(3) IGME, 70 Mesogeion Str., Athens, GR -11527, Greece.
Tel: +30-210-7709553 Fax: +30-210-7752211 E-mail: prs@igme.gr
Abstract
Ag. Sotira is a coved beach, located in a small bay in the Perahora Peninsula, on the southeastern coast of the Corinthian Gulf. The beach is exposed to northwesterly winds, which are prevailing in the Corinthian Gulf, as a result of which it is suffering from severe erosion problems. A number of protection structures constructed along the coast worsened the problem rather than solving it. It was noted that the area had experienced a strong earthquake in February 1981, as a result of which the whole Perahora peninsula subsided. Modelling of the underlying coastal processes was performed, using 2-D numerical models, both with today's bathymetry, and with the bathymetry that would have existed before the earthquake, which showed that the situation worsened after the earthquake. This synergy of wave generated sediment transport with seismo - tectonic movements, is typical in creating intense phenomena of beach erosion in the Corinthian Gulf. These phenomena are enlarged by the construction of non-engineered protection structures along the coast.
Pocket Beach Erosion: Golfo di Procchio (Isola d'Elba)
Giovanni Del Grosso(1) and Enzo Pranzini(1,2)
(1) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze,
Via J. Nardi 2, 50132 Firenze, Italy.
Tel: +39-055-243486 Fax: +39-055-241595
E-mail: gdelgrosso@geo-logic.it
(2) E-mail: epranzini@unifi.it
Abstract
The Golfo di Procchio, located in the northern coast of the Isola d'Elba, encloses a 1-km-long pocket beach suffering moderate erosion during the last decades. No coastal structures are present along the coast, which could be seen as a cause for this erosion, and no dam was built along the creeks nor river bed quarrying performed in the area (these being the main causes of the erosion of the mainland beaches). This study was performed to understand the sediment dynamics in the area, to evaluate the shoreline evolution, and to possibly identify the causes of this erosion. Shoreline position was acquired from aerial photographs for the years 1954, 1968, 1981, 1987 and 1989; in addition, topographic surveys were performed in 1997 and 1999. Beach profiles from the upper beach to a depth of 8 m were performed and 59 sediment samples were collected along 8 profiles. Comparing different shorelines, a mean beach erosion of approximately 5,8 m (0,13 m/yr) was estimated for the whole period. Textural analyses identify great homogeneity among the nearshore sediments, which do not significantly change size with increasing depth. The material present on the swash-zone is not much coarser, with a moderate additional increase at the mouth of the creek feeding the beach. A preliminary analysis of land-cover evolution on the Island suggests a strong reduction in cultivated areas due to the abandonment of agriculture as well as expansion of urban areas. We can therefore hypothesise that this pocket beach, like others on Elba, now suffers from a reduced input, which is, however, due to high magnitude, low frequency events. It is worth stressing the fact that farmed land was abandoned by the people attracted by the tourism industry near the coast; this internal migration is responsible for the reduction of the "beach resource" on which the tourism industry itself is based.
Beach Erosion and Nourishment of Playa de Mazagón, Spain
Christian M. Appendini(1), José María Medina(1), José Luis González(1), José Santos López(1), Alejandro Palmeiro(1), Guillermo Díaz(1),
Jorge Rey Salgado(2) and Rafael González y Díez de la Cortina(3)
(1) Alatec, S.A., Jose Echegaray, 14, 28239 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain.
Tel: +34 91366595 Fax: +34 913649925, E-mail: costas@alatec.es
(2) ESGEMAR, S.A. Edificio Stella Maris, Puerto de Málaga, Spain.
Tel: +34 952608417 Fax: +34 952226083, E-mail: jjrey@esgemar.com
(3) Autoridad Portuaria de Huelva, Av. R.S. Colombina Onubense, 1. Huelva, Spain.
Tel: +34 959213100 Fax: +34 959213101, E-mail: rgonzalez@puertohuelva.com
Abstract
The port of Huelva is located in the South Atlantic coast of Spain, interrupting the longshore sediment transport and creating a downdrift sand deficit. As a result, together with the Port necessity for maintenance of its access channel, a sediment-bypassing project is foreseen. As part of the project, the highly eroded Playa de Mazagón will be nourished in order to obtain a desirable beach width. The controversial cause of the erosion of this beach has lead to detailed studies in order to assess the stability of the beach fill. The studies have revealed that the erosion process are not longer active in that area and that the erosion of this particular beach is in fact a remnant erosional hot spot.
Environmental Restoration of Playa de Villananitos, Murcia, Spain
Guillermo Díaz(1), Christian M. Appendini(1), José María Medina(1), José Luis González(1), José Santos López(1), Alejandro Palmeiro(1),
Jorge Rey Salgado(2), Manuel Fernández(3) and Francisco Peñalver(3)
(1) Alatec, S.A., Jose Echegaray, 14, 28239 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain.
Tel: +34 91366595 Fax: +34 913649925
E-mail: costas@alatec.es
(2) ESGEMAR, S.A. Edificio Stella Maris, Puerto de Málaga, Spain.
Tel: +34 952608417 Fax: +34 952226083
E-mail: jjrey@esgemar.com
(3) Dirección General de Costas. Av. Alfonso X nº6, 1ª Planta, 30071, Murcia,
Spain.
Tel: +34 968234550 Fax: +34 968271004
E-mail: pyomfc@m.dgc.mma.es, fpenalver@mu.dgc.mma.es
Abstract
Playa de Villananitos is located at San Pedro del Pinatar, on the Mediterranean coast of Spain, in the north area of the coastal lagoon known as Mar Menor. The area is located in the southeast part of the Murcia region, located between 37º 50' - 37º 34' N latitude, and 0º 41' - 0º 55' W longitude. Due to the characteristics of the lagoon, there is seldom circulation, leading to a high mud concentration, which indeed represents an important factor for tourism near Villananitos. The present study was undertaken to provide solutions for the environmental recovery of Playa de Villananitos. Along with the study, the dynamic conditions of the lagoon were analysed using the modelling system MIKE 21, where wind generated waves, currents and sediment transport were studied. With the results obtained it was possible to understand the system and to propose different solutions for beach restoration. Previous to the study of littoral dynamics, field measurements were undertaken of the sediments present in the area, both for insight of the processes occurring and for input to the models. Also, a study of the biocenosis was done to evaluate any effect that the proposed solutions may induce to the environment, during of after the works.
Littoral Defence System Redefinition at La Mamola Beach, Spain
José Santos López(1), José Luis González(1), Raúl Vizcaíno(1), José María Medina(1), Christian M. Appendini(1),
Alejandro Palmeiro(1), Guillermo Díaz(1) and Miguel Calleja(2)
(1) ALATEC, S.A., Jose Echegaray, 14, 28239 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain.
Tel: +34 91366595 Fax: +34 913649925, E-mail: costas@alatec.es
(2) Ministry of Environment, Coastal Authority of Granada, Camino de Ronda, 83. 18004 Granada, Spain.
Tel: +34 958535639 Fax: +34 958535638, E-mail: mcalleja@gr.dgc.mma.es
Abstract
La Mamola Beach has been suffering from regression that has been partially palliated with the execution in 1982 of eight groins perpendicular to the beach, which lodge the sand in the beach and defend the existing promenade. The continuous action of waves, both from the East as from the SSW component, have demonstrated the insufficiency of these protections, while tilting of the coastline and important sand losses have been necessarily been replaced in different occasion with the purpose of safeguard the promenade and of maintaining a minimum beach width. As a result from the study of the coastal dynamics and sediment transport, together with the consideration of the environmental factors, a solution to the existing problems was proposed, consisting in a redefinition of the defence system in the area. Together with the redefinition of the structures, some beach nourishment is proposed. The sources for nourishment are located inland in an intensive agricultural area and old mining zone, thus requiring special attention to the environmental suitability of the material, regarding pesticides, fertilizers and heavy metals.
Effects of Anthropization on the Ferrara Littoral and Intervention of Re-equilibrium
Umberto Simeoni(1), Simona Gragnaniello(1), Nico Bonora(1), Maurizio Farina(2), Andrea Peretti(2), Leonardo Sarti(3),
Cecilia Schiavi(1) and Edi Valpreda(4)
(1) University of the Study of Ferrara - Earht Science Department - C.so Ercole I° D'Este 32, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
Tel: +39-0532-293723 Fax: +39-0532-206468, E-mail: g23@unife.it
(2) Regione Emilia Romagna - Servizio tecnico di bacino Po di Volano - Viale Cavour, 77 - 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
Tel: +39-0532-218811 Fax: +39-0532-210127, E-mail: mfarina@regione.emilia-romagna.it
(3) Impresa Sarti - Sarti Ing. Leonardo - Via Borgo dei Leoni, 72 - 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
Tel: +39-0532-829700 Fax: +39-0532-829701, E -mail: l.sarti@impresasarti.com;
(4) National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Environment (ENEA) Department of Protection of the Environment-Natural Hazards Prevention and Risk Mitigation - Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4 - 40129 Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39-051-6098052 Fax: +39-051-6098544, E-mail: valpreda@bologna.enea.it
Abstract
The Ferrara littoral analysis points out how, after the 50s, a regressive phase occurred due to the reduction of the fluvial solid discharge and to the loss related to the natural and anthropic subsidence. Furthermore the construction of important harbour jetties, like those of Porto Garibaldi, and of numerous defence structures has modified the hydro-sedimentary dynamic along the coast. Today the littoral presents a series of cells, mainly with anthropical borders, inside of which there are complex microsystems due to the diffusive presence of breakwaters and dykes. In concomitance to storm events of particular intensity, like those of the last winter, the defence structures demonstrate the need for new protection interventions and a rearrangement of the structures. This has induced the regional Administration to develop an interdisciplinary study of the area and to realise low impact interventions, among which artificial nourishment will be realised through the sea with innovative techniques of bypass.
Morphological Evolution of Bellocchio Littoral Alternatives for Coastal Protection
Marco Gonella(1), Giovanni Gabbianelli(2), Umberto Simeoni(3), Michela Soldati(1) and Massimo Tondello(1)
(1) Med Ingegneria S.r.l., Riviera Ruzzante, 49 - 35123 Padova, Italy.
Tel/Fax: +39-049-8756093, E-mail: info@medingegneria.it
(2) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Geologico-Ambientali, Università di
Bologna, via Zamboni, 67 - 40100 Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39-0544-484712 Fax: +39-054-484758, E-mail: gabgio@ambra.unibo.it
(3) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara,
C.so Ercole I d'Este, 32 - 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
Tel: +39-0532-293723 Fax: +39-0532-206468, E-mail: g23@ unife.it
Abstract
The Gobbino-Bellocchio channel, excavated in the sixties, connects the marshes of Comacchio and Bellocchio to the Adriatic Sea; the channel mouth is located about one kilometre north of the Reno River mouth. In the last decades the whole littoral surrounding Reno river mouth has been subjected to a huge erosion rate because of the lack of sediment discharge from the river: the deltaic formation has changed into an almost straight shoreline. In the next years coastal erosion will lead to the complete destruction of the beach that separates the marshes of Bellocchio from the sea, thus allowing seawater intrusion into the marshes. The survival of the marshes is also endangered by silting up of the Gobbino-Bellocchio channel, which is not prevented by the tidal exchange through the channel itself. The analysis of coastal dynamics in the Bellocchio littoral is part of a more general study (Integrated Coastal Zone Management) about the 20 km long coastal area between Porto Corsini and Porto Garibaldi; this study has been performed by the Po Delta Regional Park Authority, using the LITPACK modelling package. A complete set of data is available for this coastal area, including coastline and bathymetric surveys, sediment analysis, wave climate. This database has been used to set-up a LITPACK model: the model was used to simulate the coastline evolution from 1977 to 1999, the comparison between model prediction and measured evolution from available surveys allowed for a reliable calibration of the model. The calibrated model was later used to simulate the coastline evolution until 2025. The forecasting evolution considered different scenarios; this paper, in particular, presents the results of model forecasts for the littoral surrounding Gobbino-Bellocchio channel mouth.
Four different options have been considered in shoreline evolution forecast: (a) zero option (evolution without any intervention), (b) prolongation of the river mouth with two short jetties (reaching a depth of 3 m below sea level), (c) prolongation of the river mouth with two long jetties (reaching a depth of 6 m below sea level), (d) use of dewatering in the beach north of the channel mouth, (e) use of both dewatering and jetties.
Option (a) is used as a comparison to evaluate the effectiveness of other options; the zero option shows an average erosion rate of 5-6 m/y along the coastline and the silting up of the channel.
Options (b) and (c) show erosion of the shoreline downdrift (North) of the jetties and accretion updrift; erosion and accretion have an higher rate with longer jetties, but the silting up of the channel is strongly reduced.
Option (d) allows for a huge accretion of the beach north of the channel, but do not prevent the erosion of the southern beach and the silting up of the channel.
Option (e) seems to give the better results, since the jetties prevent the silting up of the channel and the erosion of the updrift shoreline, while dewatering prevents the erosion of the downdrift beach. The optimisation of the jetties (edge depth) and the length of dewatering plant will bring to an effective design solution for Bellocchio littoral management.
Use of Dredged Materials for Sustainable Resolution of Coastal Erosion Problems
Roberta Zambrini(1), Michela Soldati(2) and Alessandro Bertoni(3)
(1) Watersoil s.r.l., via Trieste 86 - 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: +39-0544-599875 Fax: +39-0544-599870, E-mail: watersoil@imolanet.com
(2) Med Ingegneria S.r.l., Riviera Ruzzante, 49 - 35123 Padova, Italy.
Tel /Fax: +39-049-8756093, E-mail: michela_soldati@medingegneria.it
(3) Geomed., via Trieste 86 - 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: +39-0544-599875 Fax: +39-0544-599870, E-mail: geomed@imolanet.com
Abstract
This work proposes an alternative method for the solution of coastal erosion through renourishment. This type of soft protection is usually done with quarry sands, but for satisfy completely the answer of marketing, there is the necessity to find alternative resources. Three examples of the use of material dredged from sea bottom for beach nourishment are proposed and their impact evaluated: dredging of the outer harbour of Porto Corsini (RA), within works of widening of Ravenna's long-term harbour planning and sediment pumping for Casalborsetti's beach nourishment; dredging of sand deposit in Po Delta area for nourishment of Cesenatico north and Punta Marina; finally, dredging of Magra River for hydraulic safety and carrying of gravel in the beaches close to the river mouth. The surveys and analysis carried out showed for all the three cases a good compatibility of the dredged material with the beach sand, according to the followed law's prescriptions. Therefore the three cases are different examples of the use of dredged material as natural resources, to solve coastal erosion problems reducing time, cost and environmental impacts of nourishment works.
Complex Sand Nourishment in Emilia-Romagna Region
Mentino Preti(1) and Carlo Albertazzi(2)
(1) ARPA - Ingegneria Ambientale Regione Emilia-Romagna
Vicolo Carega 3, 40121 Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39-051-2966310, Fax:+39-051-2966338, E-mail: mpreti@ia.arpa.emr.it
(2) Regione Emilia-Romagna - Servizio Pianificazione di Bacino e della Costa
Via dei Mille 21, 40121 Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39-051-6396865, Fax: +39-051-6396941, E-mail calbertazzi@regione.emilia-romagna.it
Abstract
The shoreline of the Emilia-Romagna Region is 130 km long and is made up entirely of low, fine sand beaches. The presence of more than 100 km of wide beach has favoured the development of 'bathing tourism' activities that are an important part of the region's economy. However, this has had a large impact on the coastal environment- sand dunes have been largely flattened, shores eroded by the sea and subsidence (due to groundwater and methane gas abstraction) has caused a lowering of approximately 1m in a century of most of the coastal area. In order to halt the degradation of the shoreline and protect tourism, the Regional Authority launched in 1989 an innovative policy, based on the removal of the causes of erosion, and on the defence of critical lengths of coast by the use of artificial nourishment, as an alternative to rigid sea defence systems. In the year 2000, the Regional Authority funded the first nourishment involving the use of sand extracted from the bottom of the sea. This project demonstrated, since its design stage, a number of original aspects if compared to other national and international experiences. The adopted solutions allowed the addition of approximately 800,000 m3 of sand to 9 stretches of beach, for a total length of 10 km and distributed along 55 km of coastline.The project has proved fully successful.
Changes of Beach Profiles in Damietta Coastal Area, Egypt
S.H. Sharaf El-Din(1), F.M. Eid(1) and F.A. Abdalla(2)
(1) Oceanography Dept., Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Tel: +2034833585 Fax: +203543595
E-mail: ecosalex@yahoo.com
(2) Coastal Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt.
Abstract
Erosion, accretion patterns as well as the volumetric changes along the coastal area of Damietta are studied using the hydrographic profile data. The hydrographic profiles have been surveyed three times namely May 1997.May 1998 and Oct./Nov.1998. The results revealed that: The study area has a series of stretches each having its own pattern of erosion and accretions. This occurs due to the economic and protective works which constructed along this area. During the three surveys the coastal area undergoes accretion in the western side of the area, with erosion in the middle part. The eastern part of the study area fluctuated between erosion and accretion. During the three surveys, the maximum accumulated volume for accretion and erosion were 12.5x104 m3 and 10.6 x 104 m3 respectively. In general, the distribution pattern of vertical shifts could be divided the study area into two parts in similar shape, (accretion up to distance 300m seaward, between them there is a small erosion part) and from 300 m up to 850 m seaward was found to be erosion.
Changes in Beach Morphology in a Volatile Coastal Environment Gower, South Wales, UK
Michael Robert Phillips(1) and Andrew James Lees(2)
(1) Swansea Institute of Higher Education, Mount Pleasant, Swansea, UK. SA16ED Tel: +44 - (0) 1792 - 481106 Fax: +44 - (0) 1792 - 651760
E-Mail: m.phillips@sihe.ac.uk
(2) E-mail: andyjlees@hotmail.com
Abstract
Results are presented of research undertaken on three beaches in a volatile macro-tidal environment, Gower, South Wales (Spring Tidal Range 8.1m). Here one of the most controversial issues currently affecting the coastal zone is that of offshore marine aggregate dredging. Links had been hypothesized between dredging, especially off the Helwick Bank and the perceived dramatic loss of sand from many Gower beaches, including Port Eynon. However, between January 2001 and January 2003, approximately 886kg/m2 of sediment accreted in the survey area (3750m²) at Port Eynon whilst 427kg/m2 was eroded from the survey area (3750m²) at Horton. This corresponded to a net gain of sand on the surveyed foreshore of both beaches of 459 kg/m2. Comparison surveys at Oxwich beach, whose aspect is sheltered from the prevailing southwest, showed a sediment loss of 240 kg/m2. An analysis of beach levels and tidal cycles at the start and end of the monitoring period showed no significant difference at both the 95% and 99% levels whilst there was a statistical similarity between the sand on Port Eynon beach and the Helwick Bank. The results agreed with independent bathymetric surveys, undertaken between 2001 and 2002, of Helwick Bank and sub-tidal Port Eynon Bay, which found an overall sediment gain of approximately 4.5 million m3. In addition, the generally accepted weak, west to east net longshore drift in Port Eynon Bay changed to east to west over the latter part of the two-year research. Therefore, erosion of Port Eynon beach appears to have been reversed and currently, results do not substantiate concerns regarding the dredging operations on Helwick Bank.
Fast Erosion of the Adige River Mouth and its Adjacent Beaches - An Intervention Proposal
N. Bonora(1), R. Dal Cin(1), A. Bezzi(3), G. Fontolan(3), F. Immordino(2), E. Valpreda(2) and A. Zamariolo(1)
(1) University of the Study of Ferrara - Earht Science Department - C.so Ercole I° D'Este 32, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
Tel: +39-0532-293723 Fax: +39-0532-206468, E-mail: g23@unife.it
(2) National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Environment (ENEA) Department of Protection of the Environment- Natural Hazards Prevention and Risk Mitigation - Via Martiri del Monte 4- 40128 Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39-051-6098052 Fax: +39-051-6098544, E-mail: valpreda@bologna.enea.it
(3) Department of Geological, Environmental and Marine Sciences - Via E. Weiss 2 - 34127 Trieste - Italy.
Tel: +39-040-5582036 Fax: +39-040-5582048, E-mail: fontolan@univ.trieste.it
Abstract
This research deals with the south Veneto (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) littoral morphodynamic variations, mainly related to both the Adige River mouth evolution and the defence policy carried out along the littoral. A new arrangement proposal of the littoral has been developed which considers a coastal evolution closest to the "natural one" in spite of the improvement of littoral defence works both for erosion protection and bathing safeguard.
An Experimental Study on Bar Characteristics of Storm-Built Profiles
Murat Ihsan Kömürcü(1), Ömer Yüksek(1,2), Servet Karasu(3) and Ismail Hakki Özölçer(4)
(1) Res. Asst., Karadeniz Tech. Uni., Civil Eng. Dept., 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
Tel: +90-462-3772633, Fax: +90-462-3256682, E-mail: mkomurcu@risc01.ktu.edu.tr
(2) Assoc. Prof. Dr., e-mail: yuksek@risc01.ktu.edu.tr
(3) Lect., Karadeniz Tech. Uni., Vocational School, Rize, Turkey
Tel: +90-464-2130432, Fax: +90-462-3256682, E-mail: skarasu@risc01.ktu.edu.tr
(4) Asst. Prof. Dr., Karaelmas Uni., Civil Eng. Dept., Zonguldak, Turkey
Tel: +90-372-2574010, Fax: +90-372-2574023, E-mail: ozolcer@hotmail.com
Abstract
Coastal profiles are one of the most important factors in designing of coastal structures. Various parameters such as wave conditions, bed slope, and characteristics of sediment particles affect the cross-shore sediment transport discharge and consequently the coastal profiles. In this study, the effect of wave height and period and sediment diameter on some of the bar characteristics of storm-built profiles is studied in a physical model. The studied bar characteristics are bar crest distance from beach (Xc), bar crest depth from SWL (hc), and distance from beach (Xe) and depth from SWL (he) of equilibrium point on the profile. The results are analyzed by depending on sediment particle diameter and also compared with some equations cited in the literature. The physical model studied were performed at the Hydraulic Laboratory Wave Flume, with the dimensions 30x1.4x1.2 m, in the Civil Engineering Department of the Karadeniz Technical University (KTU), by using regular waves. For all of the bed material, the experimental results of Xc and hc are greater than those of obtained from the equations cited in the literature. The results of fine material are irregular, however, the results of medium and coarse material are close to each other. The experimental results of Xe and he are also greater than those of obtained from the equation cited in the literature. The fine material of Xe yield similar properties to the others (medium and coarse) material for small waves, however, its results are great for great waves.
Effects of a Dredged Trench at the North Coast of Spain
Christian M. Appendini(1), José Luis González(1), Alejandro Palmeiro(1), José María Medina(1), José Santos López(1) and Guillermo Díaz(1)
(1) Alatec, S.A., Jose Echegaray, 14, 28239 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain.
Tel: +34 91366595 Fax: +34 913649925
E-mail: costas@alatec.es
Abstract
The dredging of sand deposits in order to obtain material for landfills or beach nourishment represents the creation of trenches that may have an influence on the hydrographic conditions. In dependence to the water depth and the distance to the shore, the resulting trenches may alter the coastal processes and thus changing the sediment transport in adjacent beaches. In Spain many sand deposits have been evaluated and authorized for extraction, in this paper the assessment of a dredge trench is done with respect to its affection over the coastal processes.
A Case of Updrift Erosion Induced by a Harbour Breakwater
Lorenzo Cappietti(1), Chiara Cammelli(2), Eugene Farrell(2,3), Serena Ferri(2,4), Pier Luigi Aminti(1,5) and Enzo Pranzini(2,6)
(1) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Via S. Marta 3, Firenze, Italia.
Tel: +39-55-4796224 Fax: +39-55-495333, E-mail: cappietti@dicea.unifi.it
(2) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze,
Via J. Nardi 2, 50132 Firenze, Italia.
Tel: +39-055-243486 Fax: +39-055-241595, E-mail: chiara.cammelli@geo.unifi.it
(3) E-mail: ejfarrell2003@yahoo.com
(4) E-mail: serenaferri@infinito.it
(5) E-mail: aminti@dicea.unifi.it
(6) E-mail: epranzini@unifi.it
Abstract
The beach of Calambrone is located on the Tuscany coast between the harbour of Livorno, to the south, and the Arno River mouth, to the north. Longshore transport is north to south and the beach is fed by sediments carried to the coast by the Arno and, more recently, sediments derived from erosion of its delta. The beach lies adjacent to the rocky headland where Livorno is located and is protected by the Secche della Meloria, a shoal comprised of beach-rock extending 2.5 miles from the coast. The regional position of this beach was favourable for progradation. Since Roman times coastal plain expansion was approximately 6 kilometres. From 1851 to 1938 the shoreline advanced by approximately 500 m, and 50-60 m from 1938 to 1997. The harbour of Livorno, built in the 16th century without any external structures, was protected by a circular dyke in 1852 and then progressively expanded to the north, occupying the coastal plain and adding long breakwaters. In 2000 a new harbour expansion was carried out, with the construction of a breakwater enclosing an area to be filled with sediment dredged inside the harbour, which was determined to be too polluted to be dumped offshore. Immediately after the construction of this structure, beach evolution at Calambrone was changed and severe erosion consequently led to the damage of several bathing facilities. This study, based on morphlogical and sedimentological analyses as well as numerical models using MIKE21, demonstrates that the recent breakwater, although located downdrift of the beach, is responsible for its erosion. The structure forms an angle of 45° with the coast and, through wave reflection, induces a reversal in the natural longshore transport, which results in the erosion at Calambrone and in the accretion at Tirrenia, a few hundred meters to the north. Analysing the historical coastal evolution in this area, it was discovered that such a process accompanied other similar harbour expansions that used breakwater constructions with similar geometries and orientations. In all cases the location of the depositional lobe was shifted northward maintaining the same distance from the various harbour breakwaters.
Sea Bottom Scour near Gaps in Coastal Protection Structures
Pier Luigi Aminti(1) and Lorenzo Cappietti(1,2)
(1) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, 50139 Firenze, Italia.
Tel: + 39-055-4796224, Fax: + 39-055-495333
E-mail: aminti@dicea.unifi.it
(2) E-mail: cappietti@dicea.unifi.it
Abstract
A systematic survey curried out along the most important coastal protection structures of Tuscany, shows that some years after the construction, important morphological changes occur on the seabed near the structures. Very deep scours have been measured near the gaps between detached breakwaters, and generalized sea bed deepening occur in front of submerged and emerging barriers. Gaps due to interruption of construction works resulted in deep scouring after only a few months causing a significant increase in project coast. Numerical models were used to examine the scouring process in front of submerged structures and at the gaps; a physical model was carried out to examine scour formation and how this phenomenon causes the instability of breakwater heads. In this paper, different coastal protection schemes on the Italian Coast have been studied focusing on long-term changes on sea bottom profile due to coastal structures.
Analysis of Currents around a Low Crested Barrier: Field and Numerical Results
Renata Archetti(1), Matteo Tirindelli(2), Gianni Gamberini(2) and Alberto Lamberti(1,3)
(1) DISTART Idraulica, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento,
2 - 40136 Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39-051-2093756 Fax: +39-051-6448346, E-mail: renata.archetti@mail.ing.unibo.it
(2) University of Bologna, c/o Scienze Ambientali, Via dell'Agricoltura, 5 - 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: +39-0544-454901 Fax: +39-0544-455118, E-mail: mtirindelli@ambra.unibo.it
(3) E-mail: alberto.lamberti@mail.ing.unibo.it
Abstract
Current-field measurements were carried out to understand hydrodynamics of low-crested structures (LCS). Drifters were used around a semi-submerged breakwater built in Lido di Dante, Italy to protect beach nourishment and prevent erosion. Drifter tracks surveyed using nautical compasses are shown together with sea conditions collected during the surveys. This paper will show a comparison between a series of field results obtained during 5 field campaigns in March - April 2001 and numerical simulations (code MIKE21) of currents around the submerged barrier at Lido di Dante and will discuss the complex hydrodynamics in presence of LCS based on these results. An extensive set of field support data have been collected since the construction of the low crested structure (1995) and have been used as input parameters for software simulations. The field set up is described. Results reinforce current knowledge of hydrodynamics around LCS.
Use of a Reflective Groin in a Pocket Beach
Eugene Farrell(1), Enzo Pranzini(1,2) and Solveigh Steinhardt(1,3)
(1) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi Di Firenze, Via J. Nardi 2, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
Tel: +39-055-243486 Fax: +39-055-241595
E-mail: ejfarrell2003@yahoo.com
(2) E-mail: epranzini@unifi.it
(3) E-mail: solveig@luda.it
Abstract
An experimental groin was built in a pocket beach in Golfo di Campo (Elba Island, Italy) where construction of a harbour breakwater in 1956 on the southern margin of the area has caused chronic erosion of the central and northern beach and sanding of the protected harbour area. The breakwater created a protected 'shadow zone' on the southern extremity of the beach and subsequently interrupted natural pocket beach rotation processes. The groin was built in March 1998 and comprised of a series of connected metallic panels with the structure axis angled at 20° to the local bathymetry. The function of the groin was to decrease the sedimentation rates in the harbour area and induce some updrift directed transport. The groin was 100m in length and extended offshore to the 2m isobath. Results from five separate dry beach and nearshore bathymetric surveys completed from November 1997 to December 2002 show that the structure has been successful in decreasing the rates of sedimentation in the harbour area. The groin had limited impact on the sedimentology of the beach and nearshore. Results from twenty four cross shore profiles spaced at 50m intervals, measured on either side of the structure also indicate that the angled structure induced some limited updrift transport of material.
Evaluation of the Effects of T-Groins on Coasts by Field Data and Numerical Modelling
Servet Karasu(1), Murat Ýhsan Kömürcü(2), Ömer Yüksek(2,3) and Ýsmail Hakký Özölçer(4)
(1) Lect., Karadeniz Tech. Uni., Vocational School, Rize, Turkey.
Tel:+90-464-2130432, Fax:+90-462-3256682, E-mail: skarasu@risc01.ktu.edu.tr
(2) Res. Asst., Karadeniz Tech. Uni., Civil Eng. Dept., 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
Tel:+90-462-3772633, Fax:+90-462-3256682, E-mail: mkomurcu@risc01.ktu.edu.tr
(3) Assoc. Prof. Dr., E-mail: yuksek@risc01.ktu.edu.tr
(4) Asst. Prof. Dr., Karaelmas Uni., Civil Eng. Dept., Zonguldak, Turkey.
Tel:+90-372-2574010, Fax:+90-372-2574023, E-mail: ozolcer@hotmail.com
Abstract
The results of physical and numerical model studies on the coastal evolution should be verified by field data. In this study, the results of a numerical model are compared with field data that were obtained by deep sounding measurements at Of Coasts, Trabzon Province, Turkey. The developed numerical model computes the evolution of bed contours depending on both long shore and cross-shore sediment transport rates. The measured region consists of two sub-regions; one of which have one T groin and the other consists of two T groins (groin field). At both of the sub-regions, deep sounding measurements were performed from shoreline (0 m counter) to 3 m contour. Six measurements were carried out with one monthly time intervals at the sub-region with one T groin. At the other sub-region (two T groins), three measurements were performed within six months. The comparison between the field data and numerical model has based both on the accreted material volume and on the changes of bed contours. A good agreement was observed for the results of one T groin, both in volume and bed contours. However, at the sub-region with two T groins, field data have yielded more accretion volume than numerical model. Similar discrepancy was observed at the results of bed contour evolution; the numerical model has yielded good estimation of the up drift side of the T groins, however, it has failed in predicting the bathymetry evolution at the down drift side of the groins, which yielded much less accretion than field data. In conclusion, although the numerical model yields good results in predicting the coastal evolution in the vicinity of T groins; it should be modified especially for down drift sides of groins in a groin field.
Shoreline Evolution in Presence of Detached Breakwaters: Analysis by Means of a One Line Model
P. Contini(1), M. Mita(1), N. Codispoti(2), R. Briganti(2) and L. Franco(2)
(1) MODIMAR s.r.l. Via Monte Zebio, 4 - 00195, Roma, Italy
Tel: +39-063-2694635 Fax: +39-063-2694631, E-mail: paolo.c@modimar.com
(2) DSIC - Università di Roma Tre, Via V. Volterra, 62 - 00146 Roma, Italy
Tel: +39-065-5173458 Fax: +39-065-5173441, E-mail: briganti@uniroma3.it
Abstract
Detached breakwaters are widely used as coastal defences. The prediction of the effects of these structures on the shoreline evolution is a crucial point in designing beach protections. The present study introduces a simple approach to the treatment of wave transmission and diffraction in the lee of such structures in one-line numerical models. Shoreline evolution behind a single detached breakwater is studied together with a comparison of model results and existing design rules. Also the study case of Le Morge (Italy) has been simulated to test the model performance in predicting shoreline evolution in presence of multiple breakwaters.
Coastal Geology, Sedimentology, Geomorphology and Geochemistry
The Paleoenvironmental Evolution of the Po River Delta: a Chemostratigraphic Approach
F. Sangiorgi(1), E. Dinelli(1, 2) and M.F. Piccini(1, 3)
(1) University of Bologna, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via degli Ariani, 1 - 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: +39-544-484758 Fax: +39-544-484758
E-mail: franci@ambra.unibo.it
(2) E-mail: dinelli@geomin.unibo.it
(3) E-mail: mfpiccini@racine.ra.it
Abstract
This study represents an evaluation of the recent paleoenvironmental evolution of the North Adriatic Sea and the Po River Delta (Italy) as derived by changes in sediment composition and provenance, using a chemostratigraphic approach. Results obtained from a 150-cm long core and integrated with data measured on sediments carried by the main rivers entering the North Adriatic Sea show that the area has been affected by different sedimentary inputs through time. Our results demonstrate that the portion of the core deposited before AD 1600 is mainly characterised by sediments coming from the northern rivers (Adige and Brenta) and from the Apennines. Later, as a consequence of the geomorphological evolution of the Po Delta, the sediments deposited in this area of the North Adriatic Sea have a clear Po provenance fingerprint.
Multidisciplinary Study for Integrated Management of the Conero Shore (Italy)
Rita Fraboni(1), Gianluca De Grandis(1,2) , Alessandra Negri(1,3), Cinzia Zulli(1), Renzo Valloni(4) and Massimo Sarti(1,5)
(1) Department of Marine Sciences, Politechnical University of the Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
Tel: +39-0712204329 Fax: +39-0712204650, E-mail: r.fraboni@univpm.it
(2) E-mail: gianluca.degrandis@ambiente.marche.it
(3) E-mail: anegri@univpm.it
(4) Department of Earth Sciences, University of Parma,
Viale delle Scienze, Italy.
Tel: +39-0521905328 Fax: +39-0521905305, E-mail: valloni@unipr.it
(5) E-mail: m.sarti@univpm.it
Abstract
The coastline of central Marche, in proximity of Mount Conero massif has been investigated for sea bottom morphology and bathymetry. Pocket beaches isolated by rocky promontories and debris sheets extending into sea characterize this tract of high coastline. Most of sediment supply to the pocket beaches is derived locally by gravitational slumping and rockfall from the falaise; only minor contribution is from longshore currents. The debris supplied to the pocket beaches from the falaise is reduced in size by breakers and redistributed seaward forming an extensive lower shoreface sandy platform. Southerly longshore currents interfere with morphological complexities of the rocky bottom, fragmenting circulation and favouring localized sedimentation. The sediment drift is intercepted by rocky screen and dissipated before reaching the pocket beaches. Interventions to mitigate slumping remove a substantial contribution of sediment supply to the beaches favouring coastal starvation and retreat. Measures promoting breakers energy reduction will moderate seaward sediment transport promoting coastal progradation.
Tectonically-Induced Drainage Development in Gelibolu Peninsula
T. Ahmet Ertek(1), A. Evren Erginal(1,2), Cem Gazioglu(3) and Z. Yasar Yücel(3,4)
(1) Istanbul University, Geography Department, Beyazit, 34459, Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212-455 57 00 / 15756 Fax: +90-212-511 24 67, E-mail: taertek@istanbul.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: evrenerginal@hotmail.com
(3) Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Science and Management, Vefa, 34470, Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: 90-212-528 60 22 Fax: +90-212-526 84 33, E-mail: cemga@istanbul.edu.tr
(4) E-mail: zyyücel@istanbul.edu.tr
Abstract
The NE-SW-trending Gelibolu peninsula located at the northwest of Turkey is a plateau with an elevation ranging from the sea level to 400 meters. The highest point of the peninsula is 424 m at Karaburun Hill placed on the main drainage divide. Morphology of the peninsula evolving on various kind of rocks increase toward northeast, and is controlled mainly by a segment of North Anatolian Fault (NAF), Saroz-Gaziköy Faullt, and Anafartalar Thrust Fault. Depending on the high activity of NAF, the western edge of the peninsula between Büyükkemikli Cape and Kuþ Cape is defined by a fault scarp facing to Saros Gulf. Less drainages flow from this scarp westward. On the steep slopes of the scarp, the creeks have nearly perpendicular longitudinal profiles and V-shaped valleys. The segments of NAF and Anafartalar thrust fault in the Gelibolu Peninsula might have facilitated both opening of a large subsequent depression and occurrence of many stream captures. In addition, the faults and lineaments also affected the construction of newly formed stream valleys, draining into the Strait of Çanakkale. This young valley systems stretch out in a direction nearly opposite that of orographic direction of Gelibolu Peninsula and the Strait of Çanakkale. The lengths of these creeks are longer than those flowing into the Saros Bay mentioned above. The whole drainages are commonly dry for all years. Both tectonically tilting of the fault scarp between Büyükkemikli Cape and Kuþ Cape and entirely uplift of the peninsula were considered to be essential factors on the construction of stream drainages. Further, the structural features caused by different rock resistance to erosion were developed in particularly south of the peninsula. Eceabat and its surroundings is typical to develop these landscape features. Consequently, tectonic causes seem to be quietly effective on the construction of stream channels, drainage diversions, and catchment geometries. That trellis drainage pattern became prevalent on the Gelibolu Peninsula is particularly associated with tectonic lines, faults, lineaments and monoclinal structure. It can be observed in many parts of the study area that subsequent drainages are entrenched within resistant strata, commonly limestone, near the base of retreating scarps. Resistant strata have formed a series of scarps and cuestas with rather steep slopes.
Evolutionary Dynamics of the Crati River Delta (Italy)
Piero Bellotti (1,2), Claudio Caputo (1,2,3), Lina Davoli (1,4), Silvio Evangelista (1,5) and Francesco Pugliese (1,6)
(1) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I- 00185 Roma, Italy.
Tel: +39-06-49914822 Fax: + 39-06-4454729, E-mail: piero.bellotti@uniroma1.it
(2) Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, C.N.R., Roma.
(3) E-mail: claudio.caputo@uniroma1.it
(4) E-mail: lina.davoli@uniroma1.it
(5) E-mail: silvio.evangelisti@uniroma1.it
(6) E-mail: francesco.pugliese@uniroma1.it
Abstract
The Crati River Delta is placed on a subsiding and tectonically active area of the Calabria Ionian coast. It is characterized by a cuspate delta plain with a single distributary and by the lack of a well-defined delta front/prodelta system caused by the steep bottoms facing the mouth. Part of fluvial sediments feed a submarine fan during hyperpicnal outflow phases. Morphological, sedimentological and historical-archaeological evidences testify the unsteadiness of the distributary, and the repeated and intense flood events occurred especially in the south-central part of the delta plain. The mobility of the distributary channel, now limited by embankments, caused in the past also shoreline changes. At present the shoreline is suffering the effects of human activity existing along the coast and inside the drainage basin.
The Beach-Dunes System in the Veneto Coastal Area (Italy)
F. Immordino(1) and M. Zunica(2)
(1) National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and environment (ENEA) - Protection of Environment Department - Natural Hazard Prevention and Risk Mitigation, Via Martiri di Monte Sole, 4 - 40128 Bologna, Italy.
Phone: +39 051 6098089; Fax: +39 051 6098544; E-mail: immo@bologna.enea.it
(2) University of Padova - Departmentoof Geography - Via del Santo 26 - 35123 Padova, Italy. Phone: +39 049 8274088, Fax: +49 827 4099
E-mail: marcello.zunica@unipd.it
Abstract
The coastal zone between the Piave and the Tagliamento mouths (north-eastern Adriatic Sea - Italy) is characterised by a continuous sequence of barrier island, beach ridges, lagoon, marshes and fluvial estuaries; these morphotypes are characterised by a beach-barrier-lagoon system which constitutes the typical morpho-sedimentary model in this area; most of the marshes have been filled by sediments or drained for human activity. On the basis of historical cartography, aereophotography and morphological field data in this areas it has been possible to reconstruct: a) the sedimentary model type like barrier beach (prograded barrier) - lagoon model; b) mechanisms formation of coastal dunes; c) the interactions of the beach-dune system.
Jumping Regressive Evolutional Trend of the Ionian Beaches - Basilicata Region (Southern Italy)
Umberto Simeoni(1), Ivonne Burla(3), Giorgio Fontolan(3), Gragnaniello Simona(1), Edi Valpreda(2) and Andrea Zamariolo(1)
(1) University of the Study of Ferrara - Earth Science Department - C.so Ercole I D'Este 32, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
Tel: +39-0532-293723 Fax: +39-0532-206468, E-mail: g23@unife.it
(2) National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Environment (ENEA) - Protection of Environment Department - Natural Hazards Prevention and Mitigation - Via Martiri di Monte Sole, 4- 40128 Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39-051-6098052 Fax: +39-051-6098544, E-mail: valpreda@bologna.enea.it
(3). Department of Geological, Environmental and Marine Sciences - Via E. Weiss 2 - 34127 Trieste - Italy.
Tel: +39-040-5582036 Fax: +39-040-5582048, E-mail: fontolan@univ.trieste.it
Abstract
The ionic coast in Basilicata is one of the few Italian tracts without defence structures that, everywhere else in Italy, have dramatically changed the hydro-sedimentary beach dynamic. However, at the middle of the last Century, its evolutive dynamic has been subjected to heavy modification due to the dykes and barrages construction: today the 42% of catchments basins of the Basilicata Ionian rivers are over artificial basins. The supply, mainly sandy, has been then reduced due to the sediment's extraction from the riverbeds. This activity and the others anthropical ones carried out in the basins have induced an intense coastal erosive phenomenon associated to coastline retreat. This profound crisis has disturbed the beach system, already not particularly wide by itself, and has caused the destruction of large coastal dune systems inducing a critical situation also for the inland pine forests. Today the examined coast presents a non-homogeneous evolution, with a regressive trend with little positive variations, limited in time and space, due to flood events. These last ones induce a temporary extension of the mouth areas to the sea and a narrowing of the delta base producing highly instable geomorphological states. The more intense progression regression alternation of the mouth areas has caused a jumping regressive evolution trend of the beaches along these ionic littorals.
Effects of Protection Structures on the Composition of Coastal Sediments, Ravenna Area
E. Dinelli(1), F. Sangiorgi(1,2) and E. Ulazzi(1,3)
(1) University of Bologna, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via degli Ariani, 1 - 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: +39-544-484758 Fax: +39-544-484758
E-mail: dinelli@geomin.unibo.it
(2) E-mail: franci@ambra.unibo.it
(3) E-mail: eulazzi@ambra.unibo.it
Abstract
The construction of coastal protection structures can strongly affect the distribution of sediments. They create low-energy zones, where fine sediments deposit, within generally high-energy dynamic environments. The chemical composition of these fine-grained fraction (<63 mm) sediments is peculiar, being characterised by high concentrations of TiO2, Nb, La, Ce, Th, Zr, Ba Y, Cr, MnO. All those elements are associated to a heavy mineral fraction concentrated in the sites were the recovery of the fine-grained fraction is low. Although the area is interested by an intense anthropic impact, no anomaly can be noticed in other elements such as Zn, Ni, Cu, whereas Pb might partially indicate pollution episodes.
Erosion and Retreat of the Antalya (Turkey) Coastal Cliffs
Nihat Dipova
Akdeniz University, Civil Engineering Department, Topcular, Antalya, Turkey
Tel: +90-242-323 23 64 Fax: +90-242-323 23 62
E-mail: ndipova@hotmail.com
Abstract
Erosion of coastal cliffs presents significant risk to cities develop behind the cliffs like Antalya (SW Turkey). Antalya tufa terraces are the largest known tufa deposits in the world. Four of the five terraces lie on the continent and the fifth one lies below the sea. Antalya tufa cliffs are active cliffs on which marine erosion is much more effective than subaerial erosion. Erosion in Antalya tufa is a cyclic phenomenon. Base of the cliff is the weakest part of the cliff because of both stress reduction and erosive action of the waves. Long term and progressive failures in the rock mass, dissolution of calcium carbonate and abrasive effects results in notching. This volume decrease at the base of the cliff causes the development of tensile cracks at the top. This is a typical "sea cliff toppling" failure. As marine erosion continues, the forces that exert the block to topple increases. After toppling of the rock blocks into the water, cliff erosion cycle continues on the cliff wall developed behind the toppled block. In Antalya tufa erosion continue as increasing tilting amount of toppling blocks. Storm results in sudden increase in inclination. As a result of these failures, blocks move through the sea and tension cracks are widened. It is almost impossible to measure this kind of cliff retreat in engineering time. The whole of toppling of the block may be completed in one hundred year. Another uncertainty is the assessment of rock mass strength. Determination of rock material characteristics and the geometry and geomechanical properties of discontinuities are difficult. Uniaxial compressive strength values of Antalya tufa vary between 1 to 100 Mpa. Moreover, as a result of complex depositional character, morphology of bedding planes, primary cavities and karstic solution cavities, determination of discontinuity parameter for rock mass strength evaluations is almost impossible. Present rock mass classification systems seem not to be applicable to porous and complex tufa rock masses. A new system for engineering classification and rock mass strength evaluation of Antalya tufa rocks is needed before erosion rate assessments.
Cesium-137: To Estimate Erosion in Istanbul-Buyukcekmece
Sevilay Haciyakupoglu(1), T.Ahmet Ertek(2), Des E.Walling(3), Z.Fatih Ozturk(1,4), Gursel Karahan(5), A.Evren Erginal(2,6),
Nilgun Celebi(5,7), Lutfiye Gureli(5,8), Hakan Kaya(9) and Hasan Akgun(10)
(1) Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Energy, 34469, Maslak-Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212-2853887 Fax: +90-212-2853884 , E-mail: haciyakup1@itu.edu.tr
(2) Istanbul University, Geography Department, 34470, Vefa-Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212-4555700/15756 Fax: +90-212-5112467, E-mail: taertek@istanbul.edu.tr
(3) University of Exeter, Department of Geography, Exeter EX4 4RJ, U.K. Tel: +44-1392-263345 Fax: +44-1392-263342
E-mail: geography@exeter.ac.uk
(4) E-mail: ozturk@nukleer.itu.edu.tr
(5) Cekmece Nuclear Research Center PK1 35831 Havaalani-Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: +90-212-5484050 Fax: +90-212-5482230, E-mail: karahang@nukleer.gov.tr
(6) E-mail: evrenerginal@hotmail.com
(7) E-mail: celebin@nukleer.gov.tr
(8) E-mail: gurelil@nukleer.gov.tr
(9) T.C. M.E.B. Altinyildiz School, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212-8523962 Fax: +90-212-8523963, E-mail: kaya.hakan@superonline.com
(10) Mayor of Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212-8815060 Fax: +90-212-8836968, E-mail: dr.hakgun@bcekmece-bld.gov.tr
Abstract
Soil erosion and sedimentation represent a serious threat in many regions of Turkey, because of their impact on sustainable agricultural development and environmental conservation. There is an urgent need for reliable information to both quantify the problem and underpin the development of effective soil conservation and sediment control strategies. Recent advances in the application of the fallout radionuclides 137Cs (Cs-137) afford greatly increased potential for assembling such information. Using fallout radionuclides medium-term soil erosion rates (ca 40 years) can be estimated. Buyukcekmece Lake is one of the main water resources of Istanbul metropolitan where the population is about 12 million. The eastern side of the Buyukcekmece Lake is under threatment of erosion, sedimentation and mass movements. Using this technique, this area was investigated for estimating soil redistribution rates. And, results will be used to support a databank for future studies to improve environmental, protection and management in the same region.
Correlation of the Marine Terraces along the Turkish Coast and their Interpretation
T.Ahmet Ertek(1), C. Yýldýrým(2), A. Aytaç(3), S. Kutoðlu(3), K.Kurban(3) and Evren Erginal(1,4)
(1) Istanbul University, Geography Department, Beyazýt, 34459, Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212-455 57 00 /15756 Fax: +90-212-5112467, E-mail: taertek@istanbul.edu.tr
(2) General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, 06535, Ankara, Turkey.
Tel: +90-312-287 34 30, E-mail: neotectonic@yahoo.com
(3) Istanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, Beyazýt, 34470, Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212-528 60 22, E-mail: aytacasli@www.com
(4) E-mail: evrenerginal@hotmail.com
Abstract
Turkey, which connects Asia and Europe, is surrounded by three seas (Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Sea) and has also an inland sea (Sea of Marmara). Considered all the islands, total length of the coast of Turkey reach to 8333 km. The marine terraces are one of the geomorphological features, which explain the evolution of coastal regions. In this study, the preview works performed on the marine terraces of Turkey and our observations have together been considered in order to make a contribution to the geomorphological features of the coast of Turkey. It was aimed to explain the relationships between development of marine terraces and tectonic, climatic and eustatic factors. Finally, it was concluded that the marine terraces on the coast of Turkey are placed at 370 localities. They were observed at 161 different elevation levels between 0-250 m.
Notches on Different Lithologies As Paleo-Shoreline Markers
Marco Fulvio Nisi(1), Sergio Silenzi(1,2), Mauro De Donatis(3) and Saverio Devoti(1,4)
(1) ICRAM - Central Istitute For Marine Research,
Via di Casalotti 300 - 00166 Roma, Italy.
Tel: +39-06-615704 Fax: +39-06-61561906, E-mail: m.nisi@icram.org
(2) E-mail: s.silenzi@icram.org
(3) Environmental Dinamic Institute, Urbino University (Scientific Campus) 61029 Urbino, Italy.
Tel/Fax: +39-0722-304295, E-mail: dedonatis@uniurb.it
(4) E-mail: s.devoti@icram.org
Abstract
Tidal notches are often used as geomorphological indicators in Quaternary coastal stability and paleoeustatic studies. Such morphologies are always found and used in conservative calcareous lithologies, but their interpretation is not always univocal. In order to analyze coastal areas with different lithological characteristics where notches are found, other indications are required. We performed 23 morpho-structural surveys in the Central Mediterranean Sea, with the aim of collecting observations on marine submerged notches found in limestone, volcanic lithologies and calcarenites, and investigating their potential use as indicators in tectonical studies. The results of the present study, together with previous works, allowed us to estimate the error in establishing the paleo-sea level when using these morphologies. Even if these evidences cannot allow isolating the eustatic and isostatic components, however, these markers could be used to show coesismic strain and subsidence.
The Relationships between Submarine and Coastal Geomorphology around an Active Fault Zone: An Example from the Centre Basin of Izmit Gulf
A. Evren Erginal(1) and T. Ahmet Ertek(1,2)
(1) Istanbul University, Geography Department, Beyazýt, 34459, Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212-455 57 00 /15756 Fax: +90-212-5112467
E-mail: evrenerginal@hotmail.com
(2) E-mail: taertek@istanbul.edu.tr
Abstract
This study intends to interpret the geomorphological features both on land and offshore environments near an active fault zone in northwest Turkey. In this respect, morphological properties of centre basin of Izmit gulf and its northern coastal region were together been considered. Geomorphological investigations on land have been carried out along E-W-trending coastal area between Hereke and Körfez districts. Great part of this high and cliffed coastal region is thought to be controlled by an important normal fault, which constitutes a northern segment of North Anatolian Fault (NAF). The morphological features on the fault scarp have been taken into account studying stream channel morphologies. Fault facets, stream captures, high relief energy, hanging valley forms, stepped erosional surfaces, slope breaks in longitudinal profiles of the creeks point out the youth phase in fluvial geomorphological evolution. The present submarine landslides on the slopes of the centre basin of Izmit Gulf and the stepped topography between depths of - 40 m to - 160 m indicate the impacts of active tectonics in this area. There is an elevational difference of about 700 m between the maximum surface elevation and bottom of submarine topography. The main geomorphologic feature in the north of the gulf is characterised by an erosional surface, Kocaeli Peneplain. However, a mountainous area, Samanlý Mountains, bound the gulf with much more steep topography. Thus, it seems that the area where the Izmit Gulf lies today should have collapsed about 200 m between Kocaeli Peninsula to the north and Armutlu peninsula to the south.
The average elevation of Kocaeli Peneplain varies between 150-200 m. However, the average elevation is about 500 m at the top of the E-W-trending normal fault. Thus, the relationships between northward-tilted fault scarp and the submarine environment of the gulf provide some geomorphic markers for recording faulting. Not only do erosion surface levels let to describe uplift of land, but also the stepped form of submarine topography gives a key for hypothetical estimating the amount of faulting. In this study, geomorphic markers were evaluated to expose the neotectonic features observed both on land and submarine environments near the active North Anatolian Fault Zone. It is expected that the results will contribute to feature studies on the morphotectonic features of this region.
New Data on Biogenic Reefs (Tegnùe of Chioggia) in Adriatic
O. Giovanardi (1), G. C. Cristofalo (2), L. Manzueto (1,3) and G. Franceschini (1,4)
(1) ICRAM, Central Institute for Research Applied to the Sea, Loc. Brondolo - 30015 Chioggia, Italy.
Tel: +39-041-5543933, Fax: +39-041-5547897, E-mail: o.giovanardi@icram.org
(2) GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SERVICES, Consulting Company,
Via Luigi Borsari 8/a - 00122 Rome, Italy.
Tel/Fax: +39-06-5621990, E-mail: g.cristofalo@libero.it
(3) E-mail: l.manzueto@icram.org
(4) E-mail: g.franceschini@icram.org
Abstract
The Northern Adriatic Sea is characterised by the presence of randomly scattered biogenic reefs and build-ups, often protruding up to a few meters above the seabed, with variable dimensions and shapes. Some of the most relevant and large features, well known in literature and by the local fishermen as "tegnue", are concentrated over an area of almost 23 km2, located 2.5 nautical miles South-East of Chioggia (Venice), in water depths ranging between 17.5 and 23.5 m. These features have a proved importance for the biodiversity development of the benthonic and nektonic communities and therefore for the whole ecosystem of the Northern Adriatic Sea. For this reason, recently the "tegnùe" of Chioggia have been included in the Biological Protected Areas (ZTB) of Italy by the Italian Ministry of Agricultural Policies, DG Fishery and Aquaculture. Recent side-scan sonar and high definition multibeam surveys, carried out over the tegnue's area by ICRAM in August 2001 and February 2002 respectively, have provided new geomorphologic data about these features. 3D models, derived by the swathe bathymetry, and seabed features charts, interpreted by the mosaicised side-scan sonar data, showed that the biogenic reefs have different shapes: the largest have a dendritic or a linear appearance while the smallest have a patch-like or circular shape. This study introduces new hypothesis and considerations about the origin of the biogenic reefs of the Northern Adriatic Sea based mainly on geomorphologic evidences.
Coastal Engineering
Comparison of Wave Hindcasting with Measurements in the Eastern Black Sea
Nihal Yýlmaz(1), Erdal Özhan(1,2) and Saleh Abdalla(3)
(1) Ocean Engineering Research Center, Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, 06531, Ankara, Turkey.
Tel: +90-312-210 54 29 Fax: +90-312- 210 14 12, E-mail: nihal@metu.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: ozhan@metu.edu.tr
(3) ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, RG2 9AX, UK.
Tel: +44-118-949 97 03 Fax: +44-118-986 94 50, E-mail: abdalla@ecmwf.int
Abstract
In order to find out the wave climate affecting the whole Black Sea and the Turkish coasts on other seas, an extensive research project, called NATO TU-WAVES Project was carried out during 1994-2001 with a generous financial support from the NATO Science for Stability Programme-Phase III. The project included systematic wave measurements, wave modeling and wave climate computations. Several important results were obtained during the course of the project. Wind-wave hindcasting for an extensive number of storms were carried out by using two advanced wave models METU3 and WAM together with the analysis wind fields of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF). This paper presents some comparisons of hindcasted wind-wave characteristics and the measurements recorded by the directional wave buoys deployed at Hopa (Turkey) and Gelendzhik (Russia). These are two of the six stations forming the Black Sea wave gauging network of NATO TU-WAVES Project. The 50 month-long measurements recorded at Hopa were compared with the corresponding wave hindcasts. Comparisons covered the time series, the maximum significant wave height generated in a storm, and the long-term probability distributions derived from both data sets. An interesting strong storm that occurred on 1 February 2003 at the northeastern part of the Black Sea was examined. The wave characteristics of this storm that were measured by the wave buoy offshore Gelendzhik were compared with the corresponding hindcast results.
Influence of Berm Width and Submerged Breakwater Depth to Wave Run up
Jea-Tzyy Juang(1), Chao-Fu Lin(2), Chuan-Hsien Lai(3) and Wen-Lan Lin(3)
(1) Chien Kuo Institute of Technology, Changhua City 500, Taiwan
Tel: +886-4-7111111 Fax: +886-4-7111165, E-mail: jtjuang@ckit.edu.tw
(2) Feng Chia University, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
Tel: +886-4-24517250 Fax: +886-4-24517250, E-mail: cflin@fcu.edu.tw
(3) E-mail: kof31@yahoo.com.tw
Abstract
The influence of berm width to wave run-up on sloping dike in different water depth as well as the influence of the submerged breakwater to the incident wave was completed in this study. In theoretical analysis, the calculation method of the transmission coefficient of wave pass over the submerged breakwater that proposed by Seabrook and Kevin (1998) was used first. The computation equation of the wave run-up on the berm type sloping dike by irregular incident wave that proposed by Rouck et al. (1998) was applied at the second. Meanwhile, the calculation method of the equivalent sloping angle of the dike with a berm that suggested by Waal (1992) was quoted too. From the analysis of the result of experiment, we can find the relative wave run up height was decreased down with the berm width increased. Besides, the correlation equations of the relative wave run up height and the surf parameter in different submerged depth of the submerged breakwater and different berm width was obtained. Use these correlation equations to compute the wave run up height and compare it with the measured wave run up data, the comparison curve was coincide each other quite well.
Evaluation of Overtopping Processes over Low-Crested Structures
A. Lamberti (1), B. Zanuttigh (1,2) and M. Tirindelli (3)
(1) DISTART Idraulica University of Bologna - Viale del Risorgimento
2 - 40136 Bologna (Italy) Tel: +390512093749 Fax: +390516448346, E-mail: alberto.lamberti@mail.ing.unibo.it
(2) E-mail: barbara.zanuttigh@mail.ing.unibo.it
(3) University of Bologna, c/o Scienze Ambientali, Via dell'Agricoltura,
5 -48100 Ravenna (Italy) Tel: +390544454901 Fax: +390544455118, E-mail: mtirindelli@ambra.unibo.it
Abstract
The paper shows some experimental results on overtopping of low-crested breakwaters. Two series of experimental data have been analysed: the first derives from 3D small scale basin tests carried out at Aalborg University, Denmark, within the EU-funded project DELOS; the second set of data is derived from large scale flume tests carried out at GWK, Hannover, Germany. An original scheme for evaluating overtopping processes with varying structure submergence and wave attacks is calibrated through small scale 3D data and results are discussed with respect to experimental mass balance. The same procedure has been tested with large scale 2D data; differences and analogies are discussed.
Modification of Swell on a Current
M.K. Mihoubi (1) and M. Hassane (1,2)
(1) High National School of Hydraulics (ENSH), Mail Box N°31 BLIDA (09000), ALGERIA.
Tel: +213 25 93 94 47, Fax: +213 25 39 94 46/45, E-mail: mihkam@yahoo.fr
(2) E-mail: hassanemed@yahoo.fr
Abstract
This article treats one of the problems, which often the water-supply engineers meet in the projects of construction of the thermal power stations encounter, where a particular attention must be given to the hydraulic calculation of the outfall works in the sea. The influence of the swell and its combined action in the flow conditions the stability of the hydroelectric works as well as the erosion of the bottom in the zone of discharge.
Case Histories of the Use of Marine Gabions and Mattresses in Near-Shore and Offshore Projects
Marco Vicari (1) and Carlo Avanzini (2)
(1) Officine Maccaferri - Research and Development - Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39.051.6436000, Fax: +39.051.236507, E-mail: mvicari.officine@maccaferri.com
(2) M.E.C.C.-Marine & Land Engineering and Consulting
Istanbul, Turkey& Genova, Italy.
Tel/Fax: +90.216.3602011, E-mail: mecc.cav@wind.it.net
Abstract
The protection of coasts in order to prevent erosion and loss of land to the sea has been gaining steadily in importance, keeping pace with needs of environmental protection and with the increase of the value of beaches and near shore areas as natural and tourist resorts. In order to find solutions, alternative or complementary to the traditional designs, Maccaferri has implemented its line of products for marine and underwater installation, proposing solutions meeting the required design and installation conditions with "environmental-friendly" products rated for a minimum life expectancy in the marine environment of over 30 years. The paper presents an overview of some applications of gabions and mattresses carried out in past and recent times.
Reliability Analysis of a Rubble Mound Breakwater: An Application of a III Level Method
Edoardo Benassai(1), Francesco Pasanisi(2) and Gianluca Sorgenti degli Uberti(3)
University of Naples Federico II, Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering "G. Ippolito" Via Claudio, 21 - 80125 Naples - Italy.
Tel. +39-081-7683452, Fax: +39-081-5938936
(1) E-mail: benassai@unina.it
(2) E-mail: frpasani@unina.it
(3) E-mail: sorgenti@unina.it
Abstract
A III level reliability analysis, considering different failure modes, has been applied to an ideal rubble mound breakwater designed with deterministic criteria, located along the Italian coast, near Formia (Thyrrenian Sea). The examined failure modes are the instability of armour layer, the erosion of toe berm and the interaction between them. On the basis of existing wave data, the statistical distribution of the extreme wave heights has been derived, in the hypothesis that it is described by a Weibull function. The reliability analysis has been performed applying Monte Carlo simulations. Random values of wave height have been generated and combined into the limit state equations describing the failure modes of the breakwater. The probability of failure has been estimated for different times and for each examined failure mode.
A Wave Propagation Model for Irregular Shaped Water Bodies
Lale Balas(1) and Asu Ýnan(1,2)
(1) Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Gazi University, 06570, Ankara,Turkey.
Tel/Fax: +90-312-231 92 23
E-mail: lalebal@gazi.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: asuinan@gazi.edu.tr
Abstract
A numerical model is developed for the simulation of wave transformations, that is applicable to irregular bottom topographies. Model is based on extended mild slope equation and could simulate wave shoaling, refraction, diffraction, reflection and resonance. Response of the enclosed water bodies to incoming waves through an amplification factor, defined as the ratio of the wave amplitude at any position inside the harbor to the sum of the incident and reflected wave amplitude at the coastline could be investigated by the model. In the solution method, partial differential equations are replaced by a set of finite difference equations, i.e. discrete in space but continuous in time. Model predictions are compared with the results of a physical model study on a shore-normal groin. Model has been applied to Kemer Marina located on the Mediterranean Sea coast of Turkey.
A Simplified Model for Estimating Rip Currents Flow Parameters: Application to A Study Case
Giorgio Bellotti
Università degli Studi di Roma Tre
Tel: +39-06-55173458 Fax: +39-06-233218351
E-mail: bellotti@uniroma3.it
Abstract
Submerged breakwaters are one of the most favoured beach defence system. The main effects induced by these structures on the nearshore hydrodynamics are the strong reduction of the transmitted wave height, the water level set-up in the lee of the breakwaters and, if the barrier is discontinuous, the offshore directed currents around the breakwaters heads (rip currents). Several methods are currently available for estimating the transmitted wave height and the set-up, but to the present author knowledge, in order to get an estimate of the rip currents velocity, engineers need to resort to full numerical simulations of the nearshore hydrodynamics. In the present paper the main characteristics of a simplified model for estimating rip currents flow parameters, recently presented by Bellotti (2003), are briefly summarized and its application to a real case is shown. The application concerns the estimate of the flow conditions around a submerged breakwater to be built at Follonica (Italy). Comparison of the model results with those obtained applying a numerical code able to reproduce the wave-induced hydrodynamics gives an idea of the degree of accuracy of the proposed model predictions.
Temporal Fluctuations of Suspension Over Nearly Flat Bed
R.D. Kos'yan(1), N.V. Pykhov(2) and P.L. Vorob'yev(2)
(1) The Southern Branch of the P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Gelendzhik-7, 353470 Russia
Tel: +7 86141 23261, Fax: +7 86141 23189
E-mail: kosyan@sdios.coast.ru
(2) P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Science, 36,
Nachimovsky Prosp., Moscow, 117851, Russia.
Tel: +7 095 124 63 94, Fax: +7 095 124 59 83
E-mail: pykhov@geo.sio.rssi.ru
Abstract
Phase relationship between suspended sediment concentration and velocity fluctuations at the particular levels significantly influences the magnitude and direction on the oscillatory suspended sediment flux and its contribution to the net flux. In this paper the results of field investigations and modelling of the suspended sediment concentration over plane bed under irregular waves are discussed.
Diffusion-convection k-l model for prediction of time and space variations of suspended sand concentration over plane bed under irregular waves is presented. The convective sediment flux is described by formula based on the field and laboratory data. The sediment entrainment from the bottom is represented by a pick-up function that takes into account the phase shift between the suspended sand concentration and the flow velocity. The predicted and measured concentrations are satisfactorily coincides in time and differ about two times. The peaks coincide with the inflexion points on the vertical profile of velocity in the bottom boundary layer. These moments are marked on the velocity plot. Concentrations calculated without taking into account of convective mechanism were less by an order than measured ones. These results demonstrate predominance of convective mechanism of the sand suspension.
Coastal Monitoring
Robotic Technology Applications in Coastal Surveillance
M. Martini (1), R. Miranda (1,2) and M. Abbiati (3)
(1) DNT Offshore S.r.l., Via G.Bondi,31 - 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: +39-0544-685665, Fax: +39 0544 684046 Web: www.dntoffshore.com
E-mail: martini@dntoffshore.com
(2) E-mail: miranda@dntoffshore.com
(3) Università di Bologna - Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale - Corso di Laurea in Scienze Ambientali - Via T. dall'Ova, 55- 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: +39 0544 213831, Fax: +39 0544 31204
E-mail: abbiati@ambra.unibo.it
Abstract
The modern robotic technology applied to underwater environment has been greatly developed in the last years to provide driverless inspection and construction capability to the offshore oil and gas industry. Sophisticate remote-controlled (ROV) and autonomous (AUV) underwater vehicles have been developed to operate at water depths up to 6000 meters in hostile environmental condition. AUVs, for example, has been utilised to inspect and survey the seabed under the polar pack to search for undiscovered gas and oil reserve. Different size of vehicles have been constructed to perform virtually any kind of underwater operation without the utilisation of human resources in a dangerous environment. Now these technologies are available for different utilisation. Light and economic vehicles are capable of perform both visual and instrumental ship's inspection (in-water surveys) with an improved precision and reliability if compared to human inspection. Quality in-water surveys of commercial cargo ships will allow a better prevention of coastal ecological disaster due to wreck. If the ship' sinking unfortunately occurs robotic technology can be immediately applied to accurately inspect the wreck and establish the immediate and future danger for the environment. The robotic inspection to the wreck is required to program the recovering of the ship or the reclaiming of the pollutant loads. Robotic technology can be successfully applied for the coastal monitoring, using specific tools for waters and sea bottom sampling at precise locations, e.g. close to oil pipelines or sewer discharges. ROV and AUV can be equipped with many specific sensors such as multi-beam sonar heads, sub-bottom profilers and magnetometers to perform accurate coastal survey. Underwater robots can also be utilised in restricted areas ancient to the open sea as harbours, jetty, bridges, lagoons and river mouths to perform hydrographic surveys, control dredging operations, discover erosion and scouring around foundations, highlight corrosion of the metallic structures, monitor sea life and marine growth etc. Robotic underwater technology is an important resource in coastal surveillance and offers a flexible operative capability with a minimum environmental impact and low intrinsic safety risks.
Integrated Environment Monitoring from Coastal Platforms
Giuseppe Zappalà(1), Gabriella Caruso(1,2), Filippo Azzaro(1,3), and Ermanno Crisafi(1,4)
(1) Istituto Sperimentale Talassografico - Section of Messina of IAMC-CNR Spianata San Raineri, 86 - 98122 Messina, Italy.
Tel: +39-090-669003 Fax: +39-090-669007
E-mail: zappala@ist.me.cnr.it
(2) E-mail: caruso@ist.me.cnr.it
(3) E-mail: azzaro@ist.me.cnr.it
(4) E-mail: crisafi@ist.me.cnr.it
Abstract
The paper shows some examples of the use of new technology devices working on automatic coastal monitoring platforms, developed in the framework of the MIUR Cluster 10 activities. Design goal was to set up a "universal" basis on which fit various instruments, able to work reliably and having a low cost and a good cost/performance ratio. At present, two models of platforms were developed and installed, in southern Italy seas, for a total of seven measuring points. The high power availability, provided by both solar panels and wind generator, allows installing almost every kind of instrument. The platforms perform Temperature, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity, and Fluorescency measurements on water pumped from five depths into a measurement chamber, from where other devices (e.g. samplers or analyzers) can spill samples. In situ temperature measurements are provided at the same pumping depths. A colorimetric nutrient analyzer and a meteorological station complete the basic equipment. On one of the platforms, a remotely controlled water sampler and an ADCP are also fitted. A special macro-commands set developed for the data acquisition and transmission system allows to remotely control the platform.
Modelling
Numerical Modeling of the Circulation Pattern of the Egyptian Mediterranean Coastal Area
K.A. Alam El-Din (1), S.H. Sharaf El-Din(1,2), J. Sarkkula(3), and O.M. Ibrahim(1,4)
(1) Oceanography Dept., Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Tel.: +2034833585, Fax.: +2035435956
E-mail: alam_eldin@lycos.com
(2) E-mail: ecosalex@yahoo.com
(3) Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
Tel.: +358940300237, Fax.: +358940300291
E-mail: juha.sarkkula@vyh.fi
(4) E-mail: omneya@lycos.com
Abstract
Numerical simulations of water circulation were achieved for Egyptian Mediterranean shelf and Levantine basin with different resolutions. The coarser resolution model for Levantine basin has horizontal resolution 5` min., while, the finer one for the Egyptian coast was 2` min. interval. The bathymetry of the Levantine basin was taken from MODB dataset, while the bathymetric map of the Egyptian coast was digitized with high resolution from the Admiralty charts. The initial fields for temperature, salinity and current used to run the model for both the Levantine basin and Egyptian coast were taken from MODB dataset. The surface momentum, heat and fresh water fluxes were taken from ECMWF monthly data. The result of the numerical simulations for both Levantine basin and Egyptian coast showed that the main features of the circulation patterns coincide together with different mesoscale features. The Levantine basin offers a more complicated view, with smaller gyres of opposite signs and a cyclonic area near the Rhodes Island. The model results can successfully show the well-known flow phenomena of the Levantine basin (North African Current, Mid Mediterranean Jet, Asia Minor Current, Rhodes cyclonic gyre, Mersa-Matruh anticyclonic gyre, El-Arish cyclonic gyre and Shikmona anticyclonic gyre).
As a result of open boundary condition used in the model (free radiation condition), the model results of the circulation in the Egyptian coast has some differences from that found in the Levantine basin. In the western part, Mersa-Matruh anticyclone was shifted southeastward and appears more extensive. In the eastern part, El-Arish cyclonic gyre was found at the same place, but at the northern boundary the water flows westward with a sharp return back.
Hydrodynamics of Lagoons, a Case Study: the Orbetello Lagoon
P.L. Aminti(1), L. Cappietti(1,2), M.G. Tecchi(1,3) and A. Venturini(1,4)
(1) University degli Studi di Firenze, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, ViaS.Marta 3 - 50139 Florence, Italy.
Tel: +39-055-4796224 Fax: +39 055 4953333
E-mail: aminti@dicea.unifi.it
(2) E-mail: cappietti@dicea.unifi.it
(3) E-mail: grazia01@dicea.unifi.it
(4) E-mail: annaclaudia.venturini@dicea.unifi.it
Abstract
In this work the hydrodynamics of the Orbetello lagoon, sited in the southern end of the Tuscan coast, were studied. The lagoon is connected to the sea by four narrow and long channels along which poor water exchange takes place so that algae bloom and anoxic crises often occur during Summer months. A system of pumps at three channel inlets have been installed by the lagoon authority, in order to force water exchange and improve water quality. However the efficiency of these systems was not clear considering that water is pumped into the lagoon from two of the three channels. In this manner, the mean water depth inside the lagoon is increased. In order to reproduce and test the efficiency of a proposed model to improve the inner hydraulic circulation a numerical simulation with a swallow water solver (MIKE21) was done, taking into account wind, tide and pumps effects as sourcing terms. The model calibration was one of the main steps achieved in the numerical simulation. An instrumental experiment was designed, and measurements of water velocity and level were collected at different locations. A very accurate bathymetric survey was carried out. Numerical simulations show that the inner hydrodynamics circulation is due to mainly the wind action. Tide excursion was limited to 30 cm in this area and is not able to induce appreciable circulation. Algae presence all over the lagoon acts as a high roughness and is the main factor responsible for low water circulation in shallow water areas. A system of dredged channels inside the lagoon seems to be the most efficient way to improve the inner hydraulic lagoon circulation.
A Water Exchange Study for a Sea-Connected Lagoon, Egypt
Sawsan Eissa
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Tel: + 202-3449680, Fax: +202-346 1170
E-mail: Sawsan.Eissa@dargroup.com
Abstract
A water exchange/circulation study was carried out for a proposed sea-connected artificial lagoon located at Alexandria-Egypt. A three dimensional mathematical model for simulation of water and conservative substance movement was used for such purpose. A conservative substance was assumed to initially exist in the lagoon assuming a continuous fresh water supply from outside the lagoon as a boundary condition. Different numbers and widths of openings connecting the lagoon and the Mediterranean were investigated. The results showed that the tidal motion has a minor effect in water circulation inside the lagoon, and that artificial pumping is a necessity to maintain suitable water circulation/ exchange conditions in the lagoon.
Hydrodynamic Modelling of the Cabras Lagoon: Water Circulation and Residence Times
Christian Ferrarin (1) and Georg Umgiesser (1,2)
(1) ISMAR-CNR, S. Polo 1364, 30125 Venezia, Italy.
Tel: + 39-041-521 68 40, Fax: + 39-041-260 24 40
E-mail: c.ferrarin@ismar.cnr.it
(2) Tel: + 39-041-521 68 75, Fax: + 39-041-260 24 40
E-mail: georg.umgiesser@ismar.cnr.it
Abstract
In this work the hydrodynamic circulation and the renewal capacity of the Cabras Lagoon in Sardinia have been investigated with a 2D hydrodynamic model. Using the finite element method, the model solves the circulation pattern of the lagoon induced by different meteomarine forcing such as tide, wind and rivers. The distribution of a conservative dissolved substance subjected to transport and diffusion processes has been simulated in order to compute the water residence time. The simulations have pointed out the action of the wind as the main forcing for the water circulation and mixing of the Cabras Lagoon, while the tide determines the discharges through the inlets between the lagoon and the sea and modulates the circulation pattern set up by the wind. The rivers don't influence significantly the hydrodynamic circulation but have a great influence on the lagoon renewal capacity.
Hydrodynamic Modelling of the Nador Lagoon, Morocco
G. Umgiesser (1), I. Scroccaro (1,2) and M. Snoussi (3)
(1) ISMAR CNR ISDGM - S.Polo, 1364 - 30125 Venice, Italy.
Tel: + 39-041-5216875, Fax: + 39-041-2602340
E-mail: georg.umgiesser@ismar.cnr.it
(2) E-mail: isabella.scroccaro@ismar.cnr.it
(3) Mohamed V University - B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco.
Tel/Fax: + 212-37-67 59 09
E-mail: snoussi@fsr.ac.ma
Abstract
An existing shallow water finite element model, developed at ISMAR-CNR in Venice, has been used to simulate the hydrodynamic features of a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: the Nador lagoon, Morocco. In fact, in the last fifty years this lagoon has been characterized by eutrophication and a dramatic increase of organic matter inputs and sedimentation, due to the increasing urbanization and the development of aquacultural activities. The study seems to confirm that the circulation is mainly induced by the wind and that the situation is also related to the unique communication channel with the Mediterranean Sea, which strongly affects the water exchange of the basin. The results are in good agreement with the pattern proposed by Guelorget et al. (1987) in previous studies.
Hydraulic Enhancement of Bellocchio Tidal Marshes
Marco Gonella(1), Paolo Atzeni(1), Umberto Simeoni(2), Massimo Tondello(1) and Andrea Zamariolo(2,3)
(1) Med Ingegneria S.r.l., Riviera Ruzzante, 49 - 35123 Padova, Italy.
Tel/Fax: +39-049-8756093, E-mail: info@medingegneria.it
(2) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara,
C.so Ercole I d'Este, 32 - 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
Tel: +39-0532-293723 Fax: +39-0532-206468, E-mail: g23@unife.it
(3) E-mail: zma@unife.it
Abstract
The system of Bellocchio marshes, in the coastal area between Ravenna and Ferrara, is connected to the sea through the namesake channel, whose mouth is nowadays going to silting up because of the sediment accumulation that reduces the circulation. Water flux through the channel towards the marshes is only due to meteorological factors and to the seawater fluctuation caused by the tide. In order to improve hydrodynamic circulation conditions inside the marshes, with the aim to prevent the silting up of the channel that obstructs the tidal current's entrance, three different project solutions have been set up and investigated:
1) channel mouth opening;
2) channel mouth opening and bottom deepening and re-shaping;
3) escavation of new channels with dendritic planshape.
The effectiveness of proposed solutions has been investigated through the use of mathematical modelling. MIKE 21 (DHI Water & Environment, 2001) modelling package has been applied as it can take into account of the bi-dimensional characteristics of the system and it can describe variations in wet and dry area due to water fluctuation. The results of this research show that a significant increase of tidal exchange could be obtained and that the discharge rate in the Gobbino channel will be high enough to prevent the continuous silting up of the channel mouth.
An Idealized Circulation for the Orbetello Lagoon
I. Scroccaro (1), A. Cappelletti (2) and G. Umgiesser (1,3)
(1) ISMAR CNR ISDGM - S.Polo, 1364 - 30125 Venice, Italy.
Tel: + 39-041-5216902, Fax: + 39-041-2602340
E-mail: isabella.scroccaro@ismar.cnr.it
(2) ENEA - Centro Ricerche Amb. Marino - C.P. 224, 19100 La Spezia, Italy.
Tel: + 39-0187-978298, Fax: +39-0187-978273
E-mail: capp@santateresa.enea.it
(3) E-mail: georg.umgiesser@ismar.cnr.it
Abstract
An idealized study of the circulation in the Orbetello lagoon has been carried out with a shallow water finite element model, developed at the ISMAR-CNR in Venice. The influence of openings on the dam that divides the Orbetello lagoon in two parts has been studied. Four different grids, corresponding to different dam scenarios with increasing openings of the dam, from the actual situation to the complete elimination of the dam, have been realized for the simulations. The effect of different forcings such as tide, water pumps and wind have been taken into account to characterize the general pattern of the circulation in the Orbetello lagoon, with particular attention to the area close to the dam. Results show that the water movement is mainly induced by the wind action, whereas the tide has a quite negligible effect in the Orbetello lagoon. It is shown that a partial opening of the dam might be a good compromise between a complete removal of the dam and the actual situation that blocks the water exchange. The study shows that numerical models could offer a useful tool for helping in the management and safeguarding of the water resources, especially in coastal ecosystems.
Modeling of Mixing and Flushing in Fethiye Bay
Alp Küçükosmanoðlu(1), Lale Balas(1,2) and Erdal Özhan(3)
(1) Gazi University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Civil Engineering Department, 06570, Ankara.
Tel/Fax: +90-312-231 92 23
E-mail: akucukosmanoglu@gazi.edu.tr
(2) E-mail: lalebal@gazi.edu.tr
(3) Middle East Technical University, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 06531, Ankara.
Tel: +90-312-210 54 29 Fax: +90-312-210 14 12
E-mail: ozhan@metu.edu.tr
Abstract
A three dimensional baroclinic numerical model, which consists of hydrodynamic, transport and turbulence model components, has been implemented to Bay of Fethiye to simulate the wind and tidal induced currents and the progress of pollutant concentrations. Bay of Fethiye is located at the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, and M2 tide is the dominant tidal constituent for the area. Flushing properties of the Bay have been determined by three-dimensional numerical model and also by a one-dimensional mathematical model, closed form solutions are provided for the timely change of average pollutant concentration inside the Bay. A nonconservative substance with a first order decay reaction is considered. In turbulence modeling a two-equation k-e model that provides variable vertical and horizontal turbulent eddy viscosities has been applied. The solution method is a composite finite difference-finite element method. In the horizontal plane finite difference approximations and in the vertical plane finite element shape functions are used. The governing equations are solved implicitly in the cartesian coordinate system.
Fluvial-Coastal Interactions at the Magra River Mouth
Marco Gonella(1), Paolo Atzeni(1), Chiara Cammelli(2) and Massimo Tondello(1)
(1) Med Ingegneria S.r.l., Riviera Ruzzante, 49 - 35123 Padova, Italy.
Tel / Fax: + 39-049-8756093
E-mail: info@medingegneria.it
(2) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra - Università degli Studi di Firenze
Via J. Nardi 2 - 50132 Firenze - Italy.
Tel : +39 055 243486 Fax +39 055 241595
E-mail: chiara.cammelli@geo.unifi.it
Abstract
The Magra River mouth and the adjacent nearshore coastal environment have been studied extensively since the 1970's in response to engineering activities associated with navigation and the use of sand deposits as economic resources. The Magra River enters the northern part of the Tyrrhenian coast at the boundary between Liguria and Tuscany administrative regions. Since the mid 19th century the beaches downdrift of the river mouth have been eroding due to reduction in fluvial sediment input induced by land-use changes inside the watershed and river bed quarrying. In order to mitigate against beach erosion and, simultaneously, reduce the risk of river bank inundation, the River Authority plans to excavate the river bed and to use the material to nourish downdrift beaches. The focus of this study was on quantifying the sediment transport at the River mouth in order to plan the excavation. The Magra River has a dominantly event based catchment, only capable of producing significant sediment transport during flood events. Surveys and sampling activities have been planned but these can only produce values for lower energy conditions. In order to have a first quantification of the general sediment transport phenomena a new procedure has been adopted and it is illustrated in this paper. Three bathymetric surveys were completed in October 1998, May 2000 and June 2001 along the nearshore immediately downdrift of the river mouth and they were compared to quantify the bathymetry changes. Evidence of volumetric change indicates the development of a deposition zone in the nearshore immediately downdrift of the river mouth. This deposition is attributed to the river sediment transport during two flood events which occurred in November 1999 and November 2000. In order to verify that the surveyed sedimentation was produced by the river-sea interaction, a hydrodynamic model of the system processes has been developed. The two-dimensional hydrodynamic model used for the study is capable of representing the river discharge and the interaction between the river flow and the wave generated littoral currents. The local wave transformation, from an off-shore sampling point to the coast, has been modelled using another specific numerical model. The flow pattern reconstructed with the modelling approach suggests eddy formation and indicates possible depositional responses. After inputting data of the local hydrodynamics the model closely predicted the nearshore response to river flood events: seen in the close correlation with the measured bathymetric surveys. It is therefore suggested that the model can predict and quantify the nearshore sediment transport deposition in relation to the flood discharge. Because of the well documented technical difficulties with field measurements of sediment transport and subsequent interpretation, this study may prove to be very fruitful to provide reliable data (within an order of magnitude), on the general sediment transport patterns between the river mouth and the littoral dynamics interaction. Other considerations, based on the field data and on the modelling results, have been made about the efficiency of the sediment transport in relation to the natural nourishment to the beaches and about the management options for the coastal area.
Numerical Modelling of Sediment Transport at Skikda Harbour
Torkia Matouk(1) and Ahmed Abdelbaki(1,2)
(1) Laboratory of Maritime Studies.
Tel: 213 21 54 83 72 to 74, Fax: 213 21 54 84 30
E-mail: lem@wissal.dz
(2) Tel: 213 21 54 84 25
Abstract
The evolution of the coastline is governed by a multitude of factors and interdependent parameters translating a composed process of extremely complex physical phenomena. Works induce in general a rupture of the coastline natural balance of sediment dynamics. The modification of the diagram of coastal current circulation leads to the apparition of erosion or sedimentation phenomena. The port of Skikda is located in eastern part of Algeria and is dedicated mainly for exporting oil and liquefied natural gas.
3D Hydrodynamics around Low-Crested Structures: Laboratory Data and Numerical Simulations
Barbara Zanuttigh(1), Alberto Lamberti(1,2) and Massimo Guerrero(1,3)
(1) University of Bologna, DISTART, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
Tel: +3907120937-54/49/57; Fax: +390516448346
E-mail: barbara.zanuttigh@mail.ing.unibo.it
(2) E-mail: alberto.lamberti@mail.ing.unibo.it
(3) E-mail: massimo.guerrero@mail.ing.unibo.it
Abstract
Under the framework of the EU-funded project DELOS, 3D tests were performed in the 12.5x9.7 m wave basin at Aalborg University, DK, with the aim of analysing waves and currents around low-crested structures. The paper compares experimental and numerical results on flow circulation patterns in two layouts, which were designed to represent both cases of low-crested structures parallel and oblique to the coast. The first one is a symmetric layout, composed by two detached breakwaters forming a rip channel in the middle; the second layout consists of a single breakwater inclined at 30° with respect to the beach. The 2DH model MIKE 21 is applied to reproduce wave and current flows around the structures for some laboratory tests selected to represent the effects on flow circulation of the following parameters: wave height, spectrum type, wave steepness, berm width. Computed velocities and water levels are checked using the measured data, and computed circulation patterns are compared to those obtained by image analysis of video recordings.
Near Shore Waves and Currents at Pellestrina
Marcello Di Risio(1), Renata Archetti(2), Giorgio Bellotti(3) and Michela Soldati(4)
(1) DSIC, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.
Tel: + 39-0862-434550, Fax: + 39-0862-434520
E-mail: dirisio@uniroma3.it
(2) DISTART University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Tel: +39-051-2093756, Fax: +39-051-6448346
E-mail: renata.archetti@mail.ing.unibo.it
(3) DSIC, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.
Tel: + 39-06-55173458, Fax: + 39-0862-434520
E-mail: bellotti@uniroma3.it
(4) MEDINGEGNERIA, S.r.l., Riviera Ruzzante, 49 - 35123 Padova, Italy.
Tel: +39-049-8756093, Fax: +39-049-8756093
E-mail: michela.soldati@medigegneria.it
Abstract
The present paper is aimed at studying the near shore hydrodynamics induced by short waves at Pellestrina beach (Venice, Italy). The beach under investigation is protected by means of sand nourishment, a submerged breakwater and groynes that divide the littoral in cells. Two numerical models have been applied to study wave propagation and current generation and evolution. The numerical simulations indicate that when the direction of the incoming waves approaches the orthogonal to the breakwater rip currents are generated at the middle of each cell. As the direction deviates from the orthogonal the long shore current becomes the dominant phenomena. Further information has been obtained by a measurement field campaign. Described activities have been carried out within the framework of the DELOS Project.
Comparison between Physical and 2D Mathematical Model at the Industrial Port of Cagliari (Sardinia)
Andrea Atzeni(1), Paolo Atzeni(2), Giovanni Oggiano(3) and Stefano Ponti(3,4)
(1) University of Cagliari, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Del Territorio, Sezione Idraulica, Piazza d'Armi, 19 - 09100 Cagliari, Italy.
Tel: +39 070 6755312, Fax: +39 070 6755310
E-mail: aatzeni@unica.it
(2) c/o MED INGEGNERIA S. R. L., Riviera Ruzzante, 49, 35123 PADOVA.
E-mail: paolo.atzeni@medingegneria.it
Tel/Fax: +39 049 8756093
(3) Via Marche, 22, 09127, Cagliary, Italy.
Tel/Fax: +39 70 4524340
E-mail: giovanni.oggiano@tiscali.it
(4) E-mail: stefanoponti@tiscali.it
Abstract
This paper reports the results of a comparison between a series of tests carried out on a physical model of Cagliari harbour system and some numerical models of MIKE 21 code of Danish Hydraulic Institute. The confront regards the outer harbour tranquillity, the current speed field generated in the outer harbour by the waves, the diffusion into the sea of the turbidity coming from a lagoon mouth and the head-discharge at the lagoon mouth during a wave motion condition. Apart the limitations due to the small scale of the physical model and the fragmentary results of it, the comparison offers a positive outcome for every test.
Physical and Numerical Modelling of Wave Transformations in the Venice Lagoon
Piero Ruol(1), Mauro Sclavo(2) and Alessandra Feola(3)
(1) Dept. IMAGE, University of Padova, Via Ognissanti 39, I-35129 Padova, Italy.
Tel: +39-049-8277905 Fax: +39-049-8277988
E-mail: ruol@geomar.ing.unipd.it
(2) National Research Council, ISMAR-CNR S. Polo, 1364, I-30125 Venezia, Italy.
Tel: +39-041-5216814 Fax: +39-041-2602340
E-mail: mauro.sclavo@ismar.cnr.it
(3) Dept. IMAGE, University of Padova, Via Ognissanti 39, I-35129 Padova, Italy.
Tel: +39 0425 34731 Fax: +39-049-8275446
E-mail: alefeola@libero.it
Abstract
Aim of the study is to assess the capability of a numerical model to reproduce the wave modification when propagating in a very shallow water environment crossed by small canals. This is a typical situation within the Venice Lagoon, and it does appear that the wave transformation due to the cutting canals can be responsible of bank erosion and of other important phenomena (e.g. reflection and set-up/down). A suitable wave model was therefore applied to the "academic case" of a rectangular trough of finite width, and compared with the results obtained through the laboratory tests, specifically performed in a wave flume. The applied model, SWAN, is an advanced third generation model, specifically developed for shallow waters. The model is based on the wave action balance equation with sources and sinks terms. Being the wave action conserved for a wave propagating in non-homogeneous media, the SWAN model seems to fit the requirements to correctly reproduce the wave evolution over a trough. Once validated with the laboratory data, the wave model could be applied to the convoluted bathymetry of the lagoon and used to get an estimate of the energy dissipation on the canals' edges and eventually an estimate of the slopes erosion.
Operational Model of Short-Term Sea Level Forecast in the Caspian Sea
O.A. Verbitskaya, O.I. Zilberstein, S.K. Popov, and A.L. Lobov
Hydrometeorological Scientific-Research Center of RF,
Bol. Predtechensky per., 9-11, 123242 Moscow Russia.
Tel: +7-095-255 93 07 Fax: +7-095-255 93 07
E-mail: overb@mecom.ru, lmar@nm.ru
Abstract
An operational model of numerical hydrodynamic sea level forecast for the Caspian Sea is outlined. It has been working operationally in Hydrometeocenter of Russia since June 2001. The article presents the results of storm surge simulation on the basis of historical data as well as the results of model running in pre-operational and operational modes.
Improving Operational Ocean Forecasting over the Central Mediterranean Sea
Charles Galdies
International Ocean Institute, Headquarters, POB 03, Gzira GZR01, Malta.
Tel: +356-21-346 528 Fax: +356-21-346 502
E-mail: ioihq@ioihq.org.mt
Abstract
This study addresses the fine-tuning of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 scheme of the Eta model. It suggests the use of different values for the sublayer depth (z) depending on the wind regime. Whereas a z value of 0.2 gives the best model performance when wind speed ranges between 4.4 and 8.1 ms-1, a lower wind regime seems best predicted when z equals to 0.7. At the highest range of wind speed tested (i.e. > 8.1 ms-1), a value of 0.8 provides an overall better model performance. When coupled to an underlying ocean model, the fine-tuning of z can provide more realistic forcing conditions to drive the ocean model. Fine-tuning of the viscous sublayer scheme also leads to a better prediction of air-sea fluxes that are needed to force numerical ocean models to predict the future state of the oceans.
MAMA - A Regional Network for Ocean Forecasting in the Mediterranean
Aldo Drago, Matthew Scerri and Joanna Borg
MedGOOS Secretariat, IOI-Malta Operational Centre, University of Malta,
43/1 Valley rd., B'Kara BKR 10, Malta.
Tel: +356-21 440 972 Fax: +356-21 440972
E-mail: aldo.drago@um.edu.mt
Abstract
In 2002, the 3-year thematic network project entitled Mediterranean network to Assess and upgrade Monitoring and forecasting Activity in the region (MAMA) was launched (Vallerga et al., 2002). The project is funded by the Vth Framework Programme, Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development of the European Union. It brings together a consortium made up of major marine institutions from all the Mediterranean countries, and is staging a concerted effort between countries in the region to put in place the institutional and scientific linkages to establish the regional platform for the implementation of MedGOOS. MAMA focuses on the trans-national pooling of scientific and technological resources in the basin. The aim is to share experiences and transfer of expertise, to bring capacities in ocean monitoring and forecasting at comparable levels. The joint effort will contribute to the planning and design of the initial ocean observing and forecasting system in the Mediterranean. MAMA is interacting with stakeholders and relevant international organisations to trigger awareness on the benefits of ocean forecasting. Demonstration products and results are disseminated, national awareness campaigns are organised to build momentum towards long-term commitments by governments. Within this effort MAMA is pioneering the implementation of GOOS by an unprecedented endeavour and novel approach that will put the region at the forefront of ocean monitoring and forecasting.
Coastal Hazards
The Effects of the Marmara Tsunamis on the Coastal Area and in the Strait of Istanbul
Y. Altýnok(1), B. Alpar(2), H. Hebert(3), Z. Düzgit(4) and A.C. Yalçýner(5)
(1) Istanbul Uni., Eng. Faculty, Div. of Seismology, Avcýlar- Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-212-4737025 Fax: +90-212-5911997, E-mail: yaltinok@istanbul.edu.tr
(2) Istanbul Uni., Inst. of Marine Sci. & Management, Vefa-Istanbul, Turkey.
Tel: +90-535-7458109 Fax: +90-212-5268433, E-mail: alparb@istanbul.edu.tr
(3) Laboratoire de Détection et Géophysique, CEA, BP 12, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France.
Tel: +33-1-69265376 Fax: +33-1-69267130, E-mail: hebert@dase.bruyeres.cea.fr
(4) Istanbul Uni., Eng. Faculty, Div. of Earth Physics, Avcýlar-Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: +90-212-4737070/17862 Fax: +90-212-5911997, E-mail: zduzgit@istanbul.edu.tr
(5) Middle East Technical Uni., Civil Engineering Department, Ocean Engineering Research Center, 06531 Ankara, Turkey.
Tel: +90-312-210 5438 Fax: +90-312-2101412, E-mail: yalciner@metu.edu.tr
Abstract
Throughout history, the Sea of Marmara has been beset by small-scale tsunami waves. Some of these events had some known effects along the settlement areas, e.g. 545, 1343, May 1766, 1912 and 1999 events in the Strait of Istanbul. They are mainly associated with seismogenic events and submarine failures in the Marmara region. On the basis of these sources, computations have shown that the tsunami waves can reach the nearest coastal area within 5 min and may be destructive. The primary objectives set forth are as a first step to understand what sort of risks the coasts of the Sea of Marmara are opposed to, to reveal some new historical documents on the damage experienced along the coasts and to suggest a research and management program to promote the rational and efficient hazard mitigation. For this purpose, the potential tsunami sources such as fault segments and associated underwater failures in the Sea of Marmara have been classified into 4 regions. The effects of the historical tsunamis on the different coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara were investigated. The investigation of the possible sources of these paleo-tsunamis and relate them with those defined in the regions will be the scope of another paper.
Sea Storm Risk Assessment in the Ravenna Littoral (Adriatic Sea, Northern Italy)
U. Simeoni(1), U. Tessari(1), G. Gabbianelli(2) and C. Schiavi(1)
(1) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Università degli Studi di Ferrara C.so Ercole I d'Este, 32 - 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
Tel: +39-0532-293723 Fax: +39-0532-206468, E-mail: g23@unife.it
(2) Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali Università degli Studi di Bologna Via degli Ariani, 1-48100 Ravenna, Italy.
Tel: +39-0544-4842230 Fax: +39-0544-484231, E-mail: gabgio@ambra.unibo.it
Abstract
The sea storm risk has been estimated along the 38 km sandy low coast of Ravenna, north Adriatic, according to the foreseeable eustatic sea level rise, associated to the high subsidence, that may induce flooding phenomenon always more frequent and intense for the short-medium term. The adopted method has pointed out the hazard identification, potential and real vulnerability and risk. To this purpose a database has been developed comprising 11 variables relative to the weather-marine conditions, the geological-geomorphological conditions, subsidence, typology of the protection's structures, dunes, use of the beach and behind territory and landward urban features typology. The application of the method has allowed the determination of a relative index risk for the 25 homogeneous stretches that divide the littoral. Numerous tests have been performed for the calculation of the vulnerability and risk, by modifying the number of variables and/or their pondered weight. They have been then compared each others to identify the more indicative and essential parameters for the definition of the flooding risk as a control tool for the administrations.
Thus a division relative to the considered stretches has been realised according to 5 classes of risk, giving prominence to the stretches more exposed to flooding and to the geomorphological conditions that have induced their actual state.
Water Level Changes
Subsidence and Sea Level Change: the North Adriatic Coast
Carlo Del Grande (2), Umberto Simeoni (1) and Giovanni Gabbianelli (2)
(1) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, C.so Ercole I d'Este, 32 - 44100 Ferrara, Italy. Tel\fax +3905322241337
E-mail: g23@unife.it
(2) Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università di Bologna - Vicolo degli Ariani, 1 - 48100 Ravenna, Italy. Tel\fax: +390544484758
E-mail: c.delgrande@libero.it, gabgio@ambra.unibo.it
Abstract
In the Emilia Romagna coastline evolution, a very important factor is represented from quote lowering determined by anthropical and natural subsidence, which joined to the forecasted sea level rise. It will determine not only a new altimetrical land setting, but also an increasing of the by now substantial cost line regression. In addition, this will generate a heavy hydraulic circulation variation of canals and humid areas. The research, starting from the data collected during four topographic surveys (1984, 1987, 1993 and 1999), updates the Regional Technical Map altimetry and proposes a scenario for the 2020. About the last one, have been developed tree different hypothesis: constant land lowering rates, attenuate subsidence and attenuate subsidence added to the forecasted sea level rise. About the last one, have been developed tree different hypothesis: constant land lowering rates, attenuate subsidence and attenuate subsidence added to the forecasted sea level rise. The conduced models simulation highlight a very preoccupant problem: the territory under the medium sea level, that in the 1978 had an extension of 945 ha (15% of the examined coastal area), will probably reach the 3027 ha (48% of the examined coastal area) in the 2020. Finally, the future land set strongly suggests the possibility of intensification of flooding events, an amplification of beach erosion phenomena, disruptions of internal hydraulic circulation and an increase of intrusion of salt-water into the ground water table.
Optimisation of Gauging Station Network in Coastal Areas
C. J. Blasi
Federal Institute of Hydrology, Kaiserin-Augusta-Anlagen 15-17,
D-56068 Koblenz Germany.
Tel: +49-261-1306 5246, Fax: +49 261 1306 5280
E-mail: blasi@bafg.de
Abstract
One of the less investigated areas in hydrology is the design and optimisation of gauging station network. These networks are mostly historically grown and developed from single or a couple of gauging station. These stations are established for various reason and different purpose to collect water data. The gained water data or information may not always represent the attached area and a lack of information will occur. Hydrologist developed methods to cope with the lack of information. To overcome this problem a more objective approach is need. In order to gain the objection mathematical and statistical methods are used to develop instruments and objective measurements that are able to optimise an existing network.
Hydrological Changes in Tidal Estuaries Due to Natural and Anthropogenic Effects
Jürgen Jensen(1), Christoph Mudersbach(1,2) and Christoph Blasi(3)
(1) Research Centre for Water and Environmental Engineering (fwu), University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
Tel: +49-271-740 2627 Fax: +49-271-740 2722
E-mail: jensen@fb10.uni-siegen.de
(2) E-mail: mudersbach@fb10.uni-siegen.de
(3) German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), 56002 Koblenz, Germany
Tel: +49-261-1306 5246 Fax: +49-261-1306 5280
E-mail: blasi@bafg.de
Abstract
In the present paper the results of an investigation on the estuaries of the German rivers Ems, Weser and Elbe is given. The water levels of the three rivers are influenced by anthropogenic and natural effects. A special emphasis was taken onto the mean low water levels (MLW) in the estuaries. The results show, that it is possible to separate the influences of the anthropogenic and natural effects. It can be noticed, that the water levels changed in the past and are still changing in the presence.
Statistical Analysis of Water Levels at the German Baltic Sea Coastline
Jürgen Jensen(1) and Christoph Mudersbach(1,2)
(1) Research Centre for Water and Environmental Engineering (fwu), University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
Tel: +49-271-740 2627 Fax: +49-271-740 2722
E-mail: jensen@fb10.uni-siegen.de
(2) E-mail: mudersbach@fb10.uni-siegen.de
Abstract
In the present paper, the results of an investigation intended to provide information about the trends of the mean water levels on the German North Sea and Baltic Sea coastline are presented. To analyse the significant amount of data, a database system was developed, which ensures the data management, the data mining and the data pre-processing. The time series were examined with a range of linear and non-linear adaptation functions. The trend of the water levels up to the year 2020 was a special emphasis within the investigations. The results basically agree with the results of the IPCC 2001. Local effects could be considered better during the current investigation.
Remote Sensing and GIS
Optical Observations of Coastal Features in the Mediterranean and Black Sea
Vittorio Barale
Joint Research Centre of the EC, TP 272, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy.
Tel: +39-0332-789274 Fax: +39-0332-789034
E-mail: vittorio.barale@jrc.it
Abstract
Earth observations provide a novel view of the marine environment, expanding synoptically and statistically the information derived from in situ data. This allows the characterization of ecological processes in marginal and enclosed seas, over a wide range of space and time scales. Observations of the Mediterranean and Black Sea, performed in the visible spectrum, have been used to detect surface optical properties, which depend on the water constituents. A set of SeaWiFS images, collected in 1998-2001, was processed to apply sensor calibration, to correct for atmospheric contamination, and to estimate chlorophyll-like pigment concentration. By composing the images, with fixed grid and projection, average conditions at various time intervals (week, month, year) were obtained. The comparison of SeaWiFS-derived features with those outlined by the historical CZCS archive (1979-1985) shows consistency of bio-optical parameters. Assuming these to behave like (passive) tracers, complex structures can be followed, from local to basin scales. Examples of spatial heterogeneity in the Mediterranean and Black Sea are coastal plumes and filaments, frontal structures, mesoscale eddies and basin-wide gyres. Small (coastal) features are transient, while larger (basin-scale) patterns are recurrent and maintain their characteristics over long time scales. The CPC features differentiate between provinces of the Mediterranean and Black Sea shaped by bio-geo-chemical and dynamical processes. Although scales and structures of surface features are similar in the Mediterranean sub-basins and in the Black Sea, the average concentration of water constituents presents high variability between different seasons (NW Mediterranean) or between different areas (SE Mediterranean vs Black Sea). This can be interpreted in terms of geographical setting and climate, freshwater input and nutrient supply, water circulation and exchanges.
Using Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing Data for Calculating Mesoscale Ocean Current Fields
Martin Gade(1), Gerald Fiedler(2), Leonie Dreschler-Fischer(2,3) and Ove Rud(4)
(1) Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Tel: + 49-40-42838 5450 Fax: + 49-40-42838 5713, E-mail: gade@ifm.uni-hamburg.de
(2) Fachbereich Informatik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Tel: +49-(0)40-42883 2452 Fax: +49-(0)40-42883 2572, E-mail: fiedler@informatik.uni-hamburg.de
(3) E-mail: dreschler@informatik.uni-hamburg.de
(4) Dept of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Fax: +46-(0)8-164955, E-mail: ove.rud@natgeo.su.se
Abstract
The aim of this study is to use multi-sensor/multi-channel satellite images to compute mesoscale surface currents in the Northern and Southern Baltic Proper. The images were acquired by the Thematic Mapper (TM), the ERS-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), the Wide-Field Scanner (WiFS), and the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) during extensive cyanobacterial blooms in July 1997 (Northern Baltic Proper) and in July / August 1999 (Southern Baltic Proper). Taking advantage of the short time periods of the multiple image acquisitions (less than two hours) and of the high spatial coverage we were able to calculate current fields (optical flow) applying differential image processing techniques. Our first results show that, in some cases, data from sensors working at different electromagnetic bands (e.g., TM and SAR) can be used to apply simpler (cross-correlation) techniques for motion detection. Our results are insofar promising as the computed two-dimensional surface current fields complement existing data from numerical models. However, limitations of the proposed method are due to the strong dependence of the visibility of algae bloom manifestations on local weather conditions and to the low availability of satellite data.
Analysis of the Tunis South Lake Water Plan by Remote Sensing
Emna Soufi(1), Slim Gana(1,2) and Atef Bel Haj Ali(3)
(1) Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 1082 - Tunis, Tunisie.
Tel: +216-71-89 27 85 Fax: +216-71-79 93 91
E-mail: emnasoufi@lycos.com
(2) E-mail: gana.slim@inat.agrinet.tn
(3) Centre National de Télédétection, 1080 route de la Marsa-Tunis, Tunisie.
Tel: +216-71-76 13 31 Fax: +216-71-76 08 90
E-mail: cnt.dg@cnt.nat.tn
Abstract
The Tunis South Lake (the former) which is a coastal shallow water area of about 15 km², used to be a receptacle for domestic and industrial dumping. A serious environmental degradation, materialized by water stagnation and huge algal blooms pushed the Tunisian government in 1990, to carry out a large-scale rehabilitation program, with the improvement of water quality as a first goal. These operations have set up a new ecosystem, very likely homogeneous and steady. In the framework of this study, we have tried to integrate multitemporal satellite observations as a means of ecological monitoring, to perform intercomparaison with already available (based on bibliographical data) in situ investigations. First, we focused our attention on the water plan before the starting of the rehabilitation operations. For this aim, we used radiometric data (HRV: High Resolution in the Visible) of the SPOT 3 satellite system with the three bands XS1, XS2 and XS3 in the Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR). Second, and in order to determine the new characteristics of the bottom and column water, and to monitor the progressive colonization of the water plan by the aquatic vegetation, during and after the dredging period, we have analysed two images of the ASTER sensor (VNIR), belonging to the satellite TERRA.
Monitoring Shoreline Changes at Yesilirmak Delta by Remote Sensing and GIS
Mehmet Lütfi Süzen(1) and Erdal Özhan(2)
(1) Remote Sensing and Geographical Information systems Laboratory, Geological Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, 06531, Ankara, TURKEY.
E-mail: suzen@metu.edu.tr
(2) Ocean Engineering Research Center, Civil Engineering Department,
Middle East Technical University, 06531, Ankara, TURKEY.
E-mail: ozhan@metu.edu.tr
Abstract
Deltas are extremely important fluvio-marine systems due to their wetlands and agricultural potential. Yeþilýrmak Delta in central Black Sea region is one of the largest deltas in Turkey. The Delta is formed by the sediment discharge of Yeþilýrmak River (468 km. in length) and its two large tributaries Kelkit (313km) and Çekerek (156 km) Rivers. Due to its large catchment area and suitable catchment morphology, 10 small and 3 large dams had been built on the main river and its tributaries.
The development of the delta is monitored from 1953 till 1997 covering 44 years. Airborne data sets available are for 1953 1:15000 and for 1972 1:22000 scaled stereo-aerial photograph pairs and two same dated hardcopy maps prepared from these. The satellite data set is composed of two orthorectified shots of KVR-1000 satellite (1985 and 1997) having a spatial resolution of 1.56 meters. The coastline was digitised, a polygon topology was built to measure the areas of differences around the two flanks of delta mouth and a SML script was run to quantify the erosion in TNT-Mips. The aim of the script was to draw a baseline in land in order to make a reference where no change is observed, and to analyse the changes in the delta by means of vertical transects to that baseline at 50 meter intervals.
In 1953-1972 period the delta front is considerably enlarged and the net aerial difference between 1953 and 1972 is measured as 2.617 km2, resulting a seaward development of approximately 3 kilometres in the delta front. However, after completion of the two large dams over Yeþilýrmak River in 1981, the delta starts to retrograde, which is clearly recorded in the images. Between 1972-1985 years the net aerial loss in delta is -0.316 km2 and in between 1985-1997 years the net difference is -0.918 km2. Although the total aerial difference is about 0.284 km2 through 1953 to 1997, which is a very minor change, the shape of the delta is significantly changed.
Coastline Mapping Using QuickBird Satellite Imagery
Silvano Bencivelli(1), Stefano Lovo(1,2), Alberto Pellegrinelli(3), Nicola Perfetti(3,4) and Paolo Russo(3,5)
(1) Sacca di Goro Office - Ferrara Province - 105, Corso Isonzo - 44100
Ferrara, Italy. Tel: +39-0532-299571, Fax: +39-0532-299553
E-mail: silvano.bencivelli@provincia.fe.it
(2) E-mail: stefano.lovo@provincia.fe.it
(3) Department of Engineering - University of Ferrara - 1, Saragat - 44100 Ferrara, Italy. Tel: +39-0532-974859, Fax: +39-0532-974870
E-mail: apellegrinelli@ing.unife.it
(4) E-mail: nperfetti@ing.unife.it
(5) E-mail: prusso@ing.unife.it
Abstract
In this work we have been investigated the potential of the new Earthwatch QuickBird high-resolution satellite (launched on October 2001) for deriving coastlines and analysing coastal changes. A coastline-mapping project has been carried out on "Sacca di Goro" lagoon (Ferrara province - Emilia Romagna region - Italy): a very interesting lagoon limited from the sea by a system of sand-banks. The Province of Ferrara has been acquired a new Quickbird image (panchromatic and multispectral, February 2003) of the "Sacca di Goro", and this image has been geometrically corrected with different non-parametric models (polynomial and rational function models) within PCI OrthoEngineä 8.2 software.Using corrected satellite imagery we have been obtained the shoreline (by manually interpretation).
Using IKONOS Imagery and GIS to Predict Distribution of Biodiversity
Süha Berberoglu(1), Hakan Alphan(1,3), K.Tuluhan Yilmaz(1,4), Tamas Szekely(2) and Öznur Kutlu(1,5)
(1) University of Çukurova Department of Landscape Architecture 01330 Adana Turkey, Phone: +90 322 3386545, Fax: +90 322 3386189
E-mail: suha@cu.edu.tr
(2) Department of Biology and Biochemistry2 University of Bath, Bath BA2
7AY, UK Phone: +01225 383676, Fax: +01225 386779
E-mail: T.Szekely@bath.ac.uk
(3) E-mail: alphan@cu.edu.tr
(4) E-mail: tuluhan@cu.edu.tr
(5) E-mail: oznur_kutlu@yahoo.com
Abstract
The aim of this study is to link the information on avian fauna and vegetation indicators by utilising a land cover map resulted from a high spatial resolution image classification of Tuzla coastal wetlands at Eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. IKONOS sensor imagery was classified using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and artificial neural network (ANN). Variogram texture measure was also incorporated with the spectral bands. Addition of texture wavebands (semi-variance lags of 3 pixel) to spectral data reduced the accuracy in ML classification and led to the highest overall accuracy in ANN classification. This paper utilised the information on coastal vegetation and bird species, recorded in 1996, to investigate spatial distribution of them in the coastal wetland system of Cukurova. According to the numbers of plant and bird species observed in the area, sand dunes have the highest biodiversity while the number of species in salt flats and salt marshes are relatively lower. The Lagoon has the highest bird species diversity. The total number of birds was observed the highest in the lagoon areas. Since only the vascular plant taxa were included in the biodiversity assessment, macro algae and other aquatic plant species in the lagoon were not taken into account.
Using Multi-Frequency Radar Data for Sediment Classification in Dry-Fallen Tidal Flats
Martin Gade
Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Tel: + 49-40-42838 5450 Fax: + 49-40-42838 5713
E-mail: gade@ifm.uni-hamburg.de
Abstract
A new method is presented for the extraction of roughness parameters of sand ripples on tidal flats from multi-frequency synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. The data used for this analysis were acquired over dry-fallen tidal flats in the German Bight of the North Sea by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band SAR (SIR-C/X-SAR) during two missions in 1994. Applying the Integral Equation Model (IEM) we have calculated isolines of the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) at the three frequency bands deployed by SIR-C/X-SAR (L, C, and X band) as a function of the rms height and the correlation length of the sand ripples. These two roughness parameters could then be determined from the intersections of the NRCS isolines at different radar bands and they are used for a crude sediment classification for a test area at the German North Sea coast. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the applicability and on the weak points of the proposed method.
SiGeAC: A Web-Oriented GIS for Coastal Zone Management
Piero De Bonis(1), Grazia Fattoruso(1,2), Sergio Grauso(1,3), Filippo Onori(1,4), Andrea Pagano(1,5), Francesco Pasanisi(1,6),
Alessandro Peloso(1,7),Pasquale Regina(1,8), Carlo Tebano(1,9) and Francesco Zarlenga(1,10)
(1) ENEA (National Agency for New Technology, Energy and Environment), Centro Ricerche Portici, Via del Vecchio Macello, I-80055 Portici (Napoli), Italy.
Tel: +390817723377 Fax: +390817723344;
E-mail: debonis@portici.enea.it
(2) E-mail: fattoruso@portici.enea.it
(3) E-mail: grauso@casaccia.enea.it
(4) E-mail: onori@portici.enea.it
(5) E-mail: pagano@portici.enea.it
(6) E-mail: pasanisi@portici.enea.it
(7) E-mail: peloso@portici.enea.it
(8) E-mail: regina@portici.enea.it
(9) E-mail: tebano@portici.enea.it
(10) E-mail: zarlenga@casaccia.enea.it
Abstract
A key point for successful coastal zone management is to build up a network-based geographical information system that offers the capability to handle large and shared databases, to integrate data from a wide range of sources, to promote the interoperability of the data, to model, test and compare alternative management scenarios, before a proposed strategy is imposed on the real world.
SiGeAC (Sistema di Gestione delle Aree Costiere - Coastal Areas Management System) is a web-oriented Geographical Information System (GIS) that allows one to analyse coastal evolution and the interaction between land and sea processes at a small and large scale along the Italian coasts. As a result, integrated environmental risk assessments for the coastal zone are provided. SiGeAC can be useful to both national and local authorities, not only for coastal defence purposes but also for a more general approach aimed at improving the social and physical quality of coastal areas. In the past, remote sensing images, topographical surveys, data time-series, numerical modelling related to coastal phenomena have been used one by one, so that an integrated approach to more complex issues concerning coastal management was not possible. With SiGeAC, which integrates national cartographical and environmental databases and mathematical modelling, a more detailed and precise approach to the above issues is provided. Moreover, the use of Internet technology allows to share and distribute the information to a larger audience. An integrated coastal risk assessment for the shoreline between Castellammare di Stabia and Torre Annunziata (Gulf of Naples - Southern Italy), processed by SiGeAC, is here also presented.
Mapping of the Coastal Zone of the Emilia-Romagna Region Using Geographical Information Systems
Paolo Ciavola(1), Corinne Corbau(1,2), Ubaldo Cibin(3) and Luisa Perini(3,4)
(1) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Corso E. I d'Este 32, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
Phone: +39 0532-293720, Fax: +39 0532-206468
E-mail: cvp@unife.it
(2) E-mail: corinne.corbau@unife.it
(3) Servizio Geologico, Sismico e dei Suoli, Direzione Generale Ambiente e Difesa del Suolo e della Costa, Regione Emilia-Romagna, Viale Silvani 4/3,40122 Bologna, Italy. Fax: +39 051-284268, Phone: +39 051-284565
E-mail: ucibin@regione.emilia-romagna.it
(4) Phone: +39 051-284212, E-mail: LPerini@regione.emilia-romagna.it
Abstract
The Emilia-Romagna region has arguably the best database on coastal zones available in Italy. The Regional Geological, Seismic and Soil Survey have started a data basing exercise collating all available information. The database is serving as starting point for geomorphologic mapping of the Coastal Zone using aerial photography. As an initial case study three areas were chosen (Rimini, Classe, Volano) with different coastal morphologies (coastal structures, small river inlets, deltaic landscape) and management issues (urban area, nature reserve, ports, river inlets, navigable channels). This first mapping test used three flights (1982, 1996, 1998) and produced maps with information on coastal morphologies; land usage, presence of coastal and engineering structures. Special attention was devoted to beach and dune mapping. The mapped shorelines were compared using quantitative GIS methods to determine absolute erosion/accretion rates.
